Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni: ukubeka umthetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Loluhlelo luklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu, kanjalo lilondoloze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi lilondoloze umthetho. OFata abasungulwayo, bedweba ongqondo abacwengiwe njengeMontesquieu, baqaphela ukuthi amandla aphezulu asongela inkululeko. Bakha incwajana enganikezi amandla kuphela kodwa futhi ewacindezelayo, edala ukushukuma okunamandla okuye kwachaza ukubusa kweMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Kubafundisi, lesi sakhiwo sesisekelo sinikeza ibala eligxekayo abafundi abangase baqonde ukuthi imithetho ihlelwe kanjani, iphoqelelwe futhi ibukelwe ngaphakathi kwesimiso esihlangene.

Igatsha lemithetho, eligunyazwe yiSiphakamiso I, livame ukuchazwa njengegatsha elinamandla kakhulu ngoba liphethe izintambo zemali negunya lokwenza umthetho. Nokho, lelo gunya lihlukaniswa ngamabomu futhi lihlolwe. Indlu yabameleli, enamagama ayo aneminyaka emibili, iklanyelwe ukusabela entando ethandwayo, kuyilapho iSigeqe, esinezinombolo zeminyaka eyisithupha nezimpawu ezilinganayo kuhulumeni ngamunye, sisebenza njengesehlakalo esinciphile kakhulu somthetho. Lesi sakhiwo se-bidamaral ngokwaso siyi-ihlola langaphakathi, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ndikimba yomthetho yemithetho engenza ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwesinye.

Ukuqonda lemingcele kubalulekile kubafundi ngoba kudlulela ngalé kokukhumbula okulula kwezakhamuzi futhi kungene emkhakheni wokuhlaziya okugxekayo komthetho-sisekelo. Uma abafundi beqonda ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakumane udlulise noma yimuphi umthetho ofunwa yiwo, baqala ukubheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengesimiso esiphilayo esidinga ukuchazwa nokulunga. Lombono uthuthukisa ukwazisa okujulile ngemisebenzi yokwahlulela nendima yombuso njengezimiso ezihambelanayo zegunya. Ingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola izinqubo eziyisisekelo zegunya, i-speniscism, i-constacialism, ne-careagement sho imingcele yangaphandle yegunya lemithetho.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Negunya Elinikezwe Igunya

Isimiso Samandla Ahlukene

Isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya ahlukene ahlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ibe amagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo eyisisekelo. Igatsha lemithetho lenza umthetho, igatsha eliphethe limisa umthetho, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza umthetho. Lengxenye ayikona nje ukuqondisa; isakhiwo nomthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho-sisekelo ugqoka igatsha ngalinye elinezikhundla eziqondile, futhi alikho igatsha elingangenela imisebenzi eyisisekelo yenye. Kuleyo, lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba iSishaya-mthetho sibhala imithetho, ayinakufihla izenzakalo ngazinye noma ikhiphe imithetho ngokwayo. Lokho kungukwehlukana kwento edinga ukulandisa.

Lesi simiso sivimbela futhi uhlobo lobushiqela abasunguli ababelwe kakhulu: ukugxiliswa kwawo wonke amandla kahulumeni endikimba eyodwa. UJames Madison wabhala kuFederalist No. 51 ukuthi "isikhundla kumelwe silwelwe ukuthatheka." ngokunikeza igatsha ngalinye izindlela zokumelana nokungezwani nabanye, uMthetho-sisekelo udala isimiso sokuzilawula. Kulomthetho, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nomthetho odluliswa ngokomthetho ungalahlwa izinkantolo uma uphambukisa imingcele engokomthetho, noma ubekwa udededede uma udlula imingcele engokomthetho. Abafundi kufanele baqonde ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona nje inkolelo; kuyinto engokoqobo yansuku zonke ukuthi isimiso somthetho sisebenza futhi sibekelwe inselele.

