Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Izinqumiso Zomthetho - sisekelo: Isisekelo Sentando Yeningi YaseMelika
UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ungenye yezincwadi ezihlala njalo nezinethonya kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Kusukela ngo-1788, lombhalo wesisekelo uye waqondisa i-riphabliki yaseMelika phakathi namakhulu amaningi eminyaka yoshintsho oluphawulekayo, kusukela emphakathini wezifunda eziyishumi nantathu kuya kuhulumeni omkhulu wanamuhla wezifunda ezingamashumi amahlanu. Ukuhlakanipha koMthetho-sisekelo akukhona nje kuphela esimisweni sawo sokuqala kodwa nasekhonweni lawo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenqubo yokulungisa. Umthetho-Constitution awenzi izinguquko ezingokomthetho noma ukwenezelelwa okuguqula umbhalo wokuqala, kuvumela le zincwadi ukuba zivumela ukujwayela ekushintsheni izikhathi, izidingo ze-societal, kanye nokuqonda kwazo ukuqonda ubulungisa nokubusa.
Inqubo yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uhlala uyincwadi ephilayo, ekwazi ukuveza intando yabantu kuyilapho ulondoloza ukuzinza nokuqhubeka. Lokhu kulinganisela okuntekenteke phakathi kokuhlala njalo nokuvumelana kuye kwavumela i-United States ukuba ixazulule izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo kusukela ekuqedweni kwezigqila kuya ekwandisweni kwamalungelo okuvota, konke lokhu kulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo ezamiswa ngabasunguli. Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa umsebenzi okubalulekile ngayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuqonda ukubusa ngentando yeningi yaseMelika nokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Isihloko V Sichazwe
Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo baqaphela ukuthi akukho mbhalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uklanywe ngokucophelela, ongalindela noma inselele yesikhathi esizayo noma uhlale ufanelana nazo zonke izimo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqonda izingozi zokwenza uMthetho-sisekelo ube lula kakhulu ukushintsha, okungaholela ekuntengantengi nasekuncipheni kwezimiso eziyisisekelo. Ikhambi ababelisungula, elibekwe eSigabeni V soMthetho-sisekelo, lidala indlela enzima ngamabomu kodwa engcono yokushintsha umthetho.
Ukusikisela ISichibiyelo
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, kokubili okudinga ukuvumelana okungavamile. Indlela yokuqala nevame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ihlanganisa i-Congress. Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa lapho kokubili izingxenye ezintathu zendlu yabameleli nevoti yeSishaya-mthetho evunayo. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa kusekelwa kabanzi kuzo zombili izindlu zomthetho-mthetho, ezimelela izinqumo nemibono ehlukene.
Indlela yesibili yokulungisa ayizange isetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo emlandweni waseMelika, nakuba iye yasondela eminyakeni yamuva. Ngalendlela, izishaya-mthetho ezimbili eziphindwe kathathu zikahulumeni zingabiza umhlangano wesizwe womthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela yayihlanganisa ukunikeza iziphakamiso ezinendlela yokudlulisa iSishaya-mthetho uma isishaya-mthetho senqaba izidingo nezifiso zezwe nezakhamuzi. Ithemba lomhlangano wemithetho-mthetho liphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nokuthi umbuthano onjalo ungazihlelwa kanjani, ukuthi imiphi imithetho ewubusayo, nokuthi ingaba ilinganiselwe ezihlokweni ezithile noma ingavula wonke uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ubukeze.
Ukugunyaza Isichibiyelo
Uma nje isilungiso sesiceliwe ngendlela ngayinye, kumelwe sigunyazwe ngaphambi kokuba sibe ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Futhi, kunezindlela ezimbili ezingase zisetshenziswe ekuhluzweni, nakuba iKhomishane isho ukuthi iyiphi indlela okumelwe isetshenziswe lapho kuhlelwa inguquko. Indlela evame kakhulu idinga ukuvunyelwa ama-partiom kazwelonke amathathu anesine. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okwamanje, anamazwe angamashumi amahlanu, okungenani izishaya-mthetho zombuso ezingamashumi amathathu anesishiyagalombili kumelwe zivote ukuvotela ukuqeda i-asethi ye-gatedro.
Enye indlela ihlanganisa imihlangano yombuso kunamaqembu ombuso. Izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zale mihlangano ehlangene ngokukhethekile kumelwe zivume ukulungiswa. Lendlela iye yasetshenziswa kanye kuphela emlandweni waseMelika, ukuze kulungiswe iSichibiyelo saMabili sokuqala, esiye sakhethwa ngenxa yalokho ngenxa yokuthi abasekeli bemihlangano yombuso bakholelwa ukuthi iyakusabela kakhulu emzwelweni othandwayo kunasezindlini zombuso, ezingase zithonywe yiziphakamiso zezwe.
