Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Zonke Izakhamuzi Ziqonde Ukusakazwa Kwamandla

Ukulingana kwamandla kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esisekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa, iqembu, noma inhlangano engaqoqa igunya elinganqandwa phezu kwabanye. Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lomqondo akuyona nje inqubo engokwemfundo, kuyisidingo esiwusizo. Uma uqonda indlela amandla anikezwa ngayo, uhlonyiselwa kangcono ukugcina uhulumeni wakho unecala, uvikele amalungelo akho, futhi uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuhlolisisa ukulingana kwamandla, izimpande zawo ezingokomlando, inqubo yawo ewusizo, nezinselele ezibhekene nayo namuhla.

Liyini Isilinganiso Samandla?

Phakathi nendawo, ukulinganisela kwamandla kubhekisela esimisweni lapho iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zihlukaniswa ngamabomu phakathi kwamagatsha amaningi noma izinhlangano. Umgomo ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni elinye, kanjalo kulondoloze inkululeko nokuvimbela ubushiqela. Lesi simiso sidume kakhulu emfundisweni yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, eyasungulwa yisazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu emsebenzini wakhe uMoya woMthetho . UMontesquieu waphikisa ngokuthi amandla agxile ngokungenakugwenywa aholela ekuxhashazweni futhi isivikelo esiqinile sihlukanisa i-mthetho, isikhulu, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela kahulumeni.

Lomqondo wawungemusha ngokuphelele − kodwa ongqondongqondo basendulo bamaGreki namaRoma babehlole imiqondo efanayo − kodwa uMontesquieu wanikeza indlela yanamuhla, ehlelekile. Imibhalo yakhe yathonya ngokuqondile abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owaklama ngamabomu uhulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinezikhundla nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene. Nokho, ukulingana kwamandla akulinganiselwe e-United States. Idemocracy eningi emhlabeni, kusukela eJalimane kuya eNdiya kuya eJapane, ihlanganisa inguquko ethile yalesimiso, isenza sivumelane nesisekelo somlando nesomlando.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

E-United States, uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlukaniswa waba amagatsha amathathu: isikhulu somthetho, umphathi, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linendima ehlukile, futhi ngalinye lingawahlola amandla amanye. Ukuqonda lamagatsha kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqondeni ukuthi amandla alinganiswa kanjani.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Lakhiwe ngeSishaya-mthetho, esihlanganisa amagumbi amabili: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Indlu, enamalungu angu-435 okuvota, imelela izigodi ezisekelwe kubantu, kuyilapho iSigele, esinamalungu ayikhulu, simelela isifunda ngasinye. Lesi sakhiwo se-biobaral ngokwaso sibonisa ukulingana kwamandla, siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili imibuso enabantu abaningi nabangantubeki kakhulu inezwi enqubeni yokwenza umthetho.

UKhomishane uphethe izifunda eziningana eziyisihluthulelo: ingakhokha izintela, iboleke imali, ilawule ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, imemezele impi, futhi iphakamise futhi isekele amabutho. Inamandla futhi ilawula isikhwama semali esisetshenziswayo sikahulumeni. Ayikho imali engathathwa kuTreasury ngaphandle kwe-profectri engenziwa umthetho, enikeza ithonya elikhulu leSishaya-Hulumeni ngezenzo zesikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele sinamandla okuqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli nezivumelwano ze-raintect, inikeza i-cheke egatsheni lesikhulu.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokuqondisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Liqondiswa nguMongameli, okhonza kokubili njengenhloko kazwelonke noMkhuzi-sikhulu wamabutho ahlomile. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine futhi angakhonza izilinganiso ezimbili ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sama-22.

