Ziyini Izinyathelo Zebhola?

Imithetho ye-Ballot iyimikhawulo ehlongozwayo, ukulungisa komthetho-mkhandlu, noma imibuzo yezomthetho evunyelwa ngokuqondile noma enqatshwe abavoti ebhokisini le-colot. Imelela uhlobo oluthile lwentando yeningi eqondile, inikeza izakhamuzi amandla okudlula izishaya-mthetho ezikhethiwe futhi zihlele isimiso somphakathi ngokwazo. Nakuba i-United States ngokuyinhloko iyidemokratialism, izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwengxenye ze-U. ivumela uhlobo oluthile lwenqubo ye-collet bollet eqekeneyo, futhi izinkulungwane zemibuso yendawo ekhona iyazivumela. Isimiso sanamuhla ne-aresteanteum sinezimpande zaso ezisekelwe eNkabeni eqhubekayo yekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, lapho abaguquli befuna ukuphula amandla emishini yezombangazwe nethonyazwe. I-Orgon yaba enye yezimo zokuqala ezithatha isinyathelo esiphambili ezizweni ezisezweni ezingu-1904, futhi eziningi zasentshonalanga. Namuhla, kulandela ukukhomba ukukhokhwa kwezelelwa kwen

Izinhlobo Zezinyathelo Zebhola

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene zezinyathelo ze - bollot, ngayinye inezici zayo ezingokomthetho nezimfuneko ezingokwesiko. Ukuqonda umehluko kubalulekile ekuhloleni lokho ukuvota okukushoyo ngempela.

Okuthathwa Kuqala

Kuhlongozwa izinhlelo futhi zibekwe ebhodini lokuvota yizakhamuzi, hhayi nge-panotio. Abasekeli kumelwe baqoqe inani eliqondile lesignome esisemthethweni kubavoti ababhalisiwe phakathi kwe-frame yesikhathi emisiwe. Izinyathelo zingahlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo zibe yizigaba ezimbili ezincinci:

  • Inyathelo elithathayo lokuthatha [ liya ngqo kwi-cott ngemva kokusayinwa kobuqiniso, idlula ngokuphelele isishaya-mthetho.
  • Inyathelo elingaqondile libekwa kuqala esigeqeni sokucabangela; uma isishaya-mthetho singadluli isilinganiso phakathi nenkathi emisiwe, sibe sesiya kubavoti. Lendlela yamanqana amabili isetshenziswa ezifundazweni ezimbalwa, kuhlanganise neMaine neMassachusetts.

Abaqali bangakhuluma ngomthetho-mthetho (imithetho evamile) noma izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuthatha izinyathelo zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile ezidinga ukusayinwa okwengeziwe nomnyango ophezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iSivumelwano seCalifornia sonyaka ka-13 (1978) sasiyisiqalo somthetho-sisekelo esanciphisa izintela zempahla nezimali zikahulumeni ezivuselelwe amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Ama - “referendendom ”

Ama-Referendendum avumela abavoti ukuba bavumele noma benqabe imithetho eseyidluliswe kakade yisishaya-mthetho. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • [[FLT: 0] i-papural tempenderum: Izakhamuzi zicela ukubekela inselele umthetho othile owenziwe yisishaya-mthetho. Uma kuqoqwa izignesha ezanele, umthetho ubekwa inqanyulelwa kuze kube yilapho abavoti benquma ukuyisekela noma ukuyibuyisela. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa njengethuluzi leveto.
  • I-pagerlative rendendium: Isishaya-mthetho ngokwaso sibhekisela isilinganiso esithile kubavoti ukuze sivunyelwe. Lokhu kuvamile ezindabeni zesibopho, ukwanda kwentela, nokulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo okugunyazwe ngumthetho. I-applicative rendendiums ingaba yisibopho (exanduva umthetho-siseko, njengomthetho-sisekelo wezwe olungisayo) noma ukukhetha ngesinqumo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Imibuzo Yobuciko Nezinye Izinhlobo

Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela imibuzo yezentengiselwano noma izinqumo ezingenagunya lemithetho. Lokhu ngokuvamile akubophi futhi kusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa umzwelo womphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuhlela izinguquko, izibopho zesikole, nezinye izimpikiswano zikamasipala. Nakuba lemiyalo yendawo isebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezifanayo, balawulwa yimithetho kahulumeni nemithetho kamasipala ehluka kakhulu.

Inqubo Yokuqalisa Ihamba Ngejubane

Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihluka ngokwesifundazwe, ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala kulandela indlela efanayo.Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza abavoti ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani izinyathelo ezithile ziphumelela kanti ezinye ziyahluleka.