Imingcele Yesikhathi Nezinombolo Ezifile
Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ungasichazi isikhathi esimisiwe sokugudluzwa, uMkhandlu uye wahlanganisa izikhathi ezimisiwe embhalweni wezinguquko ezihlongozwayo noma kumthetho ohambisana nawo. Inkathi evamile iyiminyaka eyisikhombisa, nakuba lenkathi inganwetshwa yiKhomishane yamaKhomishane. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo samaLungelo samaKhomishane, ekuqaleni sanikezwa isikhathi esimisiwe seminyaka eyisikhombisa kusukela ngo19722, kamuva esanwetshwa ngo198. Naphezu kwalokhu kwandiswa, ukuqedwa kwemithetho edilinyelwe kathathu efunekayo ukuze kwakhiwe i-ratiation, nakuba izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokuma kwaso kusekhona nanamuhla.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ezinye izinguquko ziye zagunyazwa amashumi eminyaka noma ngisho namakhulu eminyaka ngemva kwesicelo sazo sokuqala. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu se-apenditi, esikhuluma ngenkokhelo yenhlangano, ekuqaleni ngo-1789 sahlongozwa njengengxenye yeBhili lamalungelo akuqala kodwa asizange sigunyazwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1992, eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili kamuva. Lokhu kukhushulwa okungavamile kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi ingabe ukubuyiselwa ngaphandle kwemikhawulo ethile kungahlala kuhlala njalo.
Umlando Ogciniwe: Okwenza Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Ibaluleke
Inqubo yokulungisa ibonisa ukucabangela ngokucophelela kwabakhi be-flamers indlela yokwakha isimiso sikahulumeni esizinzile kodwa esivumelana nezimo. Besanda kuvela eMpini yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nakuhluleka ukuhlola iZihlokwana zeConfederation, izihambeli ze-Constitutional Convention ngo-1787 zafuna ukugwema kokubili ubushiqela besimiso esingaguquguquki kanye nokuguquguquka komuntu oshintshwe kalula. Ikhambi labo laliyinqubo edinga ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni nezifundazwe.
Le ntambo ephezulu yoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo iye yasho ukuthi zimbalwa izinguquko eziye zavunyelwa. Njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa, kuye kwamiswa izinguquko ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi nanye eSixukwini, kodwa kugunyazwe iziphendu ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela. Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezazibizwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights, zagunyazwa ngo-1791, eminyakeni emithathu nje ngemva koMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Lezi zinguquko zazibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuvinjelwa komthetho-sisekelo, njengoba izifunda eziningi zigcizelela isivikelo esicacile senkululeko ngayinye.
Ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa buye basho okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukufinyelela izinguquko ezingokomthetho, ushintsho olukhulu lomthetho-sisekelo lwenzeka ngezinye izindlela, ikakhulukazi ukuchazwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinqumo ze-Landmark njenge Brown v. I-Forgn , eyathi i-plugin yemfundo yesikole ayihambisani ne-cansication, noma bergefell v. Hodges, eyaqaphela amalungelo omshado afana nawo, iye yashintsha ngokuphumelelayo izincazelo zomthetho-mbhalo ngokwawo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuphikisaneni ngokulingana okufanelekile phakathi kwendlela yokwahlulela nomthetho womthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho.
IBhili yamaLungelo: Iziphetho Zokuqala Eziyishumi zeMelika
I-Bill of Rights imelela uhlelo lokuqala oluyinhloko lokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo futhi ihlala iphakathi kwento ebaluleke kakhulu. Lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zahlongozwa yiSishaya-mthetho sokuqala ngo-1789 futhi zagunyazwa inani elidingekayo lezifundazwe ngoDecember 1791. Kwakuwumsebenzi kaJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayemelene nencwadi yamalungelo njengengadingekile kodwa wayibona njengebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukusekela okuthandwayo koMthetho-sisekelo omusha.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Senkululeko Yombango
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu eyisisekelo: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa. Sivimbela ukumisa inkolo kahulumeni noma ukuphazamisana nokusetshenziswa kwenkolo mahhala, sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokusakaza, futhi siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Lezivikelo ziye zaguqula inkululeko yaseMelika nempucuko yezombangazwe, zimisa iUnited States njengesizwe esinesivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma komuntu ngamunye nezinhlobonhlobo zenkolo.
Ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yokuQala yeSichibiyelo kuye kwashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ekuqaleni komlando waseMelika, imithetho enjenge-Alien neSedition Acts ka-1798 yokugxekwa komthetho kahulumeni, isithiyo esingase sibe esingekho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala sanamuhla. Namuhla, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikelwa ekukhulumeni okungokomfanekiso, inkulumo yezentengiselwano, ngisho nezinye izinhlobo zenkulumo ezicasulayo, nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngemingcele efanele yalenkululeko ezindaweni ezinjengenkulumo yenzondo, izimali, izimali, nezindawo zomkhankaso ze-webhredit.
Okwesibili Ngezinqumo Zeshumi
ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, ilungiselelo eliye ladala impikiswano enkulu ngobukhulu baso nangokusebenza kwaso emphakathini wanamuhla. IsiMithelela sesithathu sinqabela ukufakwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha emizini yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume, sikhulumela isikhalo esithile enkathini yamakoloni. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli nasekuthuthwaneni okungaqondakali, sidinga izimvume ezisekelwe ekutheni uhulumeni ungenele ezikhundleni zomuntu siqu.
ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningi kulabo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuzimela, ukuvikela engozini ephindwe kabili, kanye nesiqinisekiso senqubo efanele ngaphambi kokuphucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kudinga futhi ukukhokhelwa lapho uhulumeni ethatha impahla ngasese ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi. ISimemezelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa amalungelo ezigebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okushesha nokuqulwa komphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, kanye neseluleko esingokomthetho.
ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni omphakathi, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivimbela ibheyili eqile, ukuhlawuliswa okukhulu, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. IsiHlanzi seNinth sicacisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angabekwanga ngokuqondile. Okugcina, iSichibiyelo seshumi seSimemezelo sibhekiselwe ezindaweni noma kubantu abanikezwanga uhulumeni, simisa isimiso sombuso wezwe esisaqhubeka simisa ukubusa kweMelika.
Izinqumiso Zokulungisa: Ukuguqula Umphakathi WaseMelika
IziNguquko zeshumi nane, zeshumi nanhlanu, neshumi nanhlanu ezamukelwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, zawuguqula kakhulu uMthetho-sisekelo nomphakathi waseMelika. Leziziphendulo zokwakha kabusha zabuqeda ubugqila, zamisa ubuzibulo nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi zenqabela ukucwasana kohlanga ekuvoteni. Zombili, zamelela ukusungulwa kokwesibili kweRepublic yaseMelika, zanikeza izigidi zabantu ababegqilaziwe nenzalo yabo isivikelo somthetho ngokomthetho.
ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ubugqila Obuphoqelelayo
I - R188, yakhishwa ngo-1865, iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo kulo lonke elase-United States, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Lokhu kulungiswa kwasho isiphetho samashumi eminyaka empi yokuqeda ukuqedwa kwemithetho kanye nempi echitha igazi yeMpi Yombango. Yawuguqula kakhulu umthetho - sisekelo, owawubeke phambili ubugqila obunjengelungiselelo elinjengele-Fith Claus Claus ne-Fugitive Slace Claus.
ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sasiyiSichibiyelo sokuqala kwezithathu zokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo kanye nokulungiswa kokuqala kokwandisa amandla kahulumeni ezindabeni zamalungelo abantu. Ukungajeziswa kwaso ngenxa yobugebengu kuye kwathinta izenzakalo ezihlala njalo, okwanezela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuboshwa kwabantu nokugqilazwa eMelika yangalesosikhathi. Ukulungisa futhi kwanikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo awo ngomthetho ofanele, kwamisa indlela eyayizolandelwa ekulungiseni okulandelayo.
Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, mhlawumbe kuyisinqumo esilandelwayo sokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo ngemva kweSikhathi samalungelo. Siqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abakhishwe eUnited States bayizakhamuzi, bagumbuqele i-Dred Scott enyanyekayo [[[FLT:] [[FLD 1]] isinqumo esiye saphika ukuba yisizwe saseAfrika. Ukuqedwa kwenqabela ukuncishwa kwamalungelo noma ukugonywa kwezakhamuzi, ukuncishwa noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isikhulu, noma isikhululo, noma isakhiwo esingenayo inqubo yomthetho, noma isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho.
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo siye saba isisekelo sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. I-Aumement Protection Claus yayiyinhloko Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ nokususwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. I-Century Procession yayo ye-Claus Claus e-IScle ichaza ukuhlanganisa eziningi zesivikelo samalungelo amaLungelo kohulumeni nokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo angahlukaniswanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni. Kusukela emalungelweni okuzalanisa abantu kuya emishadweni, iSiphendulo se-Gadi ye-48 siye saba isisekelo sokwandiswa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulwa kwemibono.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukusakaza Amalungelo
Ngo-1870, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu seSichibiyelo sezwe nohulumeni sivimbela ohulumeni bamazwe ukuba banqande ilungelo lokuvota izakhamuzi ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila. Lokhu kulungisa kwasho ukwanda okushintshwayo kokuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi, ukunwetshwa kwamalungelo okuvota ezigidi zamadoda aseMelika. Nokho, isithembiso saso sancishwa ngokuhleleka cishe ngekhulu leminyaka ngokuhlola ukufunda nokubhalisa, ukukhokha intela yokukhokha intela, izigaba, ubudlova, nokusabisa.
Ukugcwaliseka okugcwele kwesithembiso seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu kwadinga ukumiswa kwamalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lamashumi amabili nasemthethweni ophawulayo njengoMthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965. Ngisho nanamuhla, izimpikiswano mayelana namalungelo okuvota, imithetho yokuvota, nokungena kwe-commeter kuyaqhubeka kunxusa izimiso ezimiswe yilenguquko. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu samisa isimiso sokuthi amalungelo okuvota abalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi futhi akufanele ancishiwe ngokohlanga, isimiso esiye sanwetshwa ngokuncishwa kwemithetho nomthetho olandelayo.