Imibuso kaMongameli ihlanganisa ikhono lokubeka umthetho weveto, ukumisa amajaji angokomthetho nezikhulu zikahulumeni (ezinesiqinisekiso sesigebengu), ukuthethelela, nokuphatha inkambiso yakwelinye izwe. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa nesimiso esikhulu seminyango nezinhlangano, njengoMnyango Wezokhuselo, uMnyango Wezobulungisa, ne-Evironmental Protection Agency, emisa futhi ephoqelela imithetho kahulumeni. Ikhono likaMongameli lokukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, eziqondisa indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo, iye yaba yithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu, kanye nomthombo wempikiswano yempikiswano yeze-$ne-"ebutware banamuhla.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Yakhiwa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi ezamiswa yiSishaya-mthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme, enezahlulelo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezimiselwe ukubhekana nokuphila, inesiphetho sokugcina ngemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho.

Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu legatsha lokwahlulela ukubukeza kokwahlulela, amandla okumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngokungekhona kwemithetho. Lombuso awuzange ushiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni kodwa wamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme embonini ka-1803 icala . Madison. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkantolo iye yabulala amakhulukhulu ezwe, umbuso, nemithetho yendawo, elungisa indawo engokomthetho yesizwe. Abahluleli be-Forty basebenza ekwakheni ukuphila konke, bebavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi babavumela ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kunokuba bavumele umbono womphakathi.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Imishini Eyenza Isebenze

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso iyodwa akwanele ukugcina ukulingana kwamandla. Isimiso sidinga futhi ukuhlola nokulinganisela − izinqubo ezicacile ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise amandla amanye. Lezi zinqubo zakha i-panegnome ehlanganisayo lapho kungekho gatsha lingasebenza lingasebenzanga ngokungeyodwa isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlola Imithetho Emagatsheni Aphethe Nahluleli

UKhomishane unamathuluzi amaningana okuhlola igatsha eliphethe. Ingadlula i-veto ephethe umongameli kanye namagumbi amabili-mithathu kuwo womabili amagumbi, idlulisa ngokuphumelelayo umthetho ngokumelene nokwenqaba kukaMongameli. Ingamjingamela futhi isuse uMongameli, uMongameli, umongameli, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ze-"Isizathu, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu eziphakeme kanye nabasebenzi abangafaneleki." Kuphela amaMongameli amabili “‘ Andrew Johnson noBill Centon , ayengavunyelwa yiNd Home, nakuba iNSCen. Umongameli uRichard Nixon waphinde walahlwa yi-Roffiercer.

UKhomishane ulawula futhi ukuxhaswa kwezimali, okuwunikeza amandla aphawulekayo emisebenzi yokuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMkhandlu ungavumelani nokungenela kwezempi kukaMongameli, kunganqaba izimali ezifanele zokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla eSigele okuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ze-raevince anikeza i-exick eqondile egunyeni lomphathi. ISigele singaba nokuqulwa nokuphenyiswa, sikhanyise ukukhanya kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Ngokuqondene negatsha lokwahlulela, iSishaya - mthetho singashintsha igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni, sihlongoze ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho ukuze kushintshwe izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi kuncishiswe amajaji kahulumeni. Nakuba le komiti yamuva ingavamile, (ijaji likahulumeni elingu-15 kuphela) lake lalahlwa futhi isishiyagalombili babekwa icala elinamandla.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amagatsha Angokomthetho Nahlulele

Isehlo esivelele kakhulu sikaMongameli egatsheni lemithetho i-veto. UMongameli anganqaba ukusayina isimemezelo emthethweni, asithumelele emuva eSixukwini ngempikiswano. Nakuba uMkhandlu ungawulawula umnyango, ukwenza kanjalo kudinga ukuphatha okukhulu kakhulu okungangesithathu, okuvame ukuba nzima ukukufeza. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuhlanganisa uMkhandlu ngezikhawu ezikhethekile nokutusa umthetho, ukumisa uhlelo lwesimiso.