Ukushintsha Isilinganiso

Abasekeli — ngokuvamile amaqembu ezakhamuzi, izinhlangano zenzalo, noma imifelandawonye yokukhokha intela — bahlela umbhalo wokulungiswa komthetho ohlongozwayo noma umthetho-sisekelo. Lo mshini kumelwe ucace, uzwakale ngokomthetho, futhi uvumelane nomthetho kahulumeni ophethe i-combulling, ovimbela ukuhlelwa kwe-logn (izindaba ezingavumelani nesilinganiso esisodwa). Izifunda eziningi zifuna ukubukezwa ummeli jikelele noma ihhovisi lokhetho lombuso ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi isilinganiso sivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho.

Ukuhlwaya Izimfihlo Nezitifiketi Zokubuthana

Uma isilinganiso sesivunyiwe ukusakazwa, abasekeli baqala ukuqongelela izignesha kubavoti ababhalisiweyo. Inani lamanani afunekayo ngokuvamile lingamaphesenti amavoti akhankanyiwe kukhetho lwamuva kakhulu lwamazwe. Izinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo, ngokuvamile umnyango uphakathi kwe 5% ne 10%; ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, kungase kube ngaphezulu (kusukela ku-15% kwamanye amazwe). Isikhathi ngokuvamile siqine kakhulu — ngokuvamile kungu-90 kuya ku-180 — kuphoqelelwa ukuba abahleli bakhe izakhiwo ngokushesha kanye nokuqoqa izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezikhokhwawayo noma abaqoqi besayina.

Ukuqinisekiswa Izikhulu Zokhetho

Ngemva kokuzithoba, izikhulu zokhetho zihlola izignesha ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zingabavoti ababhalisiweyo nokuthi ziyasebenza ngokwanele. Ingxenye ethile yezisayithi imane ilinganiswa; uma inani elimisiwe lezisayithi ezisemthethweni lihlangana nomnyango, isilinganiso singaqhubeka. Uma isampula iseduze kakhulu ukuba ithathwe, ukuqiniseka okugcwele kungase kuqhutshwe. Lenqubo ingaba nempikiswano, nezinselele ezingokomthetho zokukhwabanisa, izignesha ezanele, noma amaphutha asemthethweni.

Isihloko seBalot kanye nesithimu

Uma isigunyaziwe, lesi silinganiso sithola isiqu sommeli nesifushaniso. Lezi zibhalwe ummeli jikelele noma ibhodi yokhetho lukahulumeni futhi kumelwe zingakhethi futhi zifundise. Amazwi esihloko angathonya kakhulu indlela yokubona ivoti, futhi izimpikiswano ngolimi olunobandlululo zigcina zisenkantolo.

Umkhankaso Nokusakaza Imikhiqizo

Ngesilinganiso se-coptic, ifomu lemikhankaso ephikisayo. Abasekeli nabaphikisi baphakamisa izimali, izikhangiso zezindiza, izimpikiswano, nezincwadi zeposi kubavoti. Isiqondiso sokwaziswa, esisakazwa yizwe, ngokuvamile sihlanganisa umbhalo ogcwele wesilinganiso, izimpikiswano, nokuphikisana, kanye nomphumela wemiphumela. Ngosuku lokhetho, abavoti baphawula ukukhetha kwabo, futhi isilinganiso sidlula uma samukela iningi elivamile — ngaphandle kokuba umthetho-sisekelo udinga isilinganiso esithile sezindlela ezithile (umz., ukwanda kwentela noma ukuthunyelwa komthetho-sisekelo).

Ukusebenzisa Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Uma isilinganiso sivunyelwe, siba umthetho — ngokuvamile noma ngosuku oluqondile oluphumelelayo. Nokho, noma yimuphi umthetho umelwe ukubukezwa. Izinkantolo zingabulala isilinganiso sokuvota uma luphula umthetho-mthetho we-U.S., umthetho-sisekelo wezwe, noma umthetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iProcement 8 (2008), eyavimbela umshado ofanayo wesigebengu, ekugcineni yashaywa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kungadinga futhi ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo somthetho noma ukumiswa kwenhlangano ukuze igcwalise imininingwane.

Ukuchazwa Kwenqubo Ye - referendem

Ama - referendendum athatha izinyathelo ezithile zokuthatha isinyathelo kodwa abangelwa ukumiswa kwemithetho esikhundleni sokuhlongozwa kwezakhamuzi.

