Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Isakhamuzi ngasinye esifisa ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi kumelwe siqale siqonde indlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo futhi alawulwa ngayo. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-United States saklanywa ngamabomu oFata abasunguli ukuze bavimbele ukufakwa kwegunya kunoma imuphi umuntu noma iqembu. Lesi sisekelo, esakhelwe ezimisweni zokuhlukanisa amagunya nokuhlola nokulinganisela, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kuhlala kusabela kubantu kuyilapho kuvikelwa ubushiqela. Ukuqonda lesimiso akusona nje isisekelo semfundo kuphela sokuhlanganisa imibuso eqenjini, okwenza abantu ukuba bagcine abamele abamele futhi basekele izithakazelo zabo ngokuphumelelayo.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wakha irepublic kahulumeni enamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye elinezingxenye zalo eziyinhloko: ukwenza imithetho, ukumisa imithetho, nokuchaza imithetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuphelele kwegatsha ngalinye, isakhiwo salo sangaphakathi, amandla, kanye nezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlola okugcina isilinganiso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi olungiselela ukuhlola kwezezesizwe, uthisha osungula uhlelo lwezifundo, noma umfundi ofuna ulwazi olujulile, lesi siqondiso sinikeza ukuhlolisisa okubanzi ngendlela uhulumeni waseMelika osebenza ngayo ngempela.

Imvelaphi Nefilosofi Yamandla Ahlukene

Umqondo wokwahlukanisa igunya likahulumeni libe ngamagatsha ahlukene awusungulwanga ngabasunguli baseMelika. Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uManteusquieu, emsebenzini wakhe we-1748] uMoya woMthetho [[, waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ivikeleke kakhulu uma umthetho, umphathi, namandla okwahlulela ebambene nezindikimba ezihlukahlukene. Abalawuli boMthetho-sisekelo babethonywe kakhulu yile njongo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu nemithetho ye-bomfelandawo yonke. [FLT:] ku-FLD] Facerist.[FFFF:5], [5], kubhalwe ukuthi “igunya lonke, izikhulu, izikhulu, nezenyuko, nezindlela ezifanayo, zezandla, zingashoka kahle kakhulu.

Ukuze kusetshenziswe lefilosofi, uMthetho-sisekelo wabela igatsha ngalinye ngokuqondile ezihlokweni zalo ezintathu zokuqala. ISiphakamiso I siseKhomishani (igatsha lezemithetho), iSiphakamiso II sikha i-presidente (igatsha eliphethe), futhi iSiphakamiso III simisa izinkantolo zikahulumeni (igatsha lokwahlulela). Lesi sakhiwo sohambo asiyiyo eUnited States kuphela, kodwa inguqulo yaseMelika ihlukile ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nezilinganiso, okuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba limelane nokungenela kwabanye.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: I - Engine - forming Yokwenza Imithetho

Igatsha loMthetho, i-Conal , iyigatsha eliseduze kakhulu nabantu futhi elokuqala okukhulunywe ngalo kuMthetho-sisekelo. Isibopho salo esiyinhloko ukuthatha izinhlelo, ukuphikisana, nokunikeza imithetho ebusa isizwe. UKhongolo luyinhlangano ye-bimeyal, okusho ukuthi inezindlini ezimbili: iNdlu yabameleli neSigeqe. Lengxenye yayiyisivumelwano phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane eMhlanganeni woMthetho-mthetho, iNdlunkulu esekelwe emphakathini, iSikhungo sinikeza ukumelela okulinganayo esizweni ngasinye.

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo

  • Indlu yabameleli:[ Amalungu okuvota angu-35, ngalinye limelela isifunda sesifundazwe esiphakathi kwezwe. Amalungu akhonza amagama aminyaka emibili, enza iNdlu isabelele kakhulu embonweni womphakathi. USwezi wendlu, okhethwe yiqembu elikhulu, uqondisa izigijimi futhi uphethe amandla abalulekile ohlelweni lwemithetho.
  • .I-senate: 100 i-senators (izimbili ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye) ezisebenza iminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa-mitha yeSigele sokukhetha njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lesikhathi eside nokhetho olushayo kwakuhloselwe ukunikeza izizinziso nombono omude, ukuvikela izikhundla ezifinyelelwe umphakathi. UMongameli wase-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele kodwa amavoti okuphula isibopho. ISigele siphinde sikhethele i-Mongameli esinesikhathi eside sokuqondisa umongameli esabelweni sikaMongameli.

