Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Kukahulumeni Wase - United States

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso samagunya ahlukene, umklamo osekelwe ngokujulile kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yokukhanyiselwa futhi wasetshenziswa ngoMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787. Lomklamo kwakuwukusuka ngamabomu egunyeni elisenkabeni yenkosi, uhloselwe ukuvimbela noma imuphi umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu ukuba athole amandla anganqandelwanga. Abakhi bathathe kakhulu emibonweni kaBaron de Montesquieu, owaphikisana [FLT: 0] uMoya woMthetho wezombangazwe ukuthi inkululeko yezakhamuzi zezombangazwe ixhomeke ekuhlukaniseni kwemithetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela. Ukuqonda indlela la magatsha amathathu asebenza ngayo, nendlela asebenzelana ngayo, abalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho ihlelwe kanjani, futhi wachaza e-United States.

Izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zihlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu alinganayo: iGigislative Branch (Coregference), iGatya eliphethe (uMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni), negatsha iJaji (izinkantolo). Igatsha ngalinye linamagunya ahlukene, kodwa ngalinye lingahlola amanye, futhi limise ukulingana okunamandla okuye kwabumba ukubusa kwaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okuningiliningiliziwe kwegatsha ngalinye, izakhi zalo eziyinhloko, nesimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso ezigcina uhulumeni uhlala unecala.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Abenzi Bemithetho

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya - mthetho eSishaya - mthetho, esihlanganisa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. IGatya i-Gaudi eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho, esebenzayo ngokuhlela, ukuphikisana, nokudluliswa komthetho. Ngalé kokubekwa kwemithetho, uKhongolo lunegunya elibalulekile phezu kwemali kahulumeni, kusho ukuthi impi, ilawula izifundazwe nezentengiselwano zakwamanye amazwe, futhi ingahlola kokubili imisebenzi yegatsha ephethe nezindaba zomphakathi.

ISigele

ISigele sakhiwa ama-senate ayikhulu, amabili asuka ezweni ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi linani labantu abanjani. Leli lungiselelo lahloselwe ukunikeza ama-altare alinganayo emibuso emincane. Izikhulu zasebenza izivumelwano zeminyaka eyisithupha ezishaqisayo, cishe nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele ukuze zikhethe njalo eminyakeni emibili. Amagunya akhethekile eSigeqe ahlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (obebebebejala beSigebengu, abahluleli bombuso, nabahluleli beNkakhulu) abambalwa, izivumelwano eziqinile ezixoxwe nguMongameli wamavoti amabili-3, nokungamela ukuqulwa kwecala. Umongameli we-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigeqe, ufaka imvume yokuvota lapho kudingeka.

ISigele sisebenza ngesiko eliqinile lamandla angamalungu, kuhlanganise nekhono lokulawula i-filbuster, idinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kwama-60 ukuze kuqalwe ukuvinjelwa futhi kuqedwe impikiswano. Izindima eziyinhloko zobuholi zihlanganisa uMholi weSigele we-Majoliath noMholi weSigele esiMncane, omisa uhlelo lwemithetho. Ulwazi oluningi ngesimo seSigele kanye nomsebenzi wamanje lungatholakala .gov

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-455 okuvota, abelwe phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ekubalekeni kwabantu okunqunywe yi-decmilynational. Abameleli basebenzisa izimemo ezithatha iminyaka emibili, bebenza balandise ngokuqondile kubavoti ezifundeni zabo. Indlu inamandla okuphela okusungula izikweleti zemali (intela nomthetho osetshenziswayo) kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. Uma kungekho mmeleli owamukela iningi lamavoti kaMongameli, iNdlwanekazi ukhetha uMongameli, iNdlunkulu ngalinye likhipha ivoti eyodwa.

