Okwenza Ukuqonda Ukuhlelwa Kukahulumeni Kube Yindaba

Izinqumo zansuku zonke ezenziwa izikhulu zomkhandlu wedolobha lakho kuMongameli zithinta indlela ohamba ngayo, izifundo zesikole sengane yakho, nokuphepha komoya owuphefumulayo. Kodwa izakhamuzi eziningi azikwazi ukusho ukuthi zimelelwe uhulumeni wazo noma zichaze umehluko phakathi komthetho wesifunda nomthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi izakhiwo zendawo, isifunda, nohulumeni bakhona, kuhlelwe kanjani − futhi indlela abahlanganisa ngayo isisekelo sokuhlanganyela komphakathi ngolwazi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okubanzi, okusekugcineni kwamazinga amathathu ekilasini, izimpande zawo zomthetho-sisekelo, imithwalo yabo ekhethekile, nezindlela eziwusizo ongazihlanganisa ngazo.

Uyini Uhulumeni?

Ngomqondo olula kakhulu, uhulumeni uyindlela umphakathi noma isizwe esenza ngayo imithetho futhi ibekelwe umthetho futhi inikeza izinkonzo ezihlanganyelwayo abantu abangenakuzivikela kalula, njengokuvikela kwesizwe, imigwaqo yomphakathi, namanzi ahlanzekile. Uhulumeni waseMelika wakhiwe ngesimiso se ubukhosi obuthandwayo[ umqondo wokuthi igunya ekugcineni livela kubantu. Lo mthetho ubonakala kumazwi okuqala e-U.S. uMthetho-Constitution: “Thomagement." kulelo ngalinye likhona ukuze likhonze umphakathi, kodwa izinga nezinkonzo zalo lihlukile ngokuphawulekayo.

Abenzi bamakoloni bakuqala baseMelika babewaqaphile amandla aphakeme, bebonele ukubusa okungalawuleki kombuso waseBrithani okude. Lokhu kungathembeli kwaholela abaqali ukuba baklame isimiso se- federalist [, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe (owesifunda) nohulumeni. Ohulumeni bendawo abaphathwa eMthethweni womthetho kodwa badalwa yimibuso ukuba balawule izindaba zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lendlela eqinile ibalulekile ngoba ichaza ukuthi kungani i-boplet eMain Street iyinkinga yendawo, kanti isivumelwano nesizwe sakwamanye amazwe sisembusweni.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SobuFederalism

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (1787) wamisa uhlelo lobuzwe. ISiphakamiso I sichaza amagunya eSishaya-mthetho, i-Astere III igatsha eliphetheyo, ne-Athigit III ijudiary. 10]th Isichibiyeli [[ [esigunyazwe ngo1791] [esigunyaziwe] [ukuthiwa]) sinikeza isihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bekhona: “Imibuso engaphathiswanga umthetho we-United States, noma enqatshelwe yiwo i-mthetho-mthetho, igcinelwe eUnited States, noma ibekelwe abantu ngokwenani lemisebenzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma iliphi igunya elinganikezwanganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, noma ukukhipha amalayisenselayisensi, noma ukuhambisa amavoti ezifundazweni eziningi. EUnited States, ithumela izifunda zezinsuku eziningi zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezwe, izifunda, izifunda, izifunda, izifunda yezifunda yezwe, kanye nezifunda yezifunda yezifunda ye

I-New Deal, inkathi yamaLungelo ahlangene, kanye nomthetho wezempilo wanamuhla (umz., i-Affordal Care Act) lonke igunya likahulumeni elinwetshiwe. Nokho, uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo basala yilawo athinta ukuphila kwabantu ngokuqondile: akha imigwaqo, aqondisa izikole zomphakathi, alondoloze amapaki, ochwepheshe bezincwadi, futhi asabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zendawo.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Usondelene Kakhulu Nabantu

Izinhlobo Nezakhiwo

Uhulumeni wendawo uyizinga abantu abaningi baseMelika abasebenzelana nalo nsuku zonke, ngisho noma bengaqapheli. Kunohulumeni bendawo abangaba ngu-90 000 e-United States, kuhlanganise nobala, omasipala (amadolobha namadolobha), amalokishi, izigodi ezikhethekile (njengamanzi noma amasifunda omlilo), nezifunda. Isakhiwo sezwe siyahlukahluka ngokwezwe, kodwa iningi lohulumeni balandela enye yezimo ezintathu: i-council (isikhululo noma isifundazwe), i-injini ye-alamu) futhi bobabili bekhonza (i-PLT).[FLT:]

