Kuyini Ukulahlwa Okungokomthetho?

Igunya lomthetho liyinkolelo eyisisekelo echaza igunya lenkantolo lokuzwa icala, ukubopha izinqumo, nezahlulelo eziphoqelelwayo. Ngaphandle kwegunya elifanele, noma isiphi isinqumo inkantolo esenzayo singabekelwa inselele noma sithathwe njengezeze. Igama ngokwalo livela kwelesiLatini ujuris dictio[, okusho "ukukhuluma umthetho," futhi liye lavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi semithetho ebusa lapho izingxabano ezingokomthetho zixazululwa khona nalapho zixazululwa khona.

I-Juriscion isebenza njengendlela yokugcina amasango esimisweni somthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenzisa amandla kuphela ezindabeni ezigunyaziwe ukuba zisingathe, zivimbela izingxabano phakathi kwezindikimba zokwahlulela ezihlukene nokuvikela amaqembu ukuba zihudulelwe enkantolo engenakho ukuhlobana okungokomthetho necala lawo. Kunoma ubani ohilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho, amandla okuqonda akuyona into ezikhethela i-#812; kuyinkinga yokuqala ummeli ngamunye noma umahluleli okumelwe ayiphendule.

Okwenza Ukumangalela Kube Yindaba Yokuqhubeka Kwezomthetho

Ukumangalela icala enkantolo engalungile kungaba nemiphumela enzima. Uma inkantolo ingenagunya endabeni yendaba noma emabuthweni, kumelwe lilahle icala, iphoqelele umbhishobhi ukuba aqale e-forum elungile. Lokhu kuchitha isikhathi, imali, nengcebo. Okubi nakakhulu, uma umthetho wokulinganiselwa usuphelile lapho icala lihleli enkantolo engalungile, ummangaleli angalahlekelwa yilungelo lokukhokha.

Imibuzo ye-Jurisdia ifeza indima ephambili futhi ekuchazeni. Abavikeli bavame ukubekela inselele ukulawulwa njengendlela yokuqala yokuzivikela, futhi abavikeli bakhetha i-focum yabo ngokucophelela ukuze bazuze inzuzo ye-procedro. Indaba efanayo ingaba nomphumela ohlukile kakhulu kuye ngokuthi izwakala enkantolo kahulumeni noma kazwelonke, noma kwelinye izwe limelene nenye. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukubuswa kwecebo lithathelwe inselele kusukela kulokhu kuphakama kwempikiswano.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zokulahlwa

Ukuqonda uhlobo ngalunye lwecala kubalulekile ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi iyiphi inkantolo engalisingatha icala.

Isinqumo Sakho Siqu

Igunya lomuntu siqu libhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo kubantu ngabanye noma ezinhlangano ezihilelekile ekumangalelweni. Inkantolo ayinakukhipha isahlulelo esibophayo kummangalelwa ngaphandle kokuba inegunya lomuntu lommangalelwa. Lokhu kuvikela abamangalelwa ekuphoqelweni ukuba bazivikele ezindaweni ezikude noma ezingahleleki abangazihlanganisi nazo.

Igunya lomuntu lingamiswa ngezindlela eziningana:

  • I-conect: Ummangalelwa angazithoba ngokuzithandela egunyeni lenkantolo ngokuvela nokuvikela icala ngaphandle kokulahla, noma ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano sesivumelwano. Izivumelwano eziningi zezentengiselwano zihlanganisa izigijimi ze-frame-umphant ezikhomba ukuthi inkantolo izosingatha siphi isixa.
  • Inkantolo esemthethweni noma esemthethweni: inegunya lomuntu siqu kubantu abahlala phakathi kwemingcele yendawo yabo. Izinkampani, lokhu kusho isimo lapho inkampani ihlanganiswa khona noma inendawo yayo eyinhloko yebhizinisi.
  • Abangathintwa abaphansi kakhulu: Ngaphansi kweNkantolo ephawulayo yase-U.S. Icala eliphakeme International Shoe Co. v. Washington [1945], inkantolo ingagunyaza igunya phezu kwe-pat-sigement ummangalelwa uma lowo mmangalelwa enezici ezanele zokuxhumana ne-FUM [FLT] lisho ukuthi icala alingqubanisi imiqondo engokwesiko yokudlala nokulunga-bulungisa obuqinile. Lendingathsisiwe yicala elilandelayo, kuhlanganise [[FLT:] i-ANTICUM. v. iNkantolo enkulu[FLD:] [5] (19]) futhi [FLLT].[7]
  • Izindawo nenkonzo: ngokomzimba ukhonza ummangalelwa onamaphephandaba angokomthetho ngesikhathi ekhona okwesikhashana esifundazweni se-Forum ingamisa imingcele, nakuba lemfundiso inemingcele futhi ingaphansi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukubusa komuntu siqu kuhlukaniswa kakhulu ngokwezimo zombuso kanye no umbuso oqondile[. Ukulawula okujikelele kuvumela inkantolo ukuba yezwe noma ikuphi ukumangalelwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvelaphi, kodwa uma ukuxhumana kommangalelwa nombuso kuqhubekeka kakhulu futhi kuhleleke ngendlela yokuba kubekwe ngayo ekhaya. I-galelo, ngokwehlukene, lilinganiselwe ekutheni inkantolo ivela noma ilandise ukuxhumana nommangalelwa nezwe.