Amandla Atholakele NeSichibiyelo Seshumi

UMthetho-sisekelo ubala ngokucacile imibuso enikezwa i-Congress ePhakeme I, Ingxenye 8. La mandla adwetshwayo ahlanganisa igunya lokukhokha izintela ze-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zezwe nezomhlaba, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokunikeza inhlalakahle engokwenhlala- kahle. Loluhlu luyikhomba ngomqondo wokuthi uMkhandlu ungasebenzisa amandla adingekayo kuphela ahlelekile noma adingekile afanele ukuwaphatha lawo mandla asohlwini. Nokho, i-Adiose no-Claus (Ingxenye ye-8, Claus E-E) ibingumthombo wempikiswano ephawulekayo, njengoba uvumela ukuba imithetho ibe "efanele" nokusetshenziswa kwayo, ukufinyelela ngokuphumelela lapho i-provitionsmeod production i-construnt.

ISichibiyelo seshumi sinikeza isilinganiso esicacile: "Imibuso engaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo, igcinelwe i-Estates, noma abantu." Lokhu kulunga akusona isivumelwano esiqondile kodwa umthetho wokwakha. Ikwenza kube sobala lokho uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala owashiwo: ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungowodwa olinganiselwe, ophathiswe, kuyilapho amazwe enegunya elibanzi, eliyikhokhwa ezindabeni zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, imfundo, umthetho womkhaya, ne-pholistism ayiyona imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko. Uma uMkhandlu uzama ukulawula kulezindawo ngaphandle kwegededededele ecacile, ubeka imingcele yawo.

  • Amandla alinganiselwe oMkhandlu:[ Intela, ukuboleka, ukulawula ezohwebo, imali, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa amabutho.
  • Amandla agciniwe ashoyo:[ Imfundo, uhulumeni wendawo, umthetho womshado nowomkhaya, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha.
  • [ U-Claus odingekile noMfaneleyo: Uvumela uKhongolose ukumisa imithetho ebalulekile ukuze kukhishwe amandla alo ahlelwayo, kodwa alwakhi amandla amasha, azimele.

Lesi sakhiwo sisho ukuthi noma isiphi isiphakamiso somthetho-mthetho kumelwe silandelelwe ekunikeni igunya lomthetho-sisekelo. Uma kungenakwenzeka, umthetho awusebenzi ngokunengqondo. Lokhu kuwumsuka wamandla omthetho alinganiselwe: uMkhandlu awusona isici sokulawula okuvamile kwemithetho njengephalamende; uyingxenye yegunya elikhethekile, eliphathisiweyo. Abafundi bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kumelwe bafunde ukubuza, "Yini eMthethweni egunyaza lomthetho-sisekelo?" ngaphambi kokuhlaziya inqubo yayo. Lomkhuba wokubuza ngemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho akuyona isisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuqonda imingcele yamandla omthetho.

Indima Yengoma Ekulinganiseni Imingcele

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Inhlolo - vo Eyinhloko

Ijaji lifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo futhi liqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zomthetho zivumelana nemingcele yomthetho-mthetho. Ukuhlola komthetho, amandla ezinkantolo okumemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni, amiswa icala elivelele - Marbury v. [1803]). Kuleyo ndlela, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wagomela ukuthi "kungokwesiko isifunda nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini." Uma umthetho uphikisana noMthetho-Constitution, iNkantolo kumelwe isekele umthetho njengomthetho wezwe ophakeme. Leligunya alibhalwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni we-mthetho kodwa libhalwe esimweni sezwe nasesimweni somthetho wezwe.

Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla omthetho. Uma izinkantolo zihlola imithetho, zihlola ukuthi leyomithetho ivumelana yini nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nemfundiso yamagunya ebalayo, iBill of Rights, kanye nemingcele efana nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ne-oconstance. Uma umthetho utholakala ungenamthetho, ushaywe phansi, uqinisa umqondo wokuthi amandla omthetho wemithetho awuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, United States v. Lopez [1955], iNkanto ephakeme ishaya phansi iSikolo seSikole seSikole seze ngenxa yokuthi uKhokhiwonga lwaso lwezentengiselwano, iphawula ukuqinisekiswa okuphawulekayo kwamandla esizwe. Lendaba iyafundisa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi imithetho ethandwayo, ngisho nemithetho ewumthetho esekelwe kakhulu.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akunamingcele yayo. Izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa imingcele, zincike ezimfundisweni ezinjengokuma, ukuvuthwa, nokuthathwa komthetho-sisekelo. Zigwema futhi ukunquma imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuba kudingekile. Noma kunjalo, ukuhluleka kokwahlulela kuhlela indlela imithetho yamaKhongolo ehlela ngayo imithetho. Abaphathi bayazi ukuthi umthetho owehlisa izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhona, okhuthaza ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okunamandla phakathi komthetho-mthetho wezomthetho-mthetho nomthetho-owe-galelo-mthetho kuyisibonakaliso somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Izimfundiso Ezinengqondo Nokuhlakanipha Okunemithetho

