Uyini Umthetho Wesigebengu Futhi Kungani Ubalulekile?

Umthetho wesigebengu wakha umgogodla wanoma yimuphi umphakathi oyaliwe. Uchaza ukuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe, ukubeka izijeziso zokwephula lezo mithetho, futhi udwebe izinqubo okubekwa ngazo abantu abamangalelwa ekwahlulelweni. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, ovame ukusingatha izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu uhilela uhulumeni oqunga umuntu noma isigungu sesenzo esiye sabekwa umthetho njengobugebengu. Imigomo eyinhloko yomthetho wobugebengu ihlanganisa ukuvimbela (ukungalungisiswa kwecala esikhathini esizayo), ukujeziswa (ukukhipha isijeziso), ukubuyisela (ukulungisa izeleka), nokulungisa (ukulungisa izeleka), kanye nokuhlanganisa abantu abayingozi emphakathini). Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kanye nabahleli bezimiso zokulungisa isimiso sokulungisa inqubo yokulungisa izimoto kuhlanganisa ukulingana nelungelo lomphakathi.

Umthetho wesigebengu awumi ndawonye; ushintsha njengoba izindinganiso zomphakathi zishintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, insangu iye yathathwa njengecala noma yavunyelwa ngokomthetho ezindaweni eziningi, ibonakalisa ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo. Okwamanje, ubugebengu obusha obufana nokukhuluma nge-inthanethi kanye nokuthumba amagama entuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuveza ukubaluleka kokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo ezihlala zikhona ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho.

Izimiso Ezinhle Zomthwalo Wemfanelo Wesigebengu

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqulwa kwecala, umshushisi kumelwe aqinisekise izici ezimbili ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo: isenzo sobugebengu necala. Lamagama esiLatini ` actus reus kanye memens rea[[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [i] izisekelo zokwakha icala lobugebengu. Ngaphandle kwakho kokubili, umuntu ngokuvamile akanakubekwa icala lobugebengu, ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe ezifana nobugebengu obuqinile.

Ukwenziwa: Isinyathelo Secala

Actus reus ibhekisela esicini esingokomzimba sobugebengu. Kungaba ukuvuma (ukuvulela impompo), ukwehluleka ukwenza lapho kukhona umsebenzi ongokomthetho (umzali ohlulekayo ukondla umntwana), noma ngisho nokuba nento nje ekhona (ukudla izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni),. Lesisenzo kumelwe sibe sesenziwa ngokuzithandela − ukuvuleka noma ukunyakazisa okuzenzekelayo akwanelisi isenzo sokuzithathela amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, uma othile ehlelwa yisithukuthezi futhi eshaya omunye umuntu ngephutha, ngokunokwenzeka abasenzanga isenzo sokwenza isenzo sokwenza ngenxa yokuthi lenhlangano yayingathandiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imicabango noma amazwi kuphela akuvamile ukwenza isenzo sika-reusus; ukuziphatha kwangaphandle kuyadingeka.

Amadoda Ayaphinda: Ingqondo Yecala

Amadoda aphinde akhathazeke ngesimo sengqondo noma injongo yommangalelwa ngesikhathi sesenzo. Ubugebengu obuningi budinga isilinganiso esithile sokulahlwa, kusukela enjongweni naselwazini kuya ekunganakini nasekunganakini. Umuntu oceba ukubulala omunye ngamabomu unezinga eliphakeme lamadoda kunalowo obulala ngokushayela ngokunganaki. Isimo sengqondo esiqondile esifunekayo siyahlukahluka ngenxa yecala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubulala kokuqala okuvamile kudinga ukuhlelwa kusengaphambili, kuyilapho ukubulala umuntu kungadinga ukunganaki. Lesisimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abanecala ngokokuziphatha kuphela bayajeziswa.

Okwenza Amaphutha Aqinile

Akuwona wonke amacala adinga ubufakazi bamadoda. Icala eliqinile − njengokudlwengula okungokomthetho, ukwephulwa kwemithetho ethile kwezimoto, nokubekwa umthetho kwezephuzo ezithile, / babambe abamangalelwa icala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlose noma bayini. Isizathu siwukuthi lamacala ayingozi enkulu ekulimaleni komphakathi, futhi adinga ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi inhloso iphoqelele ukugcinwa. Nokho, icala eliqinile alivamile futhi lilinganiselwe emacalani angathi alikho kakhulu. Ngisho nalapho, izinkantolo zifuna ukuba ummangalelwa ahileleke okungenani esivumelweni sokuzithandela.