Banamandla Futhi Basetshenziswa

Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhongolose uhlu oluqondile lwamandla eSiphakamiso I, Isiqephu 8, esaziwa ngokuthi amandla alawulekayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla ku:

  • Gcina izintela, imisebenzi, izimemezelo, nezikweletu ukuze ukhokhe izikweletu futhi ulungiselele isivikelo nenhlalakahle evamile
  • Boleka imali e - United States
  • Izentengiselwano zazihlanganisa nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, izizwe, nezizwe zoMdabu waseMelika
  • Misa imithetho efanayo yokusetshenziswa kwemvelo nokuwa kwamali
  • Imali eyimali futhi ilawule ukubaluleka kwayo
  • Memezelani impi, niphakamise futhi nisekele amabutho, futhi nilungiselele futhi ninakekele ibutho lasolwandle
  • Yenza yonke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukufakwa ekuqedweni amandla angenhla (i-] i-Siphequnu ne-Fathernational Claus )

I-Lifadial neSeant Claus ivela eMthonjeni wemibuso ye-Congress esetshenziswayo , eye yahunyushwa kabanzi iNkantolo Ephakeme, ikakhulukazi kusukela Mcloch v. Maryland[ [1819]. Lomshoshaphansi uvumela i-Callss ukuba ikwazi ukusingatha izinselele zanamuhla ezingaphathwanga ngqo eMbalisweni we-Calture, njengasekuqondisa i-intanethi noma ukumisa ibhange lesizwe.

Umtapo womtholalwazi noMbonisi sithombe

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, uKhongolo luthatha isigwebo esinzima egatsheni eliphethe. AmaKomiti kuwo womabili amakamu aphatha ukuqulwa kwamacala, ofakazi abangaphansi kwe-poena nezincwadi, futhi aphenyela ububi obungase bube khona. ISigele sinamandla ayingqayizivele okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (njengababhali bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji ombuso, namanxusa) nokuvumela izivumelwano ngevoti elingu-3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNdlu ingazigunyaza izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, ngenxa “yomcamayelo, ukufumba, noma ezinye izenzo eziphakeme,” ngokuqhuba icala negeletwa yizigeletwane.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukuhola Nokuphoqelelwa

Igatsha Eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolose. Eqophelweni layo kuhlala umongameli , okhonza kokubili njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo ufaka amandla okulawula kumuntu oyedwa ukuze aqinisekise ubunye nokunquma, kodwa futhi ubeka imingcele ephawulekayo kulelogunya nge-conomiliary nokuhlolwa kwemithetho.

UMongameli Nomongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine ngesimiso se-Electoral College futhi ulinganiselwe kumagalelo amabili ngeSichibiyelo sama-22. Imisebenzi ihlanganisa ukukhonza njengoMphathi-kakhulu wamabutho ahlomile, ukuthethelela (ngaphandle kwamacala angenamthetho), ukwenza izivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigele nemvume), nokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. UMongameli, okhethwe ethikithini elifanayo, uphumelela kuMongameli uma ihhovisi liphelelwa amandla futhi ekhonza njengoMongameli weSigele.

IKhabhinethi Nombuso WamaButho Ombuso Ozimele

Ukuze afeze imithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu kahulumeni kahulumeni, uMongameli uncike kuMongameli futhi umiswe yiSigebengu. Leminyango engu-15 (njengeSizwe, i-Compare, i-Defense, Justice, ne-Education) iholwa onobhala (ngaphandle kwe-Actorney General for Justice) abamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswe yiSigebengu. Ngaphansi kwayo, i-tecrated of the Implicated projects, i-ooondments, i-oooctraclations, ifeza izinhlelo ezithile, kusukela kwi-Social Security Agement (EPA) ye-Social Administration (S). Nakuba lezi zinhlangano ziphendula kuMongameli, ziboshwe futhi zidluliswa imithetho enkantolo.