Indaba Emangalelwayo

Indaba elawula indikimba iphathelene negunya lenkantolo lokuzwa uhlobo oluthile lwecala. Ngokungafani negunya lomuntu, elingalahlwa uma iqembu lingase limelane nento ethile, i-customments joverse ingenakuvinjelwa futhi ingaphakanyiswa nganoma iyiphi indawo enkantolo, ngisho nasekudlulisweni. Isahlulelo esikhishwa yinkantolo engenacala.

Izinkantolo eUnited States zihlelwe zaba izimiso ezimbili ezihambisanayo: izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngasinye sinegunya laso lendaba.

Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano zinendawo elinganiselwe yendaba. Zingazwa amacala awela kwenye yezigaba ezimbili:

  • I-Federal Question Jurisdition: Icala elivela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., imithetho kahulumeni, noma izivumelwano. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iziphakamiso ezihilela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezimiso. Umbuzo kahulumeni kumelwe uvele ebusweni besikhalo esiholelwe kahle sika-Pretaff.
  • Icala lobugqila: Icala phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene, noma phakathi kwesakhamuzi sombuso we-U.S. nezwe langaphandle, lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano sidlula khona u-R350 000. Ukuzimela okuhlukahlukene kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu angaphandle kwesifunda akuphazanyiswa ubandlululo lwendawo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zesizwe[, ngokungafani, ziphethe imibandela ebanzi. Zingazwa cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwecala, ngaphandle kokuba umthetho kahulumeni unikeze igunya elikhethekile ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho eUnited States, kuhlanganise nomthetho womkhaya, izingxabano, iziphakamiso, ukulimaza komuntu siqu, izindaba zezindawo, kanye nezigebeqe eziningi zobugebengu.

Expand vs. Connuct Jurisdition: Kwezinye izindawo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni kuphela ezinegunya lokuzwa icala. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume, ukubhalisa, ukubhalisa, nokuquliswa kwamacala kunguhulumeni kuphela. Kwezinye izindawo, zombili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zinegunya lokuzwa uhlobo olufanayo lwecala. Lokhu kwaziwa njengegunya elikhona. Uma i-consimentance, i-paltiff ingakhetha ukuthi inkantolo okumelwe ingene, ifanele i-gahlulele ummangalelwa ukuba asuse icala lenkantolo yezomthetho ezimweni ezithile.

Ukumangalelwa Okuyinqaba

Imingcele yezwe esabekayo ichaza imingcele yezwe lapho inkantolo ingasebenzisa khona igunya layo. Zonke inkantolo zisebenza endaweni ethile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyisifunda, isifunda sokwahlulela, isifunda, noma isizwe sonke. Isifunda senkantolo sezwe silinganisela ukufinyelela kwamandla aso angaphansi, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yaso, kanye nobukhulu bezahlulelo zaso.

Izici eziningana zithonya imingcele yendawo:

  • Izindawo ze-Informdent: Izinkantolo zivame ukulawula izenzakalo ezenzeka ensimini yazo. Uma kwenzeka ingozi yemoto eLos Angeles County, izinkantolo zesifundazwe saseCalifornia kulesosifundazwe zinegunya lombuso mayelana nokumangalelana okubangelwa yile miphumela.
  • [ Ukubekwa kwe-paries: izinkantolo zivame ukulawula abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezihlala phakathi kwensimu yabo. Lokhu kuyisisekelo sokulawula komuntu siqu njengoba kuhlobene ne-domicile.
  • Izilinganiso ezithatha isikhathi eside: Imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho emide enwebisa ukufinyelela kwezindawo zezinkantolo zayo kubamangalelwa abathatha izenzo ezithile kuhulumeni, njengokuqhuba ibhizinisi, ukuphatha itort, noma ukuba nempahla. Lemithetho kumelwe ivumelane nemingcele engokomthetho ebekwe yi-Active Programme ye-Inst Claus ye-IdP.