Akuzona zonke izinyathelo zomthetho ezimelwe ukuhlolwa. Izinkantolo zifuna ukuba iqembu limelane nokumangalelwa, okusho ukuthi kumelwe ukuba lalimala kakhulu futhi lingalungiswa inkantolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo ngeke zilalele amacala angenacala, angahluki, noma anikeza imibuzo yezombangazwe exazululwe kangcono amagatsha akhethiwe. Lezi zimfundiso ezilungile zihlonipha indima efanele yendlu yomthetho futhi zivimbele izinkantolo ekuvimbeleni izindaba ezisemcini ezicini ezincane kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izinselele zenqubo yokungagunyaziwe kwezempi noma izinqumo zemithetho yakwamanye amazwe zivame ukulahlwa njengemibuzo yezombangazwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo ziye zathuthukisa izindinganiso eziqinile zokubukeza imithetho ethinta amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa ngokuqinile, umthetho othwesa isigaba esisolwayo ilungelo eliyisisekelo noma izisulu kumelwe uhlotshaniswe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze unikeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelwe. Lelizinga lokubukeza libekelwe phansi kakhulu enkulu enkulu enkululekweni yomuntu ngamunye futhi libeke umthwalo onzima osekelwe esivumelwaneni somthetho ukuze lithethelele izenzo zakhe. Ngokungafani, imithetho elawula izindaba zezomnotho ibukelwe ngesisekelo esinengqondo, esinesisekelo esinengqondo kakhulu sokwahlulela komthetho. Ukuqonda la amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kusiza abafundi ukuba babone ukuthi ukuphatha kwejadiary kusekelwe kanjani ekunakekeleni kwemfanelo yamalungelo asemgxolweni.

  • [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison (1803): wamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela, unika izinkantolo amandla okuqeda imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995]): Igunya lezentengiselwano lezentengiselwano le-Group Congress elilinganiselwe, ukushaya umthetho wesibhamu kahulumeni.
  • Amanqana okuhlola: ukucubungula okuqinile amalungelo ayisisekelo, ukucubungula okuphakathi kokuhlelwa kwe-quasi-suespects, isisekelo esinengqondo somthetho wezomnotho.

Indima yejaji akuyona eyesibili yesigaba ukuhlakanipha kwemithetho kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lomehluko ubalulekile. Abafundi kufanele baqonde ukuthi umthetho ungathandwa futhi ungabi wemithetho esemthethweni. Umsebenzi wejaji uwukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo ngisho noma kusho ukusekela ngokweqile iziqu ezinkulu zemithetho. Lo msebenzi ophikisana nomthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile uphikisana nempikiswano kodwa ubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane nokugcinwa kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo.

Uhulumeni Njengomngcele Wemithetho Yesizwe

Umsebenzi Wobukhosi Obubodwa

Federalism, ukwahlukana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, imingcele eyengeziwe yamandla emithetho ngokudala izikhundla ezimbili ezihlalisanayo kodwa ezihlukene. Umthetho-sisekelo unika uhulumeni wezwe amandla aqondile, adwetshwe ngenkathi ugcina ezisele ezizweni. Lomkhakha awuhluleli nje imisebenzi; udala umncintiswano wezombangazwe. Amazwe angasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola intando yeningi, azama ukufinyelela imithetho ehlukile. Izakhamuzi zingavota ngezinyawo zazo, zishukumisele ekutheni imithetho yazo ihambelane kangcono nezindinganiso zazo. Lemithetho eshukumisa ukuncintisana kwemithetho kahulumeni we-ogavistic, njengoba kunjalo abameleli babo bebamele ukuhlasela kwe-omishuwalginist, njengoba kusho iziphathi - zindawo zabo zisunduza ukuhlasela kwe-omidult.