Amandla Nemingcele

Imibuso kaMongameli ibalulekile kodwa inamandla angenakulinganiswa. Isihluthulelo sawo sihlanganisa:

  • Ukushaya imithetho kahulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ibulawa ngokwethembeka
  • Ukuqhuba isimiso nezingxoxo zakwamanye amazwe
  • Ukumisa amanxusa, amajaji, nezikhulu eziphakamisa izintambo
  • Umthetho ogunyaza i-Vtoting udluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho (Izishaya - mthetho zingadlula izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu emagumbini womabili)
  • Ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni

Iziqondiso zabaqondisi ziye zaba ithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo uma zidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo. UMongameli ubuye athole amandla azimele [ athathwe ekubekeni umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo isigqebhezana, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nasekulondekeni kwesizwe, nakuba izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zahlehliswa, njengase entsheni yentsha ebhalwe i-Stown & Tube Co. v. Satyer (1952) icala lokuvimbela ukuthuthwa kwezigaxa zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza incazelo yemithetho, isebenza emacalani ngamanye, futhi linqume ukuthi ayaphikisana yini noMthetho-sisekelo. Leligatsha linamandla angenamandla kakhulu ngokwekhono lalo lokuthatha isinyathelo, kodwa igunya lalo lokushaya imithetho engavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho, [[ ukubukeza .

Isimiso Senkantolo KaFederal

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa iNkantolo ePhakeme kuphela, ushiye iSishaya-mthetho ukuba sisungule izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Namuhla lesi simiso sinezinhlalo ezintathu:

  • Izinkantolo zezesifunda:[ zinkantolo ezilalela kokubili amacala omphakathi nobugebengu obuvela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Ziyisiqalo sokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni.
  • Inkantolo yokudlulisa izikhalo (Izinkantolo zezifunda): 13 izinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda. Aziphathi amacala amasha kodwa zinquma ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho enziwa yini.
  • Inkantolo ye-'FLT': Inkantolo yokugcina, ehlanganisa amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye akhethelwe ukuphila (ngokuzithoba ekuziphatheni okuhle). Ikhetha amacala okuzwa (cishe acishe abe ngu-100-150 ngonyaka aphume ezinkulungwaneni zezicelo) kanye nezinqumo zokugcina ezibophayo ezweni lonke.

Amandla Okubukeza Ukwahlulela

Umqondo wokubukeza kokwahlulela awubhalwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni. Wamiswa icala eliphawulayo (1803 Marbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall amemezela khona ukuthi “kuyisifundazwe esiqinile nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini.” Lesi sinqumo sagunyaza izinkantolo ukuba zilahle imithetho ephula umthetho, ngisho noma idluliswa uMkhandlu-mthetho futhi yasayinwa uMongameli. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlasela amakhulukhulu ezwe, uhulumeni, umthetho, nemithetho yendawo.

Ukuzisola Nokulinganiselwa

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zizwa kuphela amacala ahilela ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni (njengempikiswano engokomthetho noma umthetho kahulumeni) noma izinhlobonhlobo zezakhamuzi (izifunda ezivela ezizweni ezihlukene nesilinganiso sempikiswano engaphezulu kuka-R250 000). INkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokuqala ezicabeni ezihilela amanxusa nezimpikiswano phakathi kwemibuso, kodwa umsebenzi wayo omningi ubangelwa ukunxusa. Abahluleli bafeza izinqumo zokuphila kwabo ukuze bazivikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, nakuba bengancengwa ngenxa yokuziphethe kabi. Igatsha le-jajiji lithembele egatsheni eliphethe ukuze libophe iziqondiso zalo, okuye kwabangela ukuxabana, njengalapho uMongameli uAndrealvin Jackson eyaziwa, “ukwenze isinqumo sakhe; manje makasigunyaze.”

Umfutho Wamasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso bekungaphelele ngaphandle kwesimiso esivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba limelane nokuphanjwa amanye.

  • Iziphetho ezisemthethweni kuGunyaziso: Izikhondla-Mkhandlu zingadlula amaveto kamongameli, zenqabe ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa, ukugcotshwa nokususwa kukaMongameli, ukunqanda ukuxhaswa kwezimali, nokugcinwa kwecala. Iseluleko seSigele nendima yemvume kuyi-echekethiwe enamandla.
  • Iziphetho ze-ligislative kuyi-Judiary: zinquma ubukhulu nokwakheka kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni (ukwethula i-guversement yeNkantolo Ephakeme), kungaveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kushintshwe izimemezelo, futhi abahluleli abangabelungu.
  • Ukuhlola okusemthethweni eMthethweni: UMongameli angakhokha izikweletu, abize izikhawu ezikhethekile zeSishaya-mthetho, futhi atuse umthetho. Umongameli ongumsizi uvota amavoti aphula isibopho sesibopho esigelezweni.
  • Ihlola i-Judiciary: UMongameli umisa bonke abahluleli bakahulumeni, enikeza ithonya elibalulekile kumthetho wenkathi yezizukulwane.
  • Izibalo ze-judicicial kuMthetho noMphathi-Mphathi: Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ngokungekhona okungokomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. IJaji elinguJohn Roberts lika 2012 lisekela umbono wokuthatha umthetho we-Afford Care Act ngaphansi kwamandla entela kaHulumeni uyisibonelo sanamuhla sale khono lokuhlola esisebenza.