I - referendem Ethandwayo

Ngemva kokuba umthetho usayiniswe umbusi, abaphikisi banefasitela elilinganiselwe — ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingama-90 — ukufaka isicelo sokumisa umthetho olindele ukuvota komphakathi. Kumelwe baqoqe inani elithile lezigcotshwayo (kancane-kancane iphesenti lamavoti aphonswe kukhetho lokugcina) ukuphoqelela i-arhendendium. Nakuba isicelo sihanjiswa, umthetho awusebenzi (noma ukumiswa kwawo kubambezelwe). Ngosuku lokukhetha, abavoti bayacelwa: "Ingabe lomthetho uvunyelwe?"Oyes" usekela umthetho; "ano" ukuvota" uyawubuyisela. Uma uvota, umthetho awukwazi ukumane wenze into efanayo ngenkathi emisiwe (kancane iminyaka emihlanu). Ukuphawula okuthandwayo kuyaqalwa ngenxa yokusayina okuncane, kodwa kusebenza ngokusemthethweni.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemithetho

Lolu hlobo lwe-heatorral luvame kakhulu. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uthanda ukuba izenzo ezithile — njengokulawula umthetho-sisekelo, ukukhipha izibopho ezivamile, noma ukukhuphula izintela ezithile — zithotshelwe abavoti. Izindikimba eziphetheyo ngezikhathi ezithile zikhetha ukubhekisela empikiswaneni ephikisanayo (njengomshado owengeziwe noma isikhathi sokulondoloza imini) ukuze zivumele abavoti ukuba banqume. Lezi zi-arhentemu ziyabopha futhi zidinga ivoti enkulu ngaphandle kokuba ichazwe ngenye indlela.

Indima Yemikhankaso Nemali

Imikhankaso yesilinganiso sebhola yibhizinisi elikhulu. Emincintiswaneni ephezulu ye-profile, imali ingafinyelela emakhulwini ezigidi zamaRandi. Imali ivela ezinkampanini, ezinyunyana, emaqenjini okuphatha izigebengu, abantu abacebile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amakomiti eqembu likahulumeni. Ngenxa yokuthi amabhayisekili awakho amabhayisekili, ngokuvamile akukho mingcele yomnikelo — nakuba ezinye izifunda ziphoqelela izimfuneko zokudalula.

Izindlela zokulinganisela zihlukile kwezemijaho yabavoti. Abaholi abajwayelene kakhulu nezimpikiswano ezingokomzwelo futhi bathambekele kakhulu ekunxenxeni okungokomzwelo, iziqubulo ezidukisayo, kanye namasu okwesaba. Izikhangiso zivame ukugxila emiphumeleni ecatshangelwayo yesilinganiso kunokuba ibhalwe ngokwaso. Abaphikisi besilinganiso bangase bayibeke njenge "intela eyandayo esigabeni esiphakathi" noma "isiphazamiso sokuphepha komphakathi," kuyilapho abasekeli bengase bathembise "umoya" noma "uhulumeni ohlanzekile"."

Enye inselele enkulu ukuthi ukuphikiswa okunemicikilisho emikhulu kunganqoba kalula ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuzisebenzela, ngisho noma kunokusekela komphakathi obanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isilinganiso esithathelwe emuva singabadlula kakhulu abaphikisi bayo izikhathi eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, okhethweni lwaseCalifornia lwama 2020, iProposition 22 (okuthi kuhlelwe ukuba abashayeli bezinhlelo njengabakhi bezemisebenzi yokuzisebenzela) babona imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R220 ezichithiwe ndawonye — enye yemikhankaso ebiza kakhulu emlandweni. Isilinganiso sadlula, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesisindo sezimali zokuhamba kwezinhlangano zokuthutha abantu.

Ukubaluleka Kwebhola Kusesilinganisweni Sentando Yeningi

Izindlela zebhola zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zidlulise izishaya-mthetho eziboshelwe noma ezibukele ezithakazelweni ezikhethekile. Zivumela ukusungulwa kwezimiso ezingase zingenziwa — njengemithetho yomoya engenantuthu, iholo elilinganiselwe, nezindinganiso zenhlala- kahle yezilwane. Zinikeza nezwi eliqondile ngezindaba zomphakathi eziphikisanayo, kusukela ekukhipheni izisu ukuze zisize ekuzibulaleni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele yezemali ingasebenza njengendlela yokuphepha yokukhungatheka komphakathi. Uma izishaya - mthetho zihluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nezinto ezithandwayo eziza kuqala — njengokuqamba insangu, ukuguqula isimo sezezimali, noma imingcele yezezimali — izakhamuzi zingazithathela ngokwazo izindaba. Lenqubo ingandisa umvoti nesibopho somphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho isilinganiso sithinta indaba eshukumisela abantu ukuba baye kulezi zinqumo.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kokukhanga kwabo kwentando yeningi, izinyathelo zokuvota zinezingqinamba.