Imithwalo Yemfanelo

Ohulumeni bendawo banakekela izinkonzo ezithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi, ezihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphepha kwe-Public: amaphoyisa nemishini yomlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha, nokugcinwa komthetho wokwakha.
  • Izakhiwo: imigwaqo yendawo, imigwaqo, imizila, izibani zasemgwaqweni, amanzi, izimiso zendle, nokuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu.
  • Imfundo:[ izikole zomphakathi nezisekhi ezivamile zilawulwa amabhodi esikole akhethiwe noma abaphathi besigodi abamisiwe.
  • Izindawo zokuzilibazisa nokuzijabulisa: amapaki omphakathi, izikhungo zomphakathi, imitapo yezincwadi, amadamu okubhukuda, nezinhlangano zemidlalo.
  • Izwe elisetshenziswayo: Izimiso zokulungisa, imvume yokwakha, kanye nokuhlela kunquma ukuthi yini engakhiwa lapho.

Ukuxhasa

Ohulumeni bendawo baphakamisa ngokuyinhloko intela yentela esemthethweni (amantela emhlabeni nasezakhiwoni) kanye nentela [ (iphesenti lokuthengwa kwentengo). Futhi bathola izintela ezidluliswayo zezentengo ezihlangene zezezentengiselwano: iziphakamiso nosizo oluvela kuhulumeni nohulumeni. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baqoqa nentela yezinkonzo ezinjengezinkonzo zamanzi, izimvume, nelayisense. Ngenxa yokuthi intela iyimithombo emikhulu yempahla, izimali zendawo ngokuvamile zibonisa ingcebo yomphakathi.

Izibonelo Zikahulumeni Wendawo Ezisebenzayo

  • Umkhandlu wedolobha uvota ukuze wandise ukuxhaswa kwezimali kwezinhlelo zentsha zangemva kwesikole.
  • Ibhodi lesifunda sesifunda livumela isikhungo esisha sokubuyisela ukungcola.
  • Isifunda sesikole samukela izifundo ezintsha zezibalo ngemva kokuxhumana nomphakathi.
  • Idolobha liqulela icala obala lokuthi kufanele yini kusungulwe izindlu ezintsha.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: UMbusi Ongaphakathi KuMbusi

Isakhiwo

Uhulumeni ngamunye uveza isilinganiso sikahulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu: ukulinganisa (umbusi, ngokuvamile okhethelwe igama elithatha iminyaka emine), ulegisidi[[ [izindawo] (izinendlu yomthetho ye-bitaral", i-senate nendlu yabameleli; i-Nebraska ingenze ngaphandle kwendlu yomthetho yendlu yendlu e-odayisel'e), kanye no-'umthetho wezwe] (a izinkantolo eziphakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi). Imithetho yesizwe ivame kakhulu kune-mthetho yomthetho futhi ihlanganisa amalungiselelo engokwemfundo, intela, nenkampatho, nohulumeni wendawo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenzisa lokho okugcinwe iSichibiyelo seshumi kubo. Izici eziyinhloko zegunya likahulumeni zihlanganisa:

  • Imfundo: Izwe lihlela izilinganiso zezifundo, izimfuneko zothisha, kanye nezindlela zokuxhasa ngezimali ezikoleni zomphakathi. (Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza cishe u-8% we-K-12 ngokwezimali, ikakhulukazi ngesihloko I ne-IDEA.)
  • I-transport:[ iminyango yoMbuso yezokuthutha yakha futhi igcine imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi (umz., isitimela, amabhasi) phakathi kwesifundazwe.
  • Isihe nenhlalakahle:[ Amazwe anikeza iMedicaid (umshuwalense wempilo kahulumeni wezwe ophethe abantu abahlawulwa kancane), umshuwalense wezemisebenzi, nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle yabantwana.
  • Ukuphepha kobuPublic nokugcinwa komthetho: amaphoyisa kaHulumeni (ogada abaphezulu), izikhungo zokuqondisa izigwegwe, kanye nemithetho yomthetho iyahluka ngokwezwe.
  • Ukugunyaza nomthetho: ama-layisense ka-Estance, abameli, abahlengikazi, abagundi, abashubi bezinwele, amanxusa ezindawo, neminye imisebenzi eminingi. Balawula futhi umshuwalense, izinto ezisemthonjeni, nezentengiselwano.
  • Izinketho:[ i- States ilawula “isikhathi, indawo, nendlela” yokhetho lukahulumeni nombuso (obekwa ngokobuphathi bukahulumeni) futhi idwebe izigodi ze-province ne-conoration.