Izinqumiso ZeNkathi Eqhubekayo: Ukuguqula Intando Yeningi YaseMelika
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaba nokuwohloka komsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo oshukunyiswa isifiso senhlangano eqhubekayo sokwenza uhulumeni ube nentando yeningi futhi usabelele esabelweni esithandwayo. Izinguquko ezine zagunyazwa phakathi kuka1913 no1920 zashintsha ngokuphawulekayo izinhlangano zezombangazwe zaseMelika futhi zandisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha: Intela Yentela Yentela
ISichibiyelo Sesithupha, esagunyazwa ngo-1913, sanikeza uMkhandlu intela yeholo ye-levy ngaphandle kokwabelana ngayo phakathi kwezifundazwe ezisekelwe emphakathini. Lokhu kulungisa kwasichitha isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Pollock v. Abalimi's Loan & Trust Co., okwase kuqedise intela kahulumeni njengentela engahlangani. Intela seyibe umthombo oyinhloko wemali kahulumeni, okwenza ukuba kwandiswe izinhlelo nemisebenzi kahulumeni phakathi kwamakhulu angamashumi amabili namashumi amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabahlaziyi
Futhi kwagunyazwa ngo-1913, iSichibiyelo seSevententh samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwe-United States Senators ngevoti ethandwayo, esikhundleni sesimiso sokuqala lapho izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zakhetha khona izinyunyana. Lokhu shintsho lwashukunyiswa ukukhathazeka ngenkohlakalo, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezivalelwe, nesifiso sokwenza iSigele sisabele abantu ngokwengeziwe. Ukulungisa kwashintsha isimiso sikahulumeni, kwanciphisa indima yohulumeni ehlelweni lombuso futhi kwandisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi.
Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalombili: Isigwebo
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, esagunyazwa ngo-1919, sanqabela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kotshwala. Lokhu kulunga kwasho ukuphela komkhankaso wenhlangano othatha amashumi eminyaka wokulwa notshwala. Nokho, iSiphendu sabonakala sinzima ukuphoqelela futhi saba neqhaza ekudlondlweni kobugebengu obuhleliwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo siveza umehluko wokuba ukuphela komthetho ngokomthetho ukuze kulungiswe ngokuphelele, i-applement, i-20 - Find, eyamiswa ngo- 1933.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane
ISichibiyelo sekhulu leshumi elinesithoba samiswa ngo-1920 sayenqabela ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni bezwe nohulumeni ukuba banqande ilungelo lokuvota izakhamuzi ezisekelwe ebulilini. Lokhu kwabangelwa amashumi eminyaka yokuzitika kwenhlangano yabesifazane, eyayisebenzise amasu asukela ekufuneni ukuthula nasekungalalelini uhulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalo seSine seSinezelwe saphindeka kabili ukuncintisana kwenani lobulili, nakuba abesifazane bebala babeqhubeka bebhekene nemigoqo yokuvota emazweni amaningi kuze kube yilapho inkathi yokunga amalungelo omphakathi iqhubeka.
Inhlangano yabesifazane yokuzingela yabonisa amandla otshani obuhleliwe ukuze kufinyelelwe ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. Abalwenzi bomthetho-mthetho njengoSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, futhi kamuva u-Alice Paul noCarrie Chapman Catt bakha umzabalazo ohlanganisa izizukulwane futhi basebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukuze bafinyelele umgomo wabo. Ukuncishiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi Eline nesithupha kwaphawula isikhathi esinciphile eMelika edemocracy, nakuba ukulingana okugcwele kwezombangazwe kwabesifazane kusewumsebenzi oqhubekayo.
Izinqumiso Zanamuhla: Ukubuyiselwa Kwezinhlangano Zentando Yeningi
Izinguquko ezagunyazwa kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II ziye zagxila ngokuyinhloko ekulungiseni inqubo yentando yeningi, ekwandiseni amalungelo okuvota, nasekusingatheni izindaba ezithile zokwakha kuhulumeni.
ISichibiyelo Esingamashumi Amabili Esihlangene: Imingcele Yemithetho Yomongameli
I-Rosevelt yamiswa ngo-1951, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nambili sabekwa abaphathi emahhovisi. Lokhu kulungisa kwakuyimpendulo kuFranklin D. Roosevelt kukhetho olune olwalungakaze lube khona ngaphambili kumongameli. Nakuba uGeorge Washington ayeseke isiko elinezinhlanu ezimbili ngokunqaba ukufuna igama lesithathu, uRoosevelt waphula lesi sibonelo phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. ISichibiyeli seSichibiyelo samabili, siqinisekisa ukuguqulwa njalo ehhovisi eliphakeme lesizwe futhi sivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla eqinisiwe kumuntu oyedwa.
Ukulungisa kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano ngezikhathi ezithile ngokuthi imingcele izuzisa yini noma ukuthi ibaphuca abavoti ikhono lokukhetha abaholi abanokuhlangenwe nakho. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele iqinisekisa imibono emisha futhi ivimbela ukuqina kwamandla, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi bangenza amongameli bangabe nasibopho sokulandisa ngezindlela zabo kwesibili futhi baphuce isizwe ubuholi obuphumelelayo phakathi nezinkinga.
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu: D.C. iElectoral Votes
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu, sagunyazwa ngo-1961, sanika izakhamuzi zase-Foold of Columbia ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lukamongameli ngokumisa amavoti esifunda afana njengokungathi yisifunda. Intengiselwano yanikeza uD.C. inani labavoti abalingana nezwe elingenalutho olutheni, manje eliyisithathu. Lokhu kulungiswa kwakhuluma ngokuncishwa kwentando yeningi okungekho zwi ekukhetheni umongameli wenhloko zwe, nakuba izakhamuzi zingenakho ukumelela okuphelele kwe-computer commorion.