Ukudideka Okuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuguquguquka Kwemisindo

Ulimi lwezilinganiso zebhola lombango lungaminyana, luqine, luthandeke, futhi lugcwele izilinganiso. Abavoti abaningi abafundi umbhalo ophelele futhi kunalokho bathembele ekufushaniseni okufushane, ukugunyaza, nezikhangiso zomkhankaso. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abavoti ngokuvamile abaqondi kahle ithonya langempela lesilinganiso sebhola, ikakhulukazi uma lihilela izingxenye ezinyakazayo noma izimpahla ezifihliwe.

Ukuphula Umbuso Wezikhulu Eziyedwa

Nakuba izifunda eziningi zidinga isilinganiso ngasinye sokuhlanganisa indaba eyodwa kuphela, ukudweba ngokuhlakanipha kungahlanganisa amalungiselelo athandwayo nangathandeki abe yinto eyodwa. Le mishini yobuchwepheshe yokuvota ifuna ukwamukela okuthile eziphikisana nakho ukuze bathole okuthile ezikufunayo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyangenela ukuze ziphule izinyathelo ezinjalo, kodwa ukuhlobisa kuhambisana nesikhathi futhi akulindelekile.

Amalungelo Amancane Nokwenqabela Iningi

Idemokrasi eqondile ingasongela amalungelo amancane. Ngenxa yokuthi izinyathelo zombango zinqunywa yiningi elivamile, zingasetshenziselwa ukumisa imithetho yobandlululo — njengemithetho evimbela ukushada okungekhona okusemthethweni noma ukuvala izenzo. Nakuba izinkantolo zingagumbuqela izinyathelo ezinjalo ngezizathu zomthetho-sisekelo, inqubo yokulingwa ingathatha iminyaka eminingi, lapho amaqembu amancane ebhekana nokulimala kwangempela.

Umehluko Okhona Emalini Yomkhankaso

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, izindleko zemikhankaso yanamuhla yokulinganisela isho ukuthi izithakazelo ezicebile ziye zaphumelela ithonya. Ukuphikiswa okunemivundla kungabulala isilinganiso esithile ngisho noma izakhamuzi eziningi zikusekela, ngokumane nje zifake i-aumorwave ngokuthumela imiyalezo engafanele. Ngokuphambene, umsekeli ocebile angathenga indawo ebhayisekilini ngokuqoqa ngokusayina okukhokhelwayo. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo ngempela ifaka imvume yezakhamuzi ezivamile noma umane nje unike enye indawo yokuthenga imali.

Ukukhathala Kwezinhlayiya Zemvula Nebanga Lebhola

Amazwe amaningi manje anamaphepha amade anezilinganiso eziningi, ikakhulukazi ngisho naseminyakeni yokhetho enombolo. Amavoter alindeleke ukuba acwaninge ngayinye, eyi-accompting with. Ngenxa yalokho, abavoti abaningi bayehluleka ukuthatha izinyathelo ze-"%olati noma ukuvota okusekelwe emthonjeni owodwa wokwaziswa, njengokusekela kweqembu noma i-computer yephephandaba. Lokhu kunciphisa izinga eliyindidayo ledemokrati.

Indlela Yokucwaninga Neyokukhipha Ibhola ElaseVeluate

Ukuba umvoti onolwazi ezinyatheloni zokuvota kudinga umzamo wamabomu. Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo zokunqanda umsindo.

Qala Ngemithombo Engokomthetho

Iwebhusayithi yehhovisi lokhetho lombuso wakho ikhipha iziqondiso zokwaziswa ezingokomthetho zovota, ezihlanganisa umbhalo ogcwele wesilinganiso ngasinye, isifushaniso esingakhethi, ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela ye-fiscal, nezimpikiswano ezidluliswa abasekeli nabaphikisi. Lona umthombo onegunya kakhulu.

Sebenzisa Imicebo Engaveli Kuwo

Izinhlangano eziningana zinikeza izincazelo ezingacaci, ezicacile ezingulimi lwezilinganiso zebhola. Ballotia inikeza izilinganiso eziningi, kuhlanganise isizinda, ukusekela nokuphikisa, imininingwane yezezimali, kanye nomongo womlando. INhlangano yabesifazane iveza ipro/construction erro. Umtaposs yasekhaya ingaba neziphetho zomvoti.