ISichibiyelo seshumi siyikhothamo lombhalo wale sisekelo. Sisikhumbuza ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungowombuso [[FLT] [FLT] ungowombuso olinganiselwe, ophathiswe, kuyilapho imibuso inguhulumeni abavamile abanegunya lokuphinde basebenze. Kumandla omthetho, lokhu kusho ukuthi uKhongolo-mthetho ngeke ulawule ohulumeni begunyaze izinhlelo zikahulumeni zikahulumeni. New York v. United States[FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [1] [1992] [1992], iNkathi iNkathi iNkathi iNkathi i-Congress ayinamandla okuthatha isiqu sona ukulahla imfucumfucucu, ukuphula imingcele yemithetho esekelwe engokomthetho yemithetho elawula ukubusa. Ngokufanayo, v.[FLT] [1997], iNkantolo yecala yahlasela umthetho ongokomthetho ohlelayo ilawula izimiso.

I - Claus Yezentengiselwano Nemingcele Yayo Ewujuqu

ICommercial Claus (Umkhandlu I, Ingxenye 8, u-Claus 3) ngokomlando uye waba umthombo omkhulu kakhulu wemithetho ye-operation. Phakathi nenkathi ye-New Deal, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamukela incazelo ebanzi, ivumela iSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuba silawule noma yimuphi umsebenzi othinta ibhizinisi lezifunda zomhlaba. Le ncazelo yabangela ukuba izinhlelo ezinkulu zikahulumeni zihloselwe ukulawulwa kwezindawo ezizimele zisuka elungelweni zomphakathi ziye ekuvikelekeni kwendawo ezungezile. Nokho, United States v. Lopez kanye [FLT] United States v.][FLT]][FLT]]] [2]][2000]), iNkadededelela emuva, iNkadedelela ukuthi [indebendensi] esendaweni esendaweni ezungezile, engeyongangokohwebile ngaphansi kwe-Cemasterdaywodwa.

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yamanje, uMkhandlu ungalawula izigaba ezintathu ngaphansi kwe-Commerce Claus: (1) imikhondo yezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, (2) imisebenzi esetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izifunda-zwe, kanye (3) imisebenzi ethinta kakhulu ezohwebo zezwe. Isigaba sesithathu siphikisana kakhulu. INkantolo isekela ukuthi umsebenzi ohlelwayo kumelwe ube ngokwezomnotho nezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano akumelwe uthembele emaketheni ahlangeneyo okucabanga. Lokhu kushintsha kwemfundiso kunemiphumela yangempela. Isibonelo, iNkanto ephakathi kwe-FOLT i-National Federation of Independent Busity v. Selius [2010] usekela ukuxhumana kwezentengiselwano esemthethweni kwe-Affordtart Acts Actsct njengendlela esemthethweni yokusebenzisa intela, kodwa impikiswano yayiyinqabela ngenxa yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentensi ka-Claus, ngenxa yezenter (ixmast) ehnst

  • Imisele yezentengiselwano zamazwe aphakathi: Imigwaqo ephakeme, imifula, imisele yomoya, ne-inthanethi.
  • Izimo zezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle: amabhande, izindiza, izitimela, nezisetshenziswa zokuxhumana.
  • Imisebenzi ethinta kakhulu ezentengiselwano: kumelwe ibe ngokwezomnotho futhi ayinakusekelwa emiphumeleni ephinda-phindiwe kuphela.

I-Federalism futhi inikeza ukuhlola okuphathelene nezombangazwe. Uma imibuso inegunya ezindabeni zendawo, izakhamuzi zingayithonya kalula kakhulu inqubo ngokhetho lukahulumeni nokhetho lwendawo. Lokhu kuthotshiswa kwandisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi futhi kuvumela izixazululo ezivumelana nezimo zesifunda ezihlukahlukene. Kuvimbela futhi uhulumeni ukuba ube yikhosha lamandla ezombangazwe kuphela. Kubafundisi, uhulumeni unikeza ucwaningo olucebile ngendlela inqubo yomthetho-mthetho ekwazi ngayo ukulinganisela igunya leze-propati kanti ukhuthaza ukusungulwa nokuhlola.