Ohlangothini lokwahlulela, uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Lokhu kumiswa kungokwesikhathi sokuphila, okusho uMongameli angabumba isahlulelo amashumi eminyaka adlule amashumi awo. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela futhi athathe iziphambeko zecala likahulumeni, ukuhlola amandla egatsha okwahlulela ukuze ajezise.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amagatsha Angokomthetho Naphethe

I-jadiary ye-jadiary eyinhloko kuwo womabili amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu i-optional. INkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa uMongameli uma ephula umthetho. Lamandla aye asetshenziswa ezimweni eziphawuleka kakhulu njengaye Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], eyaqeda isigaba sohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, ne United States v. UNxon[12]), eyaphoqa umongameli Nixon [197] [7] [7] ukuba iphenduke emakhasethini ahtholo phakathi nehlazo lamanzi.

Izinkantolo futhi zinamandla okuchaza imithetho, enikeza ithonya eliphawulekayo endleleni umthetho osetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, zingamisa isimiso esiphumelelayo, indima eye yabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nezenzo zokwahlulela nokunqanda ukwahlulela.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Ukulinganisela kwamandla akuyona nje indaba yokuklanywa komthetho-sisekelo; kuxhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni kwesakhamuzi okumatasa. Uma izakhamuzi zithembisene, ziyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isimiso sihlala sinecala futhi sisabela. Ngaphandle kokuthembisana komphakathi, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kungantengantenga, futhi amandla angathathelwa kuliphi igatsha elinonya kakhulu noma elicindezelwa kancane.

Ukubabaza: Isisekelo Sokulandisa

Ukuqamba kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngayo ukulinganisela kwamandla. Izinhlelo zinquma ukuthi ubani ophethe isikhundla emagatsheni emithetho nasemagatsheni aphethe, futhi zingaguqula isimo somthetho ngomsizi womongameli. Uma umvoti ephakeme, uhulumeni uthambekele kakhulu ekubonakaliseni intando yabantu. Ngokuphambene, ukuvuleka okuphansi kungaholela kuhulumeni ofeza izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe kunokuba unikeze izinzuzo zomphakathi.

Ukuze ube umvoti ophumelelayo, kubalulekile ukudlula ngalé kwezimpawu zeqembu futhi uqonde izikhundla zabazohlolwa ekuhlukaneni kwezindaba zemibuso. Ngokwesibonelo, abavoti kufanele bacabangele ukuthi umvoti uhlonipha indima yejaji, usekela ubuphathi benhlangano, noma ubophelwe emikhawulweni engokomthetho egunyeni lesikhulu. Imivuzo enjenge USA.gov's revotation kwaziswa [[ kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibhalise, zithole izindawo zokuvota, futhi zifunde ngezindawo zokuhlola.

Ukushisekela Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekugunyazeni ukumisa umthetho nesimiso somphakathi. Lokhu kungathatha izindlela eziningi: ukubhala noma ukubiza izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuya emihlanganweni yasehholo, ukuhlanganyela ezindlebeni zomphakathi, ukujoyina amaqembu alawulayo, noma ukuhlela imikhankaso yotshani. Ukubhalisa kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilethe izinkathazo zazo ngokuqondile kuhulumeni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha emithetho yezomthetho nezikhulu ahlala eqaphela imizwelo yomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo, ithuluzi elinamandla lokulondoloza ukulinganisela kwegunya. Uma izakhamuzi zihlela izindaba ezinjengelungelo lomphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, noma ukubonakala kukahulumeni, zingathonya hhayi izimiso ezithile kuphela kodwa futhi nokusakazwa okukhulu kwamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucindezela komphakathi kwaba nendima eyinhloko ekudluliseni kwenkululeko yokwaziswa (1966), eyaqinisa ikhono lezakhamuzi lokubeka icala likahulumeni.