I-tratoricition isebenza futhi ekulawuleni kwe-rem , lapho inkantolo isebenzisa khona igunya phezu kwempahla esendaweni yayo kunakumuntu. Lokhu kuvamile ezimpikiswaneni ezihilela indawo, lapho igunya lenkantolo lisekelwe khona endaweni yempahla ngokwayo.

Ukulahlwa Kwamacala

Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zamacala, ezithola amaqiniso futhi zisebenzise umthetho kulawo maqiniso, izinkantolo ezichazayo zigxila ekutheni amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini phakathi necala elingathi alithinte umphumela.

Izici eziyinhloko ze-apellate zihlanganisa:

  • Incazelo yempinda: Izinkantolo ze-appelte zivame ukubukeza imibuzo yomthetho de novo (intsha), okusho ukuthi azinikezi nhlonipho eziphethweni ezingokomthetho zenkantolo equlwayo. Nokho, zibukeza okutholakele kwangempela ngaphansi kwendinganiso ebanzi, njenge "iphutha elisobala" ezicaleni zomphakathi noma "ubufakazi obungalawuleki" ekudluliseni iziphakamiso.
  • Ukudlulisa Izicelo: Ukudlulisa isikhalo kumele kusekelwe ephutheni elingokomthetho, njengesiyalo esingelolo ngokomthetho, njengokulaywa noma ukukhishwa kobufakazi okungafanele, ukuchazwa kabi komthetho, noma ukungavumelani kwemiqondo. Ukudluliswa akulona ithuba lokuphinda uchaze icala noma ukunikeza ubufakazi obusha.
  • I-Constiality Claredition: Ezimisweni eziningi, izinkantolo zizwa kuphela izikhalo ezivela ezahlulelweni zokugcina ezilahla zonke izikhangiso nezindawo. Nokho, kunezicelo ezihlukile, ezivumela ukubukezwa kwezimpikiswano ezithile ezibucayi ngaphambi kokuba icala lixazululwe ngokugcwele.
  • I-hearchy of Courts: umbuso ophakanyiswayo usebenza ngaphakathi kwesigaba se-stade. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, izinqumo zezinkantolo zesifunda zidluliswa ezinkantolo zesifunda zezikhalo, futhi izinqumo zezinkantolo zesifunda zingabukezwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme inelungelo lokukhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe atholwe.

Inqubo ye-appellate ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ilungisa amaphutha, iqinisekisa ukuvumelana ekuchazeni umthetho, futhi inikeza isiqondiso ezinkantolo eziphansi nasemphakathini ongokomthetho. Ngaphandle komthetho ogunyaziwe, ukukhula komthetho kungaba okungahleleki nokungaguquguquki.

Ukumangalelwa Komthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Ukumangalelwa kwezwe lonke kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba ayikho inkantolo eyodwa yembulunga yonke enegunya eliphoqelelwe phezu kwazo zonke izizwe nabantu ngabanye.Esikhundleni salokho, ukubusa komthetho wezizwe zonke kulawulwa izimiso zobukhosi, ukuvumelana, nezibopho zesivumelwano.

I-Extritorial Juriscion: Amanye amazwe alawula ukuziphatha okwenzeka ngaphandle kwemingcele yawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States, iye yasebenzisa imithetho yayo elwa nokuthembeka, imithetho yezezimali, nemithetho yokumelana nenkohlakalo ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe nabantu abanezenzo ezinemiphumela engcono kakhulu eUnited States. I-International Divisions Acts (FCPA) iyisibonelo esivelele sombuso weze-oserterritorality, ivumela iziphathimandla zezikhulu zezezomthetho zangaphandle ukuba zimangalele ukufumbathiswa kwezikhulu zezezobugqila eziso ezisongweni zezezwe ezisohlwini lwe-U.S.

Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke: Izivumelwano zingamisa imithetho elawulayo ehlanganisa izizwe ezisayina. I-Hague Conference on Private International Law iye yaveza imihlangano eminingana enikeza iziphakamiso ezilawula imingcele enqamule nezezentengiselwano, kuhlanganise neSivumelwano seNkanto yeNkantolo yeNkantolo neNgqungquthela yeSivumelo. Lezi zinsimbi zihlose ukudala ukubikezela nokunciphisa ingozi yezahlulelo eziphikisanayo ezingqubuzaneni zezizwe zonke.

Izinkantolo zezizwe zonke neTribunals: AmaBhodi anjengeNkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJaji (ICJ), iNkantolo ye-International Criminal (ICCC), kanye nezinkantolo ze-ad hoc ezihlukene zilawula imingcele ethile yengxabano. I-ICJ izwa izimpikiswano phakathi kwezimo ezivumelane negunya layo, kuyilapho i-ICCC imangalela abantu ngabanye ukuqothulwa kohlanga, ubugebengu bempi, ubugebengu obumelene nesintu, nonyathelane. Le zizwe ngezizwe zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo siqu, ngokuvamile eziphikiswa kakhulu yizikhulu.

Izimiso ze-international Juricition: umthetho wezizwe zonke uqaphela izisekelo eziningana zesimiso sombuso, kuhlanganise nesimiso somhlaba (izenzo ezisensimini kazwelonke), isimiso sobuzwe (izenzo zesizwe zikazwe nomaphi lapho kwenzeka khona), isimiso esivikelayo (izenzo ezisongela ukulondeka kukahulumeni), isimiso sobuntu esilula (sisebenza esilimaza isizwe sikahulumeni), nesimiso sendawo yonke (icala elithile elibi kangangokuba noma isiphi isimo singazishaya iso, esinje ukucwasa.)

Izinselele Ezivamile Zokusola

Impikiswano ivame ukuphikiswa, futhi izimfundiso eziningana ezingokomthetho zivumela amaqembu ukuba aphikise igunya lenkantolo ukuze athole icala.

Inkolo yenkolo ehlukile: Lemfundiso ivumela inkantolo ukuba ilahle icala uma enye i-forum ifaneleka kakhulu futhi ilungele kakhulu amaqembu nofakazi. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zomhlaba wonke lapho izenzakalo zenzeka khona kwelinye izwe futhi ubufakazi nofakazi bakhona khona. Izinzuzo zomuntu siqu (ukufinyelela kobufakazi, ukulahlekelwa kofakazi) kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi (isithakazelo sasendaweni yonke ekuxabana, umthwalo owenkantolo).

Ukuvuleka noRemand: Esimisweni sikahulumeni wase-U.S., ummangalelwa angasusa icala enkantolo yombuso aye enkantolo kahulumeni uma inkantolo kahulumeni ibingaba negunya lokuqala kulecala. Ngokuphambene, uma inkantolo kazwelonke ingenagunya, ummangalelwa angahamba abuyele emuva enkantolo yombuso. Lezimiso ze-procedtura zilawulwa ngemithetho futhi zingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile.

I-wariver yeZici ze-Jurisdiction: umbuso womuntu siqu ungalahlwa. Uma ummangalelwa evela enkantolo futhi efaka amafayensi ecala ngaphandle kokunquma, babhekwa njengabavumelana negunya lenkantolo. Isimiso sendaba, nokho, ngeke sivunyelwe futhi siphathwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngisho noma amaqembu evumelana naleyondawo.

I-dict kuJuriscion: Izinhlangano ezithile nabantu abathile abavikelekile ezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe. Ukuvikeleka kobukhosi buvikela amazwe ekumangalelweni ezinkantolo zase-U.S., ngokungefani nangokomsebenzi wezentengiselwano. Isimiso sokuvikela izikhali sivikela abaphathi besizwe nemikhaya yabo ezweni eliphethe umphakathi. Lemijovo ilawulwa umthetho wezizwe zonke nemithetho yasekhaya enjenge-Omperoust Immunies Act (SIA) eUnited States.

Indlela Yokunquma Ukuthi Iyiphi Inkantolo Enecala

Ukunquma inkantolo efanele yecala kudinga ukuhlaziywa ngokuhleleka. Qala ngemibandela elawula indaba: ingabe icala livela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni noma lihlanganisa ukwahlukahluka kwesabelo sesizwe? Uma kunjalo, inkantolo kahulumeni iyatholakala. Uma kungenjalo, inkantolo kahulumeni iyona kuphela engayenza. Amanye amacala angafaneleka kuzo zombili izimiso, anikeze umfekisi i-forum ukhetho.