Ukuvikelwa Okuvamile Kwezenzo Zobugebengu

Ummangalelwa angagwema ukuqiniseka ngokuphakamisa isivikelo esiqanjiwe ngokomthetho. Izimpi zivame ukuwela ezingxenyeni ezimbili: ukuthethelela nezaba. Izingxenyana ziphikisa ngokuthi isenzo sasilungile ngaphansi kwezimo (umz., imbala, imbala, imbala imbala, ilula). Izaba ziphikisa ukuthi ummangalelwa akumelwe abekwe icala ngenxa yesimo esithile somuntu siqu (umz., ukusangana, impondo, idakwa). Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu obulala umhlaseli ohlomile ngesiqu esinengqondo ulungile; umuntu ontshontsha ukudla ukuze agweme indlala angase aphakamise isidingo sokuzivikela. Ukuzivikela nokungagobeka kokuzivikela komthetho kuyahluka ngegunya elithile, kodwa kunikeza abashushisi abagxeki abagxekayo.

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

Isimiso sobulungisa asiyona inhlangano ehambisana nobulungisa; sihlanganisa abadlali abaningi abanendima ehlukile.

Abaphoqeleli Bemithetho

Amaphoyisa, abaseshi, namanxusa kahulumeni yibona abaphendula kuqala ebugebengwini. Bahlola umsebenzi osolekayo, baqoqa ubufakazi, baxoxe nofakazi, futhi baboshwe. umsebenzi wabo kumelwe uvumelane nokulinganiselwa komthetho-sisekelo, njengokunqatshelwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeli. Uma ubufakazi butholaka ngokungemthetho, bungavinjelwa ngaphansi komthetho wokuzihlukanisa, okungavimbela ukuqulwa kwecala.

Abamangaleli

Abamangaleli bangabameli abamelela uhulumeni. Banquma ukuthi kufanele babhale phansi izikhalo zomthetho, ukuthi yiziphi izikhalo okufanele bazilethe, nokuthi yini okumelwe bazifake. Amandla abo makhulu; bangathonya icala ngaphambi kokuba lifike emacaleni. Iziqondiso zezesayensi zifuna abashushisi ukuba bafune ubulungisa, hhayi nje ukuba banqobe izinkolelo. Noma kunjalo, ukuqapha kungaholela ekulahleni amacala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Izinhlayiya Zokuzivikela

Abameli bamabutho avikelayo basekela abamangalelwa, bavikela amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo futhi baqinisekisa inqubo elungile. Babekela inselele ubufakazi bamangalelwa, bafaka amaqiniso akhona, futhi baxoxa ngezicelo. Abamangalelwa abangemthetho banelungelo lokuya enkantolo 76 iseluleko esimisiwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesithupha. Ummeli onekhono ubalulekile ukuze alwele imithombo kahulumeni.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli baqondisa ukuqulwa kwenkantolo, bashaya umthetho, bayala abahluleli, futhi bafaka izigwebo ngemva kokuqiniseka. Basebenza njengabamangaleli abangathathi hlangothi, beqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zilandela izinqubo zomthetho ezingokomthetho. Ekuqulweni kwasebhentshini (lapho kungekho bahluleli bahluleli), umahluleli unquma icala noma ubumsulwa. Izinqumo zabahluleli zingathinta ngokuphawulekayo imiphumela, kusukela ezinqumweni ezisobala kuya ezinqunyweni zesigwebo.

IJuries

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala emacalani amaningi obugebengu.Izimemo zale komiti zihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezivamile ezizwa ubufakazi futhi zikhiphe isinqumo. Indima yazo iwukuthola amaqiniso − ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umshushisi uye wazibonakalisa unecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. AmaJuries asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuphamba kukahulumeni; angakhulula ngisho noma umthetho ungase ubonakale ufuna ukukhokhwa, igunya elaziwa ngokuthi lichitha ijaji, nakuba ngokuvamile lingatshelwa ngaleligunya.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Kwesigebengu: Ukusuka Ekucwaningeni Kuya Ekukhangeni

Icala lobugebengu kulesimiso lihlanganisa izigaba eziningi, ngayinye inezinqubo nezivikelo zayo. Nakuba lezi zinqubo zihlukahluka ngokwemithetho, lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo zivamile ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho.