Ukuhlola Imibandela Yokulinganiselwa Kwemithetho

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongalawuleki: Wezentengiselwano KaClaus Namandla Okukhokha Intela

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) yavusa impikiswano enkulu nethatha isikhathi eside ngokuphathelene nobungako begunya lombuso. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi imfuneko yomuntu ngamunye cishe ukuba wonke amaMelika athenge umshuwalense wempilo noma akhokhe isijeziso sokuba athenge i-Assembly Congress ebalased trounce. Abaxhasi bayigcina yawela phakathi kwemithetho yezentengiselwano yezwe, baveza umthetho owenziwe ukuthi intengiselwano yomshuwalense yempilo isesizweni futhi abantu abayeke ukuthenga izindleko zomshuwalense. INkantolo Ephakeme, [[FLT:]NFIB v. Selius.[FLT:] [2012], idlulise umthetho owenziwayo ukuthi imingcele yemithetho yemithetho.

UMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts, ebhalela iNkantolo, wavuma ukuthi igunya lomuntu ngamunye alinakuthethelelwa ngaphansi kwe-Chwethery Claus. Ucabanga ukuthi, amandla okulawula ezohwebo, abonisa ukuba khona komsebenzi wezentengiselwano; awahlanganisi amandla okwakha. Uma uMkhandlu ungaphoqelela abantu ukuba bathenge imikhiqizo, ngeke kube nomkhawulo onengqondo egunyeni lawo. Nokho, iNkantolo yasekela ukugunya njengendlela esemthethweni yokusebenzisa amandla eMkhandlu yokukhokha intela, ngenxa yokuthi i-IRS futhi yaveza inzuzo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela iNkantolo elula ngayo umbhalo womthetho womthetho ukuba inqume ukuthi isiphi isigaba somthetho. Icala lika-A liyikhombangosime ngokucabanga komthetho wezwe nokubaluleka kokuhlukanisa amandla alungile.

Imithetho Yokuhlanganisa: Ukukhululwa Kwesizwe Nombuso KaHulumeni

Imithetho yokuhlanganisa i-S.B. 1070 ngo-2010, efuna ukumiswa komthetho wombuso wokufuduka phakathi kokuma okungokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus, i-Naturaldia, namandla obukhosi. I-United States iye yazama ukumisa izimiso zayo zokugcinwa kokufuduka, njenge-S.B. 1070 ngo-2010, eyafuna ukumiswa komthetho kahulumeni ukuze ihlole ukuma okungokomthetho phakathi nokumiswa kwezindawo zokufuduka futhi ibeke izijeziso kulezo zindela ezingabhaliwe. INkantolo Ephakeme, e i-Arizonta v. United States[FLT:] (202), yashaya isihluthulelo somthetho ezinkundlekweni zokuhlengwa kwezindawo, iphethe ukuthi ukufuduka kuyinto edinga ukukhathalela kwezweyo yonke imithetho yesizwe nemithetho yesizwe.

Lelicala liqinisa isimiso sokuthi ngisho noma uMkhandlu ungathathanga isinyathelo endaweni ethile, amandla kahulumeni angabe esewukhipha umthetho kahulumeni uma insimu iwuhlobo lwesizwe. INkantolo yaphawula ukuthi uhulumeni ulondoloza isimiso esifanayo sokufuduka esidinga ukuqonda nokuvumelana. Ukuvumela ukuba athole izinhlelo zawo zokuphoqelela ukuphoqelelwa kungalulaza lelo hlelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iNkantolo ishiye ikamelo lokubambisana kwe-soshastism, njengokuhlanganyela kwesimiso sikahulumeni ezimisweni zikahulumeni njengo-E-Vertist. Ngakho i-Immigration ibonakalisa imingcele yombili emandleni ombuso omthetho womthetho womthetho we-mthetho womthetho kanye nezingalinganiyo ezingalinganiyo.

Ukulawulwa Kwezibhamu Nesichibiyelo Sesibili

Umthetho wokulawula izibhamu uye waba yinkundla enkulu yokulwa kwemithetho. Ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ibambelwe i-Diational of Columbia v. Heller (2008) ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuzigcina nokuphatha izindonga zokuzivikela, futhi e McDonald v. Chicago[[[FLT]]] (2010]) ukuthi lelungelo lisebenza ezifundazweni, izigebeqe ezisemazingeni womabili ziye zaphoqelelwa ukuba zigcine imithetho yezelelwa ukuba izikhali ezihlobanayo. INkanto isho ukuthi imvume yokuzishaya umthetho ayibekeli. Inkantolo iye yasho ukuthi [[FLDicenti:] [FLD]V] v.[FLD][FLT][3][3][3] Inzuzo engokomthetho ivumelana kahle, nomthetho omthetho, kodwa inzuzo, ingubodwa, nomthetho, kodwa, kodwa noma inzuzo, inzuzo,