Lomdlalo uqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa abanye ngaphandle kokubhekana nemiphumela engokomthetho noma ezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ka 1937 “icebo lokuhlola” (ukuhlela) lokuthuthukisa iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze ithole iziqondiso ezilungile) zanqotshwa yiSishaya-mthetho, ebonisa indlela ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso okuvikela ngayo ukuzibusa kwenhlangano.

Ubumbano: Ukuhlukana Okuyinhlangano Kwamandla

Ngalé kwamagatsha kahulumeni, uhulumeni wase-U.S. uhlukanisa igunya phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezifundazwe − umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezentengiselwano . UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni othile owesizwe amandla athile ahlelwayo (umz., ukukhokha imali, ukuqondisa ibhizinisi lezwe, ukuqhuba ubuhlobo bamazwe angaphandle) nokugcina wonke amanye amandla ezindaweni ezithile noma kubantu ngeSichibiyelo seshumi. Amazwe anemithetho yawo siqu, ababusi, izishaya - mthetho, nezimiso zenkantolo, ukusingatha izindaba ezinjengemfundo, ukuthutha, amandla ezokuphatha amaphoyisa, nomthetho womkhaya.

Lokhu kubusa okumbaxambili kudala isilinganiso esiyinkimbinkimbi lapho kokubili imithetho yombuso nohulumeni isebenza khona ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uma kuphakama izingxabano, i-Supremacy Claus (Artle VI) imisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala, kodwa imibuso igcina ukuzimela okuphawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zimisa isilinganiso sazo siqu sejubane, izimfuneko zomshado, nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe. Ukuqonda ubuzwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho enjengendlela yokunakekela impilo, umthetho wendawo, noma amalungelo okuvota ehluka ngayo ezweni lonke.

Ukubaluleka Kokufunda Ngezincwadi Ezisemthethweni Kubafundi Nezakhamuzi

Ulwazi lwezimiso zikahulumeni aluzona nje kuphela kulabo abaphishekela imisebenzi yezomthetho noma ezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhamuzi ngasinye sisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwegunya lezombangazwe (ngokuvota, inkonzo yamajaji, ukukhulumela komphakathi, noma ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, eziziphoqelela ngayo, nendlela yokubekela inselele izenzo zokungabi nabulungisa, siba abasekeli abaphumelela ngokwengeziwe kuso ngokwaso kanye nemiphakathi yaso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abafundile abafundele izakhamuzi bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukumelana nokukhohliswa, ukuhlaziya izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, nokubheka abaholi ukuba baphendule.

Kuthisha, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlola okungokoqobo , njengokuthi ibhamu liba kanjani umthetho, noma inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yenza lemiqondo icace. Abafundi bangalandela indlela yamanje (umz., inguquko yesimo sezulu, inkambiso yokufuduka) ukuze babone amagatsha amathathu asebenzayo. Imithombo enjenge [[FLT:] Ikhonsathi yeNkantolo. Gov[[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [1] inikeza ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela somthetho, kuyilapho iwebhsite yendlu ye-VT emhlophe nehhovisi yezente yombuso.[FLT]

Isiphetho

Ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni wase-U.S. (izintambo ezintathu), ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kanye nomthetho-mthetho (*.) kwakuklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko kuyilapho kusebenza ukubusa okuphumelelayo. Nakuba isimiso singabonakala singabonakali ekuqaleni, izimiso zaso zidlala nsuku zonke ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho, iziyalezo zezikhulu, nezinkantolo. Ngokufunda izisekelo eziyisisekelo zendlela amandla anikezwa ngayo futhi alinganiselwe, uzuza amathuluzi okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo nohulumeni wakho kuwo wonke amazinga. Lolulwazi alukho oluqinile; luvela kuzo zonke izinqumo zeNkantolo, zonke izinqumo zeNkanto ephakeme, nakuthatha isinyathelo sezendlu yomphakathi. Qhubeka uhlola, ubuza imibuzo, futhi usebenzise lezi zifundo ukuze uqonde umhlaba jikelele.