ISichibiyelo Se - 20 Sezehlakalo: Intela Yempova Echumayo
Ngo-1941, iSichibiyelo sezentengiselwano samashumi amabili nane senqabela intela yokuvota kuhulumeni wokhetho. Intela yokujezisa yasetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zaseNingizimu, ukususa abavoti abampofu, ikakhulukazi ama-Afrika. Ukulungisa kwakuyingxenye yemizamo yenhlangano yamalungelo abantu ebanzi yokususa imingcele yokuvota. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa lo mthetho wokungakhethwa v. Virginia Board of Evolutions, iphethe leyontela yokukhokha ekhokhwayo kunoma yimuphi umboniso owephulayo.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili Namashumi Amathathu: Impumelelo Yomongameli
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1967, sacacisa izinqubo zokulandelana kukamongameli nokukhubazeka. Saqinisekisa ukuthi isekela likamongameli liba ngumongameli (hhayi umongameli osebenza) ekufeni kukamongameli, ukuyeka umsebenzi, noma ukususwa. Sadala futhi izinqubo zokuba isekela likamongameli lithathe amagunya aphethe lapho umongameli engakwazi ukukhipha izinkonzo zesikhundla, kungaba ngesinqumo sikamongameli ngokwakhe noma ngesinqumo sikamongameli omkhulu kanye nekhabethe.
Ukulungiswa kwamisa futhi inqubo yokugcwalisa izikhala zomongameli oyisekela, ifuna umongameli ukuba athathe isikhundla okumelwe siqinisekiswe yizo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu. Leli lungiselelo liye lasetshenziswa kabili: lapho uGerald Ford emiswa njengesekela likamongameli ngemva kokuyeka uSpiro Agnew's, futhi lapho u-Nelson Rockefeller emiswa ngemva kokuba u-Ford ethathe isikhundla ngemva kokuphoswa kukaRichard Nixon.
ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yokudla
Ngo-1971, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sehlisa inkathi yokuvota kusuka kumashumi amabili nanye kuya kushumi elinesishiyagalombili kuwo wonke uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo. Inguquko yaqhutshwa kakhulu ngezimpikiswano zokuthi uma abantu abaneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala babebadala ngokwanele ukuba babuthwe futhi balwe eMpini yaseVietnam, babebadala ngokwanele ukuba bavote. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye seSixth sagunyazwa ngokushesha kunanoma yisiphi esinye inguquko, sithathela nje izinyanga ezintathu esihlongozweni esidingekayo ekuhlolweni kwesivumelwano sokulwa ekuhlolweni ngenani elidingekayo.
Lokhu kulungisa kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhethwa kweqembu futhi kwabonisa ukushintsha kwesimo somphakathi ngokuphathelene nokuvuthwa kwentsha kanye nesikhundla somphakathi. Kwasho ukuqaphela ukuthi labo abathonywa yizimiso zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ukubuthelwa empini, kufanele babe nezwi ekukhetheni abameleli babo. Ushintsho luyaqhubeka luhlela imikhankaso yezombangazwe nezimpikiswano zezimiso njengabavoti nabavoti abasebasha abafuna ukungenela.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili Seshumi Nambili: Isivumelwano Senhlangano
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane seshumi nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1992, sinikeza ukuthi noma yimuphi umthetho oshintshayo wenkokhelo yenhlangano awunakwenzeka kwaze kwaba ngemva kokukhethwa kwabameleli abalandelayo. Ekuqaleni kwahlongozwa uJames Madison ngo-1789 njengengxenye yephakethe elaba iBill of Rights, lomkhankaso wancishiswa amakhulu amabili eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kuholwe ukuhlaziywa kobutshani oholwa umfundi wasekolishi, uGregory Watson, ngempumelelo.
Umlando ongavamile wokulungisa ushintsho waphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi izinguquko zingahlala zikhona yini zilindele ukugcinwa phakade nokuthi kufanele kube nemingcele yesikhathi ekuncipheni. Naphezu kwalemibuzo, uMbhishobhi we-Archivist wase-United States waqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa njengokugunyaziwe, futhi manje kubhekwa njengengxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Inguquko ibonisa ukukhathazeka okuhlala njalo mayelana nokuzihlela nokuziphendulela kokhetho.
Izigwebo Eziyehluleka: Ukuqonda Lokho Okungahambi Ngendaba
Ukuhlola ukuhluleka kwenguquko kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngempucuko yezombangazwe yaseMelika, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, nezinselele zokufinyelela ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo. Kuye kwahlongozwa izinkulungwane zezinguquko kodwa azizange zigunyazwe, futhi ezinye zacishe zaphumelela ngaphambi kokuba zifinyele.
ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo
I-Uncimence Rights Amencial Amendment (ERA), eyayizokwenqabela ngokuqondile ukucwasa okusekelwe ebulilini, yahlongozwa uMkhandlu ngo-1972 futhi ngokushesha yagunyazwa amazwe amaningi. Nokho, yehla imibuso emithathu efunekayo engamashumi amathathu anesishiyagalombili ngaphambi konyaka wayo owengeziwe ka - 1982. IERA yabhekana nokuphikiswa abashisekeli ababambelele ekuziphendukeleni kwayo ababethi iyoqeda isivikelo esinenzuzo kwabesifazane futhi iholele emiphumeleni engenakuhlongozwa enjengeyobuthelwa ezigabeni zempi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iNevada, i-Illinois, neVirginia ziye zayigunyaza i-ERA, zaletha ingqikithi yezifundazwe ezingamashumi amathathu nanhlanu, nakuba lezi zinsalela zafika ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kufanele kuqashelwe njengegunya, kuyilapho abaphikisi bephikisa ukuthi isikhathi sidlulile futhi ezinye izizwe zisuse izimo zazo. Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngesikhundla sika-ERA nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba sibe yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo.