Lemfundiso iye yaholela ekubekeni izinselele emithethweni evimbela izikhali ezithile ezizimele, ukulinganisela amandla omagazini, ukudinga ukugcinwa okulondekile, noma izikhathi zokulinda. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula okuphakathi noma okuqinile kuye ngokuthi unjani umthwalo. Umphumela uwumthetho ohlukene ngokwezimiso, nokucubungula okuqhubekayo kwemingcele yamandla omthetho. Abafunda ukuhlaziya ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwezibhamu kufanele babuze: Ingabe ukuziphatha okunzima komthetho okuvikelwe yiSikhawu seSichibiyeli? Uma kunjalo, ingabe ukulunga kwanele futhi kufanelekile? Lemibuzo ibeka ukugxila embhalweni womthetho kanye nesimiso somthetho kunokukhetha, igcizelela ukuqondisa imingcele edingekayo ekuhloleni imingcele yemithetho.

Isiphetho: Ukucindezeleka Okuqhubekayo Kwamandla Alinganiselwe

Ukuqonda imingcele yamandla omthetho womthetho ngokwendlela engokomthetho kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuba nesizwe esinolwazi nokucabanga okungokomthetho okugunyaziwe. UMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi iSishaya-mthetho amandla avamile amaphoyisa; unikeza iziphathimandla ezicaciwe, ezibalweyo ezibhekene nokwakhiwa, ukwahlulela, nombuso. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuhlelwa kwegunya lemithetho, indima yokuhlolwa kokwahlulela, kanye nesimiso somthetho ukusebenzela ndawonye konke ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu. Lemigoqosho akuzona izithiyo isithiyo ukubusa; ziyizivikelo eziqinisekisa ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho kufanelekile, ukulandisa, ukuphatha, nokuhlonipha imingcele yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Ngokuhlola izindaba zengqokotho yemingcele enjenge Marbury v. Madison, United States v. Lopez, [[FLT:]NFIB] v. Sebelius[[FLT]], [[FLT], [[FLT]], [[FLT]] [[6]]] [[FLT]]] [arizora v. United States, kanye nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngeSiphendulo sesibili, ukufuduka, nokunakekela impilo, abafundi bazuza ukuqonda okusebenzayo kwendlela yomthetho osebenza ngayo ezimpikiswaneni ezikhona. Bafunda ukuthi amandla okuvolo akuyona into ethanda kodwa kumelwe isekelwe embhalwe ngomthetho womthetho womthetho.[FT.][Ft:7] kunye namathuluzi amasuntswokuhlozo amasuntwokuqala amathuluzi amasha, avumelana nje, ngaphandle kokunxusa kwezelelwe, a

Njengoba abafundi behlanganyela kulemiqondo, bayothuthukisa amakhono okucabanga agxekayo nokwazisa okujule kakhulu ngesakhiwo sikahulumeni waseMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo awusona isici semibono efinyelelwe; ungumthetho wemingcele. Utshela isishayamthetho ukuthi singakwazi ukwenzani ngangokunokwenzeka. Lombono ubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi. Ukuhlolwa kwemingcele yemithetho ekugcineni kuyisifundo senkululeko (hhown ischeme, indlela engasongelwa ngayo, nendlela isakhiwo somthetho-mthetho-gesclone esinikeza ngayo isivikelo sawo. Ezweni lokufinyelela uhulumeni okhulayo, ukuqonda lapho imingcele ingakaze ibaluleke kakhulu khona.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, i-Constitution Annoted inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwelungiselelo ngalinye lomthetho-mthetho kanye nencazelo yayo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, ekhona ulwembulo. ugov. Ukuhlaziywa kwezemfundo ye-gunationalism kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungatholakala ngemithombo enjenge-Legin Information Institute [FLT:].Conell. .] Imibono yecala lezwe, kuhlanganise naleyo exoxwergin, itholakala ngewebhusayithi yeNkanto ePhakakhulu ye-ARC [FLT].[FLT]].