Ukuhileleka Komphakathi Nohulumeni Wendawo

Isithembiso somsebenzi asigcini nje kuphela esilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Izindawo zombuso . "izikhulu zemikhandlu, izinkundla zesikole, amakhomishane esifundazwe ``ivokonda futhi asebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni yendawo, ukusebenza emabhodini nasemishinini e-ocestra, noma ngisho nokubalekela ihhovisi lendawo kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithonye izinqumo eziphathelene nezindawo, imfundo, amaphoyisa, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Le misebenzi yendawo ingaba nomphumela onamandla, ilolongenise isiko lwezombangazwe futhi iqinise isimiso sokuthi amandla afanele ukubuzwa kubantu.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge I-League of Women Voters inikeza izakhamuzi imithombo yokuhlanganyela ezilwazini nasekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni.

Umlando Wokulinganisela Kwamandla

Ukulingana kwamandla e - United States kuye kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namakhulu amabili nengxenye adlule. izenzakalo ezingokomlando, izinqumo zenkantolo, nezinhlangano zezombangazwe konke kuye kwathonya ukusakazwa kwegunya kwamanje. Ukuqonda lomlando kunikeza umongo obalulekile ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla.

Obaba Abasunguliwe Nomthetho - sisekelo

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babethonywe kakhulu okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngokubusa kwaseBrithani. Babebone ikhono lombuso waseBrithani lokugxilisa ingqondo ebukhosini, futhi babezimisele ukuvimbela ubudlova obunjalo eriphabliki entsha. Izihloko ze-Confederation, incwadi yokuqala ebusayo yesizwe, zakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka ongabonakali ungaphumeleli. IConstitutional Convention ka 1787 yabizwa ukuba ilungise lokhu konakala.

UMthetho-sisekelo owaba umphumela wakha uhulumeni kahulumeni onamandla kodwa wahlukanisa ngokucophelela amandla awo. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo, waphikisa ku- Federalist No. 51 ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso kwakubalulekile ekulawuleni "izikhundla zempi." Wabhala: "Izikhundla kumelwe zenziwe ukulwa nokufuna ukuvelela... inhloso eqhubekayo iwukuhlukanisa nokuhlela amahhovisi amaningana ngendlela efanayo ukuze ngalinye libe itshe lokuhlola elinye." Lefilosofi yaba itshe eliyitshe eliyingisweyo lokubusa kwaseMelika.

Impi Yombango Neziphendulo Zokulungisa

IMpi yangaphakathi (1861-1865) ngokuyisisekelo yaguqula ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nemibuso. Lempi yavela ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokungavumelani ngokuthi imibuso ingayiqeda yini imithetho kahulumeni noma i-Union. Ukunqoba kwe-Union kwaqinisekisa ukuphakama kukahulumeni kahulumeni futhi kwaholela ekudluleni kweyeshumi nanye, eyeshumi nanye, neye-15 yenziwa iSichibiyelo, eyaqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, kanye namalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki uhlanga.

Lenguquko yandisa amandla kahulumeni ukuze ivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekungeneleni kombuso. ISichibiyelo se-14 ikakhulukazi, siye sasetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo amaningi eSiphakamiso samalungelo ezwe, sinika ijaji likahulumeni indima eyinhloko ekulondolozeni inkululeko yomphakathi. Lokhu kushintsha kuyaqhubeka kulungisa izimpikiswano ezimayelana nezimpikiswano ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, ukulingana komshado, namalungelo okuvota.

Inqubo Entsha Nokwanda Kwamandla Ombuso Kahulumeni

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho okukhulu kwango-1930 kwabangela ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwendima kahulumeni kahulumeni ezomnotho. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wezinhlelo ze-New Deal wasungula izinhlelo ezintsha nezimiso zokunikeza usizo, ukululama, nokuguqula. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yagadla izinhlelo eziningi ze-New Defere, okwaholela engxabanweni phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nezokwahlulela. U-Rosevelt''s "umnyango-packing" isiphakamiso, esasizomvumela ukuba amise amajaji engeziwe, ekugcineni ahluleka, kodwa ekugcineni iNkantolo yaqala ukusekela umthetho omusha wokwenza.