Ukucwaninga Nokuboshwa

Uphenyo luqala lapho abaphathi bemithetho beqaphela ukuthi kungenzeka ubugebengu bukhona. Abaphathi baqoqa ubufakazi obungokomzimba, ofakazi bezingxoxo, kanye nokusola. Uma kungenzeka kuvela inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi umuntu othile obenzile ubugebengu obuboshiwe, kungaqalwa, futhi ngokuvamile ngemvume ekhishwa yijaji. Nokho, izikhulu zingabopha ngaphandle kwemvume uma zibona ubugebengu noma zinezimo ezixegayo. Ngemva kokuboshwa, ukusolwa kuqashelwa ukuba kuqalwe futhi kuthathwe inkantolo yokuqala.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nebhantshi

Phakathi namahora angu-48 okuboshwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli. Umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, ululeka ngamalungelo abo, futhi uhlela izimo zokudedelwa. UBail angabekwa `imali noma ezinye izimo eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa ubuyela esikhathini senkantolo sesikhathi esizayo. ISichibiyelo se-Eighth senqabela ukudlondlo, kodwa abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukuthenga ibheyili bangavalelwa icala. Lesi siteji sibucayi ngoba ukuvalelwa kungacindezelwa abamangalelwa ukuba bamukele izicelo zezicelo.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Nesiqalekiso

Kumacala aqulwayo, ukuqulwa kwecala kwasekuqaleni kuvame ukuthathwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kunesizathu sokuqhubeka. Ukuquliswa kwecala kunikeza ubufakazi, futhi isivikelo singahlangana nofakazi be-presemine. Okanye, ijaji elikhulu lingase likhiphe icala ngemva kokuzwa ubufakazi balowo mshushisi ngasese. Uma kungenzeka kusungulwe imbangela, icala liyaqhubekela phambili ekulungiseni.

Ukubekwa Icala Ne - Plea

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa ufunda amacala ngokusemthethweni futhi acelwe ukuba angene esivivinyweni: unecala, ungabi necala, noma ungabi namncintiswano (unolo imastatere). Icala elikhulu lobugebengu (engaphezu kuka-90%) lipheleliswa ngokucela okunecala, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokunxusa. Isicelo esinecala sikhipha ilungelo lokuqulwa icala futhi siholela ngokuqondile ekugwetshweni. Isicelo esinganecala sibeka icala engosini esibheke ekuqulweni.

Ukutholakala Nezinyathelo Zangaphambi Kokuhlolwa Kwezinkundla

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, bobabili banikezana ubufakazi ngokutholana. Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kuveze ubufakazi obuyingcaca obungasiza ekuvikeleni. Ukuthatha izintambo zezenkantolo kungafuna ukuvimbela ubufakazi, ukulahla amacala, noma ukushintsha indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ummeli angase athathe isinyathelo sokuvimbela ukuvuma izono okuthola ngaphandle kwesixwayiso sikaMiranda. Le mithetho ingaxazulula amacala ngaphandle kokuqulwa noma ukwakheka kobufakazi obuzozwakalayo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma kungafinyelelwanga kusicelo, icala liqhubekela ecaleni. Inkantolo ithwele umthwalo wobufakazi ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuziphendulela akudingeki ukuba kufakazele ubumsulwa; kudinga ukuphakamisa ukungabaza okunengqondo. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zinikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Umahluleli ziyayala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Khona - ke amajaji azenza ngokuyimfihlo futhi aphindisela isinqumo esivumelanayo emacaleni amaningi ezigebengwini. Uma ijaji lingavumelani, ikomiti yokuqulwa ikhile ikhishwe ngephutha, futhi abamangali bangali.

Ukugwetshwa

Uma kulandela isinqumo esinecala, umahluleli uthatha isigwebo. Izici ezicatshangelwayo zihlanganisa uhlobo lobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, ithonya ezisulwini, nanoma yiziphi izimo ezibangela ukulahlwa kwecala. Ukugwetshwa kusuka ekuhlonishweni, ekukhokhelweni, ekuboshweni, nasekubulaweni.

Ukudlulisa Izingcingo Nosizo Lokukhipha I - post

Abalweli abakholelwa ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho athinta icala labo bangadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zigxila ezindabeni ezingokwendabuko noma zomthetho-sisekelo, hhayi emaqinisweni aphindayo. Uma inkantolo ithola iphutha elingalungiseki, ingagumbuqela isiqinisekiso noma ihlele ukuqulwa kwecala elisha. Ngemva kokucela okuqondile okuphelile, abamangalelwa bangase bafune usizo lokuposa, njengezicelo ze-habeas corpus, ukuphula umthetho njengosizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko.