Indlu isebenza ngendlela ehlelwe kahle neyinhloko kuneSigele. USpeaker weNdlu, okhethwe yinhlangano eningi, uyisikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu futhi unethonya elikhulu esabalweni somthetho nasezabelweni zekomiti. AmaKomiti ayingxenye yemisebenzi yeNdlu; umthetho udlula ngekomiti, ubekwa uphawu, bese ulethwa phansi ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano ngaphansi kwemithetho emiswe yiKomiti Yemithetho. Inqubo yeSishaya-mthetho iklanyelwe ukunyakazisa izikweleti ngokushesha kakhulu kuneSishaya-Sishaya-mthetho. Ukufunda ngomthetho nemisebenzi eqhubekayo yendlu, ukuhambela indlu. [[FLT:]

Inqubo Yomthetho

Isivumelwano siba umthetho ngokulandelana okucaciwe. Okokuqala, ilungu leKhongolo lendlu liletha isikweleti, esabelwe ikomiti. Ikomiti ingathatha icala, ilungise izivumelwano, futhi ivote ukuthi ingabika yini kuyo yonke indawo. Uma ivunyelwe, imvume ingena phansi ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano futhi ivote. Endluni, impikiswano ilinganiselwe kakhulu; eSigeqeni, ingaba nkulu. Zombili izitebhisi kumelwe zidlule izinguqulo ezifanayo zemali. Uma kukhona ukungezwani, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu kuzo zombili iyavumelana. Inguquko yokugcina ithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze isayinwe noma iveto.

I-Legislative Branch iphethe futhi amandla esikhwama semali. Ayikho imali engachithwa kuBeki bezimali ngaphandle kokudluliswa yi-Congress. Lokhu kunikeza i-Congress ithuluzi eliqinile ezimisweni zegatsha eziphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokulalela nokuhlola, i-Congress ihlola indlela imithetho efakwa ngayo nokuthi izinhlangano zisebenza ngayo ngaphansi kwegunya lazo. I-Government Accostability Office (GAO) iyinhlangano eyinhloko yenhlangano yenhlangano ehlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Abaphoqeleli

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka amandla aphethe kuMongameli wase-United States. Igatsha eliphetheyo linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokuqondisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Liqondiswa uMongameli, lisekelwa uMongameli onguMongameli oyisekela, futhi lihlanganisa iminyango engu-15 yeKhabhinethi, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele, nezisebenzi ezivamile ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. UMongameli ukhonza futhi njengoMphathi-Mphathi-kakhulu wamabutho ahlomile futhi uphatha ubuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe.

UMongameli Nomongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine nge-Electoral College. Imithwalo yemfanelo kaMongameli ihlanganisa ukukhipha imithetho kahulumeni, ukukhipha iziyalezo nezimemezelo, ukumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni (kuhlanganise amajaji agunyaziwe) izivumelwano zokuqulwa, nokunikeza izinxephelo zezomthetho kahulumeni. UMongameli futhi unikeza iSizwe se-Union Union ikheli lomthetho, atusa izinto eziza kuqala. UMongameli, okhethwe ethikithini elifanayo, uthatha umongameli uma uMongameli efa, eshiya, noma esuswa esikhundleni. Umongameli uphinde ahlulele iSigebeqe futhi angaphumelela eSihlalo sikaPuceni.

IKhabhinethi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

IKhabhinethi yakhiwa amakhanda eminyango engu-15 ephethe (njengezwe, i-Defense, i-Monarch, Justice, nemfundo), abamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigebe. Laba onobhala baluleka uMongameli ngezindaba zezimiso futhi bengamele iminyango yabo. Ngaphandle kweKhabhinethi, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele (njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency, NASA, ne-FOL Reserve) zifeza imisebenzi ethile ekhethekile noma inkonzo. Igatsha eliphethe liphinde limise imithetho ngoMnyango wobulungisa, ohlanganisa i-FBI kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezilawula umthetho. I-ccompate yeGractial `' i-Accouserw [FLT: 0] Cooctive Hoof]

Ukuhleleka Kwabaphathi Namandla

Iziqondiso eziphethe iziyalezo ezikhishwa nguMongameli olawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Zinegunya lomthetho kodwa kumelwe zibekwe egunyeni lomthetho-mthetho likaMongameli noma egunyeni lombuso ogunyazwe yi-Congress. Iziqondiso eziphethe zingagumbuqelwa amongameli abalandelayo noma zihlatshwe izinkantolo uma zidlula imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. UMongameli usebenzisa futhi amandla abalulekile ezimiso zangaphandle, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle, ukumisa izivumelwano zezikhulu (ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweNkampathi), futhi amabutho empi aqhubekela kuze kuphele izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphansi kweSinqumo seMpi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Abalandeli

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo simisa iGatsha lokwahlulela, inikeza amandla okwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme nanoma yiziphi izinkantolo eziphansi zikhona. Indima yeSebe Lokwahlulela iwukuchaza umthetho, ukunquma ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho wezimiso nezenzo zobuphathi, nokuxazulula izingxabano eziqulwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Isimiso senkantolo sisebenza ngaphandle kwegatsha lezemithetho nezikhulu, futhi abahluleli abamiswe ukuba baphile ngaphansi kokuziphatha okuhle.

INkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu eUnited States. Ihlanganisa iJaji Elikhulu neMithetho engu 8 ehlangeneyo, yonke imiswe nguMongameli futhi iqinisekiswe yiSigele. Amajaji asebenza izinqumo zokuphila konke, aqinisekisa ukuthi bangazenza ngaphandle kokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Inkantolo ngokuyinhloko i-quarts ukubukeza imithetho noma amandla okulawula. Lamandla asungulwe ekwahluleleni icala elingokomlando ukumiswa kwecala lobugqizi. . INkantolo ilalela izikhalo ezingokomthetho eziphansi nezinkantolo ezinkulu lapho kuhileleke impikiswano kahulumeni. [Forti]

Izinkantolo Eziphansi EziwuFederal

ISishaya - mthetho sisungule izinga eliyinhloko lezindawo eziphansi zezinkantolo: iziNkantolo Zesigodi neziNkantolo Zokudlulisa. IziNkantolo zeSithili 94 ziyinkantolo zamacala esimiso sikahulumeni, lapho kuqalwa khona amacala esizwe nawamacala omphakathi. Lezi zinkantolo zisingatha izindaba ezinjengobugebengu bamazwe, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho, namacala ahilela ukwahlukahlukana kwezakhamuzi. Izinkantolo ezingu-13 zezokudlulisa izigwebo zibukeza izinqumo ezivela eZinkantolo Zesigodi nasemaqulwini athile ezikhululweni ezithile. Izinqubeni yesifunda zingakhetha ukubukeza izinqumo zeNkathi Yezikhasi - ngokomthetho. Kukhona futhi izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezifana neNkantolo Yezelo Yezentengo, neNkantolo yezezwelo yezwelo.

Ukuzimela Nobandlululo

Amajaji angokombuso amiswe ukuze avikele ukuphila kwawo ekucindezeleni abahlukanisiwe. Angasuswa kuphela ngokugunyazwa yindlu nokuvunyelwa yiSigele, isenzakalo esiyivelakancane. Lokhu ukuzimela kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amajaji angabusa ezindabeni eziphikisanayo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela. Igatsha lezehlulelo lisebenzisa uhlelo lwalo futhi liqondisa inqubo yenkantolo ngeHhovisi Lezokuphatha lase-U.S., liqinisa ihhovisi yalo.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo udala ngamabomu imibuso ehlalisanayo ukuze igatsha ngalinye likwazi ukuvimbela elinye. Lesi simiso sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba likwazi ukubusa futhi lixhase impoqo. Okulandelayo kuyimishini emikhulu yokuhlola igatsha ngalinye eliphethe elinye.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhomishane ungahlola uMongameli ngezindlela eziningi ezinamandla. Ingadlula ukuvota okungumongameli ngokuvota okungama-3 amabili kuwo womabili amakamu. ISigele siqinisekisa noma senqabe ukumiswa komongameli futhi sifake izivumelwano. ISishaya-mthetho silawula futhi sinqabe ukuhlelwa kwemali kahulumeni futhi sifake izimali zokuphatha izikhulu. Kungasusa uMongameli, uMongameli, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa “yomcamayelo, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu eziphakeme kanye nezingagunyazi.” Indlu iqala ukuphatha imali yombuso futhi ingasenqaba ukuxhasa izikhulu zezikhulu. ISishaya - komiti somthetho.