ISichibiyelo Sokusetshenziswa Kwemali Ngokulinganisela
Izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zokuhlelwa kwemali elinganiselwe, ezifuna ukuba uhulumeni kahulumeni alinganisele uhlelo lwawo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ngonyaka noma abhekane nemiphumela ethile, ziye zahlongozwa izikhathi eziningi. Izinguquko ezinjalo ziye zasondela ekudluliseni kweSishaya-mthetho kaningi kodwa azizange zifinyelele inani elidingekayo eliyizingxenye ezintathu kuzo zombili izindlu. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukulinganisela okulinganiselwe kwemali kungabangela ukukhubazeka okukhulu futhi kuvimbele ukunqwabeka kwezikweletu okungalawuleki, kuyilapho abaphikisi bangathi kungaba yingozi ngokwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuntenga kwemali okungakhanyisa lapho ukulahlekelwa kungathuthukisa ukululama.
ISifunda SeSichibi Samalungelo Abantu SaseColumbia
Uma kwamiswa uKhongolose ngo-1978, lokhu kulungisa kwakuyonikeza i-DC yeSithili saseColumbia izimpawu ezigcwele kuMkhandlu njengokungathi yisifundazwe. Inguquko yagunyazwa yizifundazwe kuphela izifundazwe eziyishumi nanhlanu ngaphambi kokuba iminyaka eyisikhombisa iphele ngo- 1985, kuncane kakhulu kwemiyalo efunekayo engamashumi amathathu anesishiyagalombili. Ukwehluleka kwalokhu kulungisa kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi, nakuba zikwazi ukuvota ngenxa yeSimemezelo esingu-20 esinemvulwe, ukuntula ukuvotelwa kwemithetho eKhohlela amaBhunga, isimo esiqhubeka siveza impikiswano nenguquko.
Ithonya Lezinqumo Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo
Izinguquko ze-Constitution zenza okungaphezu nje kokunezela umbhalo omusha kulencwadi; zingaguqula ngokuyisisekelo indlela wonke uMthetho-sisekelo oqondwa ngayo futhi uchazwe ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iziNguqulo ze-constructionation, zaguqula uMthetho-sisekelo wawususa encwadini eyayikhathalela ngokuyinhloko ubuzwe kanye nokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni kulelo elivikela amalungelo omuntu ehlulwa uhulumeni. Lolushintsho luye lwathinta kakhulu umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nendima kahulumeni.
Izinqumo zingacacisa futhi iziphakamiso noma izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Isichibiyelo seshumi Nenye se-Prefence sehlise Chaholm v. Georgia, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sagumbuqelwa Scott v. Sandford, futhi iSichibiyelo seSinyakaze seshumi Nesihlanu sagumbula [[FLT:]] Pollock v. Abalimi baLoan & Trust.[FLD:] Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuthula isebenza njengenhlolo ekhonweni yokwahlulela, ivumela abantu ukuba baqonde izincazelo ezingafanele.
Inkinga yenqubo yokulungisa iye yathonya futhi indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme echaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo iye yathatha indima enzima kakhulu ekuguquleni incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukufinyelela izinguquko ezingokomthetho. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isithiyo esiphezulu sokulungisa kufanele senze izinkantolo ziqaphele ngokwengeziwe mayelana nokufunda amalungelo amasha noma izimiso kuMthetho-sisekelo, zishiyele izinguquko ezinjalo eziyisisekelo enqubweni yokulungisa.
Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nezinhlelo Zokuchithwa
Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni udume kakhulu, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile inezinqubo ezilula kakhulu zokulungisa. Imibuso eminingi ivumela ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo ukuba kuhlongozwe ngevoti elilula noma elikhulu lomthetho-mthetho wesishaya-mthetho, futhi ezinye ivumela ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho wezakhamuzi ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokulwa. Ngenxa yalokho, imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo ivame ukuthatha isikhathi eside futhi ilungiswe kaningi kunomthetho-mthetho.
Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho we-California, ulungiswe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu kusukela wathathwa ngo-1994. Umthetho-sisekelo ka-Alabama, omdala kunayo yonke emhlabeni, uye walungiswa cishe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane. Lemithetho kahulumeni ivame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo esimiso aningiliziwe azakubhekwa njengezindaba ezingokomthetho ezisezingeni likahulumeni. Ukulula komthetho-mthetho oshintshayo kunenzuzo nezimo ezingezinhle: uvumela ukusabela okukhulu ekushintsheni izimo nentando ethandwayo, kodwa futhi ungaholela ekungcolisweni kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yesikhashana noma yesikhashana.
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ngokomthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ziye zasebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, ukuhlola izinguquko kamuva ezathonya isimiso sikahulumeni noma incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlikihla kwabesifazane kwamukelwa ezizweni ezimbalwa zasentshonalanga ngaphambi kokuba iSichibiyelo seshumi elinethoba sinwetshwe ezweni lonke. Ngokufanayo, izifunda eziningi zaqeda izintela zokuvota ngaphambi kokuba iSichibiyelo seNguquko seNguquko samashumi Amabili nehora sisebenze njalo kukhetho lukahulumeni. Lobubuhlobo obunamandla phakathi kombuso nombuso buyaqhubeka ukubumba ukubusa kweMelika.
Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Ngenguquko Yomthetho - sisekelo
Izimpikiswano ngoshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo ziyaqhubeka zinamandla kwezombangazwe zaseMelika zanamuhla. Amaqembu ahlukahlukene asekela ukulungisa izindaba ezisukela ekushicilelweni kwezezimali kuya ekubekeni imingcele yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kusukela ekuqedweni kwe - Electoral College kuya ekuvikeleni amalungelo athile noma izindinganiso embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo.
Umkhankaso Wezimali Wokushintsha
Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ICitazins United v. Federal Instruction Commission[[FLFT:1], eyayithi ukuchitha imali yenkampani nenyunyana emikhankasweni yezombangazwe kuyinkulumo evikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, abaguquli abaningi baye babiza ukumiswa komthetho- sisekelo ukuze bavumele imithetho emikhulu yezimali yezemikhankambiso. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchitha idemokhrasi elonakalisayo futhi kunikeza ithonya elingalinganiyo kubantu abacebile nezinhlangano, kuyilapho abaphikisayo bephikisa ngokuthi ukuchitha imingcele yezimiso zenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuthi inqubo yokulungisa akumelwe kusetshenziswe ekulahleni izinqumo zeNkakhulu yeNkakhulu evikela amalungelo ayisisekelo.
I - Electoral College Reformation
Isimiso se-Electoral College sokukhetha abaphathi siye sabhekana nokhetho oluvuselelwe ngemva kokhetho lapho umnqobi wevoti ethandwayo elahlekelwa khona i-Electoral College. Amaprojekthi okulungisa inguquko kusukela ekuqedweni ngokuphelele kwe-Electoral College ekhetha ushintsho oluthe ngqo olungcono ekutheni amavoti akhethwe ngendlela engcono kangakanani. Nokho, noma isiphi isici sokushintsha noma ukuqeda i-Electoral College sibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu, njengoba kungadinga ukuqiniswa okuthiwe ngokwenzuzo yesimiso samanje.
Imingcele Yamajaji ENkantolo Ephakeme
Njengoba amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme efeza izigijimi ezithatha isikhathi eside futhi inqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaqala ukuphikisana, abanye abashisekeli benguquko baye bahlongoza ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho ukuze bamise imingcele engokomthetho yamajaji. Amaprojekthi asikisela ukuthi amagama athatha iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili, lapho kumiswa ngokunyenya ukuze umongameli ngamunye amise izibopho ezimbili ngeminyaka emine. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kunganciphisa iziphakamiso zokuqinisekisa komuntu ngamunye futhi baqinisekise ukujika njalo, kuyilapho abaphikisi bephikisa ngokuthi ukuphila kuvikela inkululeko yokwahlulela futhi leyo mingcele ingenza ukuba ihlulele kakhulu ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.
Indima Yezinqumo Emfundweni Yesiphazamiso
Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi ahlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Lenqubo ibonisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika: ukubusa kwabantu, ukubaluleka kokuvumelana okukhulu ngoshintsho oluyisisekelo, ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo, kanye nesimiso sikahulumeni esinikeza kokubili izindima zesizwe nezohulumeni ekuthuthukeni komthetho - sisekelo.
Imfundo ye-CBIC mayelana nokulungisa inqubo akufanele igcizelele nje kuphela abasunguli benqubo kodwa futhi nomongo wayo ongokomlando kanye nokubaluleka kwayo. Abafundi nezakhamuzi kufanele baqonde indlela izinguquko eziye zandisa ngayo amalungelo nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, indlela abaye balungisa ngayo ukungalungi nokuvumelanisa uMthetho-sisekelo nezimo ezishintshayo, nendlela ubunzima benqubo obuye baguqula ngayo intuthuko yezombangazwe zaseMelika. Lolwazi lunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni ngoshintsho lomthetho-mthetho kanye nokuhlola iziphakamiso ezintsha zokulungisa.
Izinhlangano ezinjenge Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza imithombo ewusizo yokufunda ngenguquko yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nemibhalo yokuqala nomongo womlando. Isikhungo somthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [[ inikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa nemibukiso esiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde inqubo yokulungisa nokubaluleka kwayo. Lemithombo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni izakhamuzi ezikwazi ukulondoloza nokuthuthukisa isimiso sobukhompunga somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
Ukuqhathanisa Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Emhlabeni Wonke
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ungomunye wemithetho-mthetho emidala kakhulu ebhaliwe emhlabeni, futhi inqubo yayo yokulungisa inzima kakhulu kuneyeminye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi. Amazwe amaningi avumela ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho ngemithetho eyisisekelo elula noma adinga kuphela izakhiwo ezinkulu ezikhuliswe kancane. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izimemezelo zokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo, uhilela ngokuqondile izakhamuzi kule nqubo.