Funda Ngalé Kwesihloko

Isihloko sonothi nesifushaniso sifinyelelwe ngamabomu futhi singadukisa. Ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso esibizwa ngokuthi “I-OdiCT" singazwakala silula, kodwa imininingwane (i-ID eyamukelekayo, ukuthi ingatholwa kanjani, yimaphi amaqembu athinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa) sikhuluma kakhulu. Njalo funda umbhalo ogcwele noma okungenani ukuhlaziywa okuphelele emthonjeni othembekile.

Landela Imali

Bheka ukuthi ubani oxhasa imali umkhankaso ngamunye. Amawebhusayithi e-Dislarence (ngokuvamile alondolozwa yizwe) anohlu lwabanikela kakhulu. Uma uhlangothi olulodwa luxhaswe kakhulu yinhlangano eyodwa noma imboni eyodwa, buza ukuthi kungani. Landela i-layisensi enedumela elihle ehlola izisusa ezingemva kwesilinganiso. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yezwe yezwe ye-Legislatures[ futhi ithatha isinyathelo futhi i-examplatem futhi inganikeza ukwaziswa okuphelele kwezwe.

Cabangela Imiphumela Engahlosiwe

Isilinganiso se-collat esibonakala siqondile singaba nemiphumela yamaza. Ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso esingase siholele ekuncipheni kwentela yempahla ezikoleni nasezinkonzweni zezimo eziphuthumayo. Isilinganiso esigunyaza umlaliso ngokomthetho singakha imithwalo emisha yezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Izinkulumo ze-Fiscal, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ziphikisana, siyindawo enhle yokuqala ukuhlola ukuhweba.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekulawulweni Komphakathi

Xoxa nabangane, omakhelwane, namaqembu omphakathi. Yiba khona ezinkundleni zendawo, qaphela izimpikiswano eziqhutshwa ama - albust noma imitapo yezincwadi, futhi ulalele abantu abanokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kulendaba. Nokho, qaphela ubandlululo oluqinisekisiwe — funa ngenkuthalo izimpikiswano ezimelene nolunye uhlangothi ukuze uhlole imibono yakho siqu.

Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo Zomlando

Izinyathelo eziningana zokuvota ziye zawuthonya kakhulu umthetho nezombangazwe zaseMelika.

  • [ ICalifornia Proposition 13 (1978): Intela yempahla eshwitshiwe futhi idinga ukuvota kwemithetho yentela okubili mithathu ukuze kwande. Kwabangela ukuvukela kwentela ezweni lonke futhi kuyaqhubeka kuthonya ukuhlelwa kwemali kahulumeni.
  • ISichibiyelo seColorado 64 (202): insangu egunyaziwe esemthethweni, emisa igagasi lezinyathelo ezifanayo kulo lonke izwe.
  • I-Yashington State Initive 1000 (2008): udokotela ogunyaziwe [1] wasiza ukuzibulala ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile.
  • [ I-Arizona Program 200 (2004): Ubufakazi obufunekayo besizwe ukuze sivote futhi siphawule kuphengululo lwevoti — isibonelo sokuqala sesimiso somvoti we-ID esimiswa ngesenzo.
  • ISichibiyelo seMinnesota 1 (202): Ushintsho oluhlongozwayo lomthetho-mthetho oluchaza umshado njengowendoda eyodwa nowesifazane oyedwa; lwanqotshwa, luphawula inguquko enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulumweni efanayo yomshado ehambisana nobulili.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zebhola kanye nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo zingamathuluzi anamandla entando yeningi eqondile, inikeza abavoti ithuba lokuhlela umthetho nenqubo ngaphandle kwenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Bangaqhuba izinguquko ezibalulekile, bathuthukise ukuthembisana kwesizwe, futhi bagcine uhulumeni unecala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bafika nezingozi zangempela: ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi, ukungalingani ngokwezimali, ukulimala okungase kuwe emalungelweni amancane, nokukhandleka komvoti. Isakhamuzi esinomthwalo wemfanelo singena ezindisweni zokusekela imibiko yomkhankaso, kodwa ngokucwaninga ngokucophelela, ukucabanga okugxeka, nokuzimisela ukuhileleka emininingwaneni. Ngokuqonda indlela lezi zinyathelo ezisebenza ngayo — ukuhlanganisa ukubukeza kokwahlulela — u-Foffacey singenza ukukhetha kuqinise imiphakathi yaso kanye nentando yaso.