Uma ummangalelwa ehlala e-forum, igunya lakhe licacile. Uma ummangalelwa ephuma kuhulumeni, hlola ukuthi bangaba nabangane abalinganiselwe ngokwanele ukuba bagunyazwe noma banikwe igunya elithile. Uma kungenjalo, icala alikwazi ukuqhubekela kuleyo nkantolo.

Ekugcineni, cabangela ukulinganiselwa kwendawo. Ingabe ikhona imithetho efuna ukuba icala libekwe esifundeni esithile noma esifundeni esingaphakathi kwesimiso senkantolo? UVenue uhlukile ekulawuleni futhi ukhathazekile ngokuthi ikhona indawo engcono kakhulu yokuqulwa kwecala. Ngisho noma ikhona i-oversition, indawo engafanelekile ingadluliswa noma ixoshwe.

Amathuluzi awusizo anjengewebhusayithi U.S. inikeza ukwaziswa ngemithetho kahulumeni nezindawo. Izimpikiswano zikahulumeni eziqondile, ihlola i-National Center for State Courts [[FLT:] ingenza u-ligigate ukuqonda isimo nobubanzi bezimiso zenkantolo. Attoys ahlola njalo imibuzo ye-liversensity esebenzisa i-[[FLT:]] Légal Information Institute's commotion provial [ njengendawo yokuqala, futhi incike emithethweni enjengemithetho ye-Focracture ye-Publicture edluliselwe ukususwa nokudluliswa.

Ukulahlwa Enkathini Yezibalo

I-Internet iye yadala izinselele ezintsha. Uma ingosi noma inkonzo ye-webhusayithi ye-website ifinyelela abasebenzisi bazo zonke izifundazwe namazwe, kuphi inkantolo engalawula inqubo ngokufanele? Izinkantolo zase-U.S. zisungule indlela yokuthatha ama-website athumela ulwazi nje angamisi i-operal. Amawebhusayithi asebenza nge-internatic lapho abasebenzisi bengathenga khona imikhiqizo noma bengashintshana nokwaziswa uma ummangalelwa elawula imisebenzi yayo esifundazweni se-Forum.

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yakhuluma ngalokhu emacalani anjengethi Walden v. Fiore (2014, eyathi ukuxhumana kommangalelwa ne-fourum state i-#812; akuyona i-pacalyff's jonis ̬ iyindaba ye-projecters's mentation provices. Kuwonke umhlaba wonke, i-European’s General Data Protection Regtion (GDPR) iye yandisa ukufinyelela kwemithetho ye-data ye-EUR ezinkampani ze-EU ezingaphandle kwe-ECOR ezilawulayokuhlela imininingwane ye-EU, idala indlela entsha yokulawula esekelwe endaweni ye-data ye-data yemininingwane.

Le ntuthuko isho ukuthi amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye kumelwe baqaphele kakhulu ukuthi imisebenzi yabo ye-inthanethi ingababeka enqubweni engokomthetho. Ukuhweba nge-ecommerce noma i-'intelligence's' yezenhlala-khona kungadala ukuchayeka kwemingcele ezindaweni eziningi nasemazweni.

Isiphetho

Ukubusa okungokomthetho akuyona nje inqubo ye-octal ̬ isisekelo lapho sonke isimiso somthetho sihlala khona. Inquma ukuthi yisiphi inkantolo esingalalela icala, yimuphi umthetho osebenzayo, nokuthi isiphi isahlulelo siyosetshenziswa. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-butho, kuhlanganise nendaba yomuntu siqu, izihloko, indawo, ne-appellate, kubalulekile kunoma ubani ongase adinge ukuya e-social system, kungaba njengommangalelwa, ummeli, ummeli, noma ingqapheli ethakazelayo.

Imibuzo ye-Jurisdiction iphakama kuzo zonke izingxenye zomthetho, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zomkhaya nasezivumelwaneni zamabhizinisi kuya emalungelweni omphakathi. Njengoba izwe liqhubeka lihlanganiswa futhi intengiselwano yamanani iqhubeka ikhula, imithetho elawulayo izoqhubeka iqala ukuvela. Ukuhlala wazi ngalezinguquko kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo angokomthetho nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubulungisa bulawulwa kahle nangempumelelo elungiselelweni elifanele.