Ukuhlola Ukwahlulela Okungokomthetho

UKhongolo lunquma isimo negunya lenkantolo ephansi kahulumeni. Ingasikisela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ezizogumbuqela izinqumo zokwahlulela ngokuphumelelayo. ISigele siqinisekisa noma silahle okwahlulela. ISishaya-mthetho sinamandla okumisa inani lamahluleli eNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba iye yamiswa kusukela ngo-1869. I-athority iyasebenza nakujaji bezwe.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

UMongameli angamisa umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, ephoqelela ukuba ubekwe umthetho omkhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuphikisa kwakhe. UMongameli angabiza futhi uMkhandlu ukuba ube nesimiso esikhethekile lapho kuphakama izindaba eziphuthumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli angasebenzisa iziyalezo eziphethe nesiqondiso ukuze ahlele indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, uma nje lezozenzo ziqhubeka zingaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho nengokomthetho-sisekelo.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Ukwahlulela

UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, anikeza umphathi indima eqondile ekulolongeni ingosi yamajaji. UMongameli futhi unamandla okunikeza iziphakamiso futhi axolelwe amacala kahulumeni, angawephula izigwebo zokwahlulela. UMnyango wokwahlulela, oyingxenye yesikhulu, uphoqelela iziyalezo zenkantolo nezinqumo.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

I- Judicial Branch ihlola ukwahlulela, imemezela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa uMongameli ngaphandle kwemithetho futhi ngenxa yalokho iyize. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho kahulumeni, futhi izincazelo zazo zihlanganisa kokubili amaKhongolo nomphathi. Ngamandla okubukeza, ijaji liqinisekisa ukuthi amanye amagatsha ahlala ngaphansi kwemingcele yawo engokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iJaji eliyinhloko leNkantolo Ephakeme lilawula ukuqulwa kwemithetho yeSigele.

Ezinye Izindlalo: Uhulumeni Ozimele Nohulumeni Bombuso

Ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso ezingeni likahulumeni kuyaboniswa kohulumeni bezifunda-ma-50. Izwe ngalinye linomthetho - sisekelo walo, igatsha lemithetho (ngokuvamile i-bidamal ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska), igatsha eliphethe i-compantism ephethe umbusi, negatsha lokwahlulela. ISiphakamiso seSiphakamiso seSiphakamiso seMibuso seSimiso seSimiso asiphathiswanga uhulumeni ezwe noma abantu. Lokhu kudala isimiso sokubusa kombuso lapho wonke amagatsha nohulumeni behlanganyela khona igunya. Ngokwesibonelo, imfundo, i-tapolishi, nokusetshenziswa kwezwe kuyizindaba eziyinhloko, kuyilapho isivikelo sesizwe, ukufuduka, ukufuduka, nokuhwebelana kwezindawo kuyimithwalo yezomthetho. Ukuqonda ukufana kwezwe kuyisibopho esiphelele sokubusa eUnited States. Ukwaziswa okuvamile mayelana namagatsha amathathu nomthetho womthetho-Constitual [F: [F] [F]

Okwenza Lolu Lwazi Lubaluleke

Ulwazi olusebenzayo ngamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni luyisisekelo sokuba isakhamuzi esiphumelelayo. Lusiza abantu ukuba baqonde izindaba ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, izenzo zomongameli, nezimpikiswano zobukhomanisi. Lusiza abavoti ukuba bahlole abavoti ngokusekelwe endleleni abayosebenzisa ngayo amandla abo. Lukhuthaza ukwazisa ngokuzimela kwesimiso esiklanyelwe ukuqondisa izingxabano ngezindlela zezinhlangano kunokuba ngenkani.

Ukufunda nokubhala akuyona nje into edingwa abafundi; kuyisidingo sokuphila konke. Njengoba uhulumeni esingatha izinselele ezinzima zezomnotho kuya emalungelweni esizwe kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe, /habantu abaqonda ukwakheka komthetho-sisekelo bangahlanganyela kangcono enkulumweni yeningi futhi bagcine abameleli babo benobuthakazelo. USA.gov inikeza umbombo wemininingwane ebanzi wokwaziswa ngawo womathathu amagatsha nendlela yokusebenza ngezinkonzo zikahulumeni.

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-U.S., namagatsha aso ahlukene namasheke afanayo, asisebenzi njalo, kodwa sasingahloselwe ukuba sibe ngesihle. Saklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko. Ngokuqonda izindima nokusebenzelana kweMithetho, iButho, neJaji, izakhamuzi zithola amathuluzi okuqondisa nokulondoloza lowo mklamo.