Ukuxhasa

Izwe liqoqa intela ekhokhwayo (izifundazwe eziningi; isishiyagalolunye asinayo intela kahulumeni yeholo), izintela (ngokubanzi 4%-8% kwezimpahla eziningi), kanye nentela ehlukahlukene (umkqoka, uphethilo, utshwala, ugwayi). Futhi bathola intela kahulumeni yezinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid nemigwaqo emikhulu. Ezinye izifunda zomhlaba zinentela zenkampani.

Uhulumeni Kahulumeni Uyasebenza

  • Isishaya - mthetho sikahulumeni sidlulisela umthetho omusha ophakamisa umholo omncane ngaphezu kwephansi likahulumeni.
  • Umbusi umemezela isimo esiphuthumayo ngemva kwesiphepho futhi uthumela i - National Guard.
  • Inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni inquma ukuthi umthetho omusha wokuvota ungokomthetho yini ngaphansi komthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni.
  • Umnyango wezemfundo kahulumeni uhlela izindinganiso ezintsha zokufundisa isayensi yama - computer ezikoleni eziphakeme.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: Igunya Lesizwe

Amagatsha Amathathu Nesimiso Sezokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wakha uhulumeni kahulumeni onegatsha amathathu ahlukene aklanyelwe ukuhlola amandla omunye nomunye. Igatsha elinombuso [Icala] zenza imithetho. UKhongolo luyi-bimeadral: Indlu yabameleli (435 amalungu, ehlukaniselwe inani labantu bombuso, ekhethwe njalo iminyaka emibili) neSigeqe (amalungu ayikhulu, amalungu amabili angombuso, akhethelwe imibandela eyisithupha yeminyaka). Igatsha le-Actives [FLT] liqondiswa yiNkanto engokomthetho [[FLT:] [FL: 3] ihlelwe izinkantolo eziyisishiya icala, ezihambela umthetho, owezimponhlangothini zesifunda. [FF]

Imithwalo Yemfanelo

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unamandla alawulayo ahlelwe eqephini I, isiqephu 8 soMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Isivikelo sesizwe: Isempi, imali yokuzivikela, nezimemezelo zempi zihlangene nohulumeni.
  • Izindaba zamazwe angaphandle nezivumelwano: UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (zigunyazwe iSigele) futhi umelela i-United States phesheya.
  • Ukungena nokubekwa kwemvelo:[[FL:1] umthetho weFederal ongena ezweni, oba isakhamuzi, nesikhundla sabangamathumbu.
  • Izentengiselwano ze-Intertate:[ i-Claus Clause inikeza iziKhomishane amandla okulawula ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe, eziye zachazwa kabanzi ukuze zithinte imisebenzi eminingi yezomnotho.
  • Ukubhalisa nokubhalisa: Uhulumeni uhlanganisa izinhlamvu zemali, ushicilela imali yephepha, futhi ulawula amabhange ngeFederal Reserve.
  • Inkonzo yeposi: Inkonzo yeposi yase-U.S. ihambisa iposi ezweni lonke.
  • Impahla efundeka kahle: amalungelo ombhali namagunya agunyaziwe akhishwa uhulumeni kahulumeni.
  • Amalungelo e-Civil: imithetho ye-Federal efana nomthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 wenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe.

Ukuxhasa

Uhulumeni uqoqa intela yeholo engenisa imali (imithombo emikhulu yemali), intela yokukhokha ( (kuyi-Social Security and Medicare), intela yeholo , [[FLT]] intela [[FLT] i-excomperact [[ (kupetroli, utshwala, ugwayiwe). Ingaboleka futhi imali ngokukhipha izibopho zemali, okuholele esikwele kakhulu. Imali esetshenziswayo i-Foctive ihlukaniswa ihlukaniswa (ikhuselwa ngonyaka phakathi kwe-Prophicence) kanye ne-Medication, i-Medica.

Ukusebenza Kukahulumeni Ozimele

  • ISishaya - mthetho sidlulisela imali yokutshala izimali eziyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu - 1,2 zezigidi zezigidi (R2,2) ukuze kulungiswe imigwaqo, amabhuloho, kanye nokuvinjelwa.
  • UMongameli usayina umyalo oqondisa izinhlangano ukuba zilungise ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
  • INkantolo Ephakeme ishaya umthetho wokukhipha isisu kahulumeni awuvumelani nomthetho kahulumeni.
  • I - Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ihlela ukusabela enhlekeleleni ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu.