Ukuqina kwenqubo yokulungisa i-U.S. kunakho kokubili izinzuzo nokungalungi uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso ezivumelana kakhulu. Kwesinye isandla, kunikeza ukuzinza futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho oyisisekelo ushintsha kuphela ngokuvumelana okukhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungenza uMthetho-sisekelo ungabi nandaba nokushintsha izindinganiso zomphakathi nezidingo, futhi ungenza ukuncika ekuchazeni incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ukuze uthuthukise incazelo. Amazwe avumelanayo ngokuvumelana nezimo angakwazi kangcono ukuvumelanisa imithetho yawo nezinselele ezintsha, kodwa futhi angathola ukuqina okuncane komthetho-sisekelo.
Ezinye izazi zithi ubunzima bokushintsha uMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States buye banezela eMelika ehlukile ezicini ezihlukahlukene zezimiso, njengoba amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo angase ashintshwe amanye amazwe engashintshi e - United States.
Ikusasa LeziNguquko Zomthetho - sisekelo
Ukushintsha komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwancipha kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ukulungiswa kokugcina kwagunyazwa ngo-1992, futhi ngaphambi kwalokho, ushintsho olwandulelayo lwagunyazwa ngo- 1971. Lokhu kuncipha kwaveza ukuhlelwa kwezombangazwe okukhushulelwe, okwenza ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okubanzi okudingekayo ekulungiseni isimo kube nzima kakhulu, futhi impumelelo yezindlela ezihlukile zoshintsho lomthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi ukuchazwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuntengantenga, inqubo yokulungisa iyaqhubeka ibalulekile. Izinhloso zokulungisa okusha ziyaqhubeka zibekwa eSikhungweni futhi ziphikiswana emphakathini. Ezinye izimpikiswano, njengenguquko yezezimali noma i-Electoral College, zingabangela ukusekela okwanele koshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. Ithuba lomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa yizwe, nakuba ungasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, uhlala uyindlela engenzeka yokulungisa inqubo engadlula i-crectal tracklock.
Ikusasa lokulungisa komthetho - sisekelo cishe liyoxhomeka ezicini eziningana: izinga lokubusa kwezombangazwe, ukufaneleka okucatshangelwayo kwezinye izindlela zokushintsha komthetho - sisekelo njengencazelo yokwahlulela, ukuvela kwezimpikiswano ezibangela ukuvumelana okukhulu kwenguquko, nokuphumelela kwezinhlangano zezenhlalo ekusekeleni ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo yesikhathi esizayo ikhona, ukulungisa kuyohlala kuyisici esibalulekile sesimiso somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, kunikeze inqubo kubantu ukuba balolonge umthetho wabo oyisisekelo.
Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Isigwegwe Somthetho - sisekelo
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zimelela indlela engokomthetho abantu baseMelika abangaguqula ngayo umthetho wabo oyisisekelo. Lenqubo, ebekwe eSiphakamisweni V soMthetho-sisekelo, idinga ukuvumelana okungavamile kokubili ekuhlongozweni nasemagabeni okuhlaziywa, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinguquko kuphela ngokusekela okukhulu zibe yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lesisiqobo esiphezulu sokulungisa sisho ukuthi bambalwa kakhulu ezinkulungwaneni zezinguquko ezihlongoziwe eziye zavunyelwa, kodwa labo abaye baphumelela ngokuvamile baye baba nemiphumela engathi sína emphakathini waseMelika nasebusweni.
Izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa ezagunyazwa ukuba ziqalwe ziveza izihloko ezinkulu nezimpi zomlando waseMelika: ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye eBill of Rights, ukuguqulwa komphakathi waseMelika ngeZiyalulo zeSiphendulo sentando yeningi, ukwanda kokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi ngokulungisa amalungelo okuvota, nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni nokulungisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukulungisa ngakunye kulandisa indaba yokukhuthaza kwezombangazwe, ukushintsha kwezenhlalo, kanye nentuthuko yomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Kucacisa indlela idemokrasi yaseMelika elinganisela ngayo ukuqina nokuvumelana, indlela okudingeka ngayo ukuze kushintshwe ushintsho oluyisisekelo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo ekulolongeni uhlelo lwazo lomthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokulungisa okusha ziqhubeka, ulwazi ngenqubo yokulungisa nomlando wayo luyohlala lubalulekile ekuhloleni iziphakamiso nasekuzingeni kwentando yeningi ngomthetho wezwe oyisisekelo.
Inqubo yokulungisa ihlanganisa isimiso sokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungowabantu futhi ungashintshwa yibo uma kudingekile. Nakuba ubunzima benqubo buqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zenziwa ngokucophelela futhi ngokusekelwa okukhulu, ukuvuselelwa kwendlela yokulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungaguqula ubhekane nezinselele ezintsha futhi ubonise izindinganiso ezishintshayo. Lenhlanganisela yokuzinza nokuzivumelanisa nokuguquguquka ibalulekile ekukhuthazeleni komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nakukukuphumelela kwentando yeningi yaseMelika phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka.
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezinguquko ezithile nangomongo wabo, i-website yokwaziswa eCornell Law School inikeza imithombo ebanzi ehlanganisa yonke imibhalo yazo zonke izinguquko kanye nezici ezihlobene neNkantolo ebaluleke kakhulu. U.S. Website yegele inikeza ukwaziswa okungokomlando ngenqubo yokulungisa nokulungisa nokuhlanganisa izivumelwano ezithile. Lemithombo yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo lesici esibalulekile somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kanye nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngoshintsho oluqhubekayo.