Ukuhlelwa Kobugebengu: Imibono, Amaphutha, Nezenzo Zokwephula Icala

Ubugebengu buvame ukuhlukaniswa ngobukhulu, obunquma isijeziso nendlela yokukhipha isijeziso. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza ekubekeni izimo ezihambisana nanoma isiphi isimo.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, ezijeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka noma ukufa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukuthumba, ukuphanga ngezikhali, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Emazweni amaningi, amasheya ahlukaniswe kakhulu ngamadegree ukubulala ngokubulala. Ukubulala kwamuva kuvame ukuveza imiphumela evunayo, njengokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota, imingcele engokomthetho engokobukhokha, nokuthola umsebenzi.

Amaphutha

Iziphazamiso azizona izono ezinkulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile zijeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele, emahlawulweni, noma ekugwetshweni. Iziphambeko ezivamile zihlanganisa ukweba izinto ezincane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, nokushayela ngaphansi kwethonya (icala lokuqala). Nakuba kungabi kakhulu, ukukholeka okungathandeki kungaphumela emlandweni wobugebengu, kuthinta izindlu namathuba omsebenzi.

Iziphazamiso

Iziphazamiso ziyizephula-mthetho ezincane, ngokuvamile ezijeziswa ngokukhokhwa kodwa zingaboshiwe. Amathikithi omgwaqo, ukungcolisa, nokuhamba ngejay ziyizibonelo ezivamile. Izenzo zokwephula umthetho azibhekwa njengobugebengu ezingxenyeni eziningi, futhi abamangalelwa abanelungelo lokuqulwa icala noma ukunikezwa iseluleko esimisiwe enkantolo. Nokho, amahhohohoho angakhokhelwa kungabhebhetheka kube nemiphumela engathi sína kakhulu.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Ekuqhubekeni Kwesigebengu

UMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States unikeza labo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu iziqondiso eziningi. Lamalungelo aqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akawasebenzisi kabi amandla akhe nokuthi abamangalelwa baphathwe ngendlela efanele.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Ngokuvamile, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ukuthi ibangelwa yikho ngaphambi kokusesha indlu noma ukuthatha impahla. Okuhlukile kuhlanganisa imvume, umbono ocacile, nezimo ezicacile. Ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngokwephula iSichibiyelo Sesine bungakhishwa ngaphansi komthetho wokuzihlukanisa.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Ukungavumelani Nokuphambana Kabili

Isichibiyeli sesihlanu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthula futhi sivikele ekuphoqelweni ukuba ube ufakazi wokuzigxeka. Lesi isisekelo sesixwayiso seMiranda. Sivimbela futhi ingozi ephindwe kabili, ukuzama kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqiniseka.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Leseluleko Necala Elifanele

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokunomphakathi, ikomiti yabahluleli engakhethi, nosizo lweseluleko. Abalweli abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli kumelwe banikezwe elinye. Ilungelo leseluleko lihlanganisa izigaba ezibucayi, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

Lesi lungiselelo siye sasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele izimo zokuvalelwa ejele nemikhuba ethile yokugweba, njengesijeziso sokufa kwentsha noma abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni.

Imithombo yezembuyiselo:[[FT:1] Ukufunda ngokujulile, bheka [ U.S. izinkantolo ezifundisayo emacaleni obugebengu, [[[FLT:]] i-Cornell Information Institute’s shortment shoptic short [, kanye nesiqondiso sokwahlulela komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho .

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esilinganisela isidingo somphakathi sokuhleleka ngokumelene nelungelo lomuntu nenqubo efanelekile. Kusukela ekudlaleni okunomehluko kwe-actus ne-amen ku kuya ezingeni eliyinkimbinkimbi lokumangalelwa kanye nasezingeni eziqinile zomthetho-mthethweni ezinikezwa abamangalelwa, isimiso sibonisa inguquko engokomthetho emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Ukuqonda lezizisekelo eziyisisekelo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngolwazi lwesimiso sobulungisa, kungaba njengabavoti, abagcini bamajaji, noma abasekeli. Nakuba kungekho simiso esiphelele, izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho wobugebengu zisemqoka obalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi onobulungisa nolondekile.