Indlela Okungenela Ngayo Izinga Elithathu

Abasebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa. Bahlanganyela amagunya, babambisana ezimisweni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi baxabana. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ubudlelwane bobuhulumeni [. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Imithwalo yemfanelo ehlanganyelweyo:[ Uhulumeni unikeza cishe u-55% wemali yemigwaqo emikhulu, kodwa uhulumeni uklama futhi wakha imigwaqo, futhi ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza imigwaqo eminingi yamadolobha.
  • Izipho ze-Felta: Izimali kanye nemvume yokudlulisela imali kahulumeni ezifundeni nasezindaweni ezinezimo (umz., imfundo kubafundi abakhubazekile).
  • Intethelelo: Uma umthetho kahulumeni noma kazwelonke udlula umthetho ophansi. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yemithetho yezwe elawula amandla enuzi.
  • Amandla akhona: Bobabili ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bangakhokha intela, baboleke imali, bakhe imigwaqo, futhi bamise izinkantolo. Uma bephikisana, iSupremacy Claus (Artle VI) yenza umthetho kahulumeni ube ngaphezulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Phakathi Kwawo Wonke Amaqembu

Isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni sinikeza izindlela ezihlukile zokuhlanganyela:

  • Uvote kunoma yiluphi ukhetho: ukhetho lwendawo (ibhodi yesikole, umkhandlu wedolobha, umphathi wedolobha) ngokuvamile lunethuba eliphansi, okusho ukuthi ivoti yakho eyodwa ithwala ubunzima obungaphezulu. Uhulumeni nohulumeni unquma ukuthi ubani obhala imithetho ethinta umsebenzi wakho, impilo, nomhlalaphansi.
  • Imihlangano yomphakathi ehlangene:[ umkhandlu wedolobha, ikhomishane yesifundazwe, nemihlangano yesikole ivame ukuvulelwa umphakathi. Ukuya kuya kuwe uzwe iziphakamiso, ubuze imibuzo, futhi ubuze iphimbo.
  • Hlanganisa abameleli bakho: Zonke izikhulu ezikhethiwe(kusukela kumakhomishane wedolobha kuya ku-Senator(i-schenator)/izisebenzi. Ucingo olufushane, oluhloniphekayo, noma i-imeyili kungathonya ukuma kwazo engxoxweni ethile.
  • Sekusebenziswa ebhodini noma ekhomishini: Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo banezindawo zokuzithandela (ikhomishane yokuhlela, ibhodi yepaki, ibhodi yezicelo). Lena indlela eqondile yokulungisa.
  • Uhlale wazisiwe: Ufunde imithombo yezindaba enedumela elihle ehlanganisa indawo, isifundazwe, nezombangazwe zezwe. Sebenzisa amawebhusayithi kahulumeni asemthethweni (USA.gov[ kulwazi olusemthethweni, [[FLT:]] i-Aregn.gov[[[FLT]]'sv ukuqinisekisa umthetho kahulumeni).
  • [ Advocate yezindaba:[ Xhumela noma izinhlangano ezisekela inxanxathela yokufuna izimbangela zokukhathalela. Izwe ne-advocace yendawo ngokuvamile kunethonya eliqondile kunemikhankaso yesizwe.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esiklanyelwe Ukuhlanganyela

Amazinga amathathu kahulumeni wase-U.S. (esendaweni, ezwe, nezwe) hlela isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, esincintisanayo esihlanganisa amandla phakathi kwegunya eliphetheyo nezinhlangano zomhlaba. Nakuba uhulumeni uhulumeni usingatha izindaba zezwe nezwe lonke, ohulumeni bakahulumeni banikeza izinhlelo zombuso eziqondene, futhi ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi ezichaza ukuphila kosuku lwezwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kungaphezu komsebenzi wesizwe; kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuhilelekeni okunenjongo ekubuseni kwakho siqu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi olungiselela icebo, uthisha wokuklama isifundo, noma isakhamuzi esizibuzayo ukuthi singaqala kanjani umehluko, ngokufunda ukuthi umelelani ezingeni ngalinye nokuthi wenzani. Izwe lixhomeke kulowo ongawazi nje kuphela ukuthi uhulumeni wakho usebenza kanjani.