Lenkathi yaqinisa igunya likahulumeni kahulumeni ukuba alawule umsebenzi wezomnotho futhi yamisa umbuso wanamuhla wokuphatha. Yaqokomisa futhi ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni nendima yombono womphakathi ekulolongeni ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho.

Ukugawulwa KweWatergate Nezinduna Zombuso

Ihlazo lamaWatergate lango-1970 laliyinkathi ebalulekile emlandweni wokuhlolwa nokulinganisela. Ukuhileleka kukaMongameli Richard Nixon ekuthatheni imbobo yokunqamuka endlunkulu ye-Democratic Committee National kwaholela enhlekeleleni engokomthetho-mthethweni. UKhomishano wasungula uphenyo, izinkantolo zaphoqelela ukukhululwa kwamakhasethi aqoshiwe enkantolo, neKomiti ye House Judicary ukuba ivote ukuvotela uNixon. Washiya phambi kwevoti egcwele ye Home.

Watergate wabonisa ukuphumelela kokuqondisa kwenhlangano nokuzimela kokwahlulela ekuhloleni amandla aphakeme. futhi kwaholela ekushintsheni okunjengethi Ethics in Government Act (1978) kanye nokusungulwa kweHhovisi le- Independent Counsel, eyaqinisa ukusebenza kokulandisa. Lelihlazo lihlale liyisikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho.

Izenzakalo Zangesikhathi Esizayo

Izenzakalo zamuva kakhulu ziye zaqhubeka zihlela ukulinganisela kwamandla. Inkathi yangemva kuka-9/11 yaba nokwanda kwegunya eliphethe ezindaweni ezinjengokuqapha, ukuboshwa, nezenzo zempi. Imithetho enjenge-USA PATRIOT Act yanikeza igatsha elisha eliphethe iziphathimandla, kuyilapho inkantolo iphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele yalawo mandla. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana neziyalezo zezikhulu, isimiso sokufuduka, nokusetshenziswa kwamabutho kubonisa ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kokwehlukana kwamandla ekhulwini lama-21.

Umongo onzulu kakhulu, imithombo enjenge i-Libary yemithombo kahulumeni woMkhandlu [ inikeza izinto eziyinhloko eziyisisekelo.

Izinselele Zamanje Ezivivinya Ukulinganisela Kwamandla

Nakuba ukulinganisela kwamandla kuseyisisekelo sesimiso sokubusa saseMelika, kubhekene nezinselele eziningana ezingathi sína namuhla.

Umkhumbi Nomsindo

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ngamagatsha kahulumeni ukuba abambisene. Uma amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu elawulwa amaqembu aphikisanayo, izingxabano ezilwayo zingaholela ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni, ukuqiniswa kwemvume, nokubekwa kwemithetho. Lokhu kungaqeda ukuthemba umphakathi kuhulumeni futhi kuholele ekubizeni ukuba isikhulu singangeni muntu njengendlela yokudlulisa iSishaya-Mkhandlu.

Isigaba somthetho sithinta futhi igatsha lokwahlulela. Ukuqinisekiswa kwecala kweNkantolo ePhakeme kuye kwaba nokuphikisana okukhulayo, futhi abameleli babhekene nokucusumbulwa okukhulu nokuphikiswa okungamele. Lokhu kungalulaza umbono wokwahlulela njengomphathi-mthetho ongakhethi. Indima yemali kwezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nethonya lamaPaC aphezulu namaqembu emali emnyama, kwenza ukuba indawo ibe yinkinga nakakhulu ngokunikeza izithakazelo ezicebile ithonya phezu kokhetho nenqubo.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi

Abameli bazo zombili izigaba baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zokumisa izinguquko zezimiso ngaphandle kokulinda iSishaya - mthetho, umkhuba abagxeki abaphikisa ukuhlukana kwemibuso. Ngokwesibonelo, iziyalezo zezikhulu zokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nokulawulwa kwezibhamu ziye zabekwa izinselele ezingokomthetho, ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ezibashaya njengegunya elingaphezu kwamandla omongameli.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamazwi okusayina, lapho uMongameli ememezela khona indlela ahlose ukuchaza noma ukuphoqelela umthetho, nakho kuye kwaphikiswana. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukusayina kwamazwi kuvumela umphathi ukuba aphinde abhale umthetho ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okunwebekile kwamandla esizwe okuvikela, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuthumela amabutho ngaphandle kwemvume yokumisa uhulumeni, kuye kwaphakamisa izixwayiso ngokukhukhuleka kwamandla empi kaHulumeni.

Ukuthatha Icala Nokuzithiba

Indima yejaji ekuqondiseni umthetho isalokhu iyinto yempikiswano enkulu. Izenzo zokwahlulela zibhekisela ekusebenziseni abahluleli ukwenza izinqumo ezidlulela ngalé kombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho, zidala ngokuphumelelayo isimiso esisha. Ukuvinjelwa kokwahlulela, ngokuphambene, kugcizelela ukuthi amajaji kufanele alalele amagatsha akhethiwe nesibonelo senhlonipho.

Zombili izindlela zinezivikelo zabo nabagxeki. Izinqumo ze-Landmark njenge- Roe v. Wade [773], eyamisa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu, futhi obergefell v. Hodges [2020], esemthethweni esemthethweni e-Rose-ex, iye yatuswa ngokwandisa amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokugxeka ngenxa yokulahla igunya lokwahlulela. Impikiswano emayelana nefilosofi yokwahlulela ayiyona nje imfundo nje; iguqula isiqondiso somthetho ngezindaba ezisukela ekunakekeleni impilo ukuze kuvinjelwe amalungelo omkhankaso wezemali.

Usongo Kubantu Ababusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho, ukulingana kwamandla kuxhomeke ezimisweni ezingabhalwanga zentando yeningi. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuhlonipha umthetho, ukwamukela imiphumela ehambisana nokhetho, kanye nokuzinikela eqinisweni nokubona. Uma lezimiso zincishiswa (h___ukwenza kube buthaka ukuhlasela kwemicikilisho, izinselele zokukhetha ubuqotho, noma ukwenqaba ukubambisana nokwengamela ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano) sonke isimiso siba buthaka ngokwengeziwe.

Izakhamuzi zinendima yokufeza ekuvikeleni lemiqondo. Ukuhlala zinolwazi ngemithombo yezindaba ethembekile, ukusekela ukuthunyelwa kwezindaba okuzimele, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi konke kusiza ekuqiniseni impucuko yentando yeningi esekela ukulinganisela kwamandla. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Brennan Center yeJaji[ umsebenzi wokuvikela izinhlangano zentando yeningi futhi unikeze imithombo yemali ukuze izakhamuzi zihileleke.

Isiphetho: Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekulondolozeni Ukulinganisela Kwamandla

Ukulingana kwamandla akuyona indlela yokuziqeda; kudinga ukuqapha njalo nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kwezakhamuzi. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo, kodwa ukulondolozwa kwenkululeko kuxhomeke kubantu ngokwabo. Uma izakhamuzi zivota, zisekela, zihlanganyela emiphakathini yazo, futhi zinika abaholi bazo icala, ziqinisa isimiso esivikela amalungelo azo.

Ukuqonda ukulinganisela kwamandla akukhona nje ukwazi indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo. Kungokokuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlola kokugcina kunoma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni kuyi-optional efundile futhi i-social. Ngokufunda ngomlando, izinqubo, nezinselele zokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uzihlomisela ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Ukulinganisela kwamandla akusona isimiso esisele sekhulu le-18; kuyisimiso esiphilayo esidinga ukuvuselelwa nokuzivikela kuzo zonke izizukulwane. Isibopho sakho sibalulekile kulowo msebenzi.