Umkhakha womthetho wobugebengu wakha umgogodla wemithetho eqinile, uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi umise izinqubo zokumangalela labo abephula imithetho yomphakathi. Kubafundi, othisha, nochwepheshe bezomthetho ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi amacala achazwa kanjani futhi amangalelwe kubaluleke kangakanani. Umthetho wesigebengu awuyona nje isisekelo semithetho eqinile; uveza ngezindinganiso zomphakathi, ulinganisa isidingo sokuphepha emphakathini ngesivikelo samalungelo abantu. Lesihloko sandisa imiqondo eyisisekelo yomthetho wobugebengu, kuhlanganise nemithombo yawo, izigaba zawo, izigaba eziyinhloko, inqubo yobulungisa ekhona yokuvikela, nezimiso ezilawula isijeziso nesivikelo somthetho.

Uyini Umthetho Wesigebengu?

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisishaya - mthetho esihlobene nobugebengu. Uchaza ukuziphatha okuvinjelwe yizwe ngoba kusongela ukuphepha komphakathi nenhlala - kahle. Ukuphula umthetho wobugebengu kujeziswa ngokukhokhwa, ukuboshwa, noma kokubili. Ngokungafani nomthetho wezegebengu, oxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, umthetho wobugebengu uhilela uhulumeni (umshushisi) owenzela abantu. Injongo yomthetho wobugebengu akukona ukujezisa iziboshwa kuphela kodwa futhi nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi esikhathini esizayo, ukubuyisa labo abaphule umthetho, futhi unikeza umqondo wobulungisa ezisulwini nasemphakathini.

Umthetho wobugebengu wanamuhla ngokuyinhloko umiswa ngokwemithetho emiswa ama-partime. E-United States, ubugebengu obungokomthetho buchazwa yi-U.S., kuyilapho ubugebengu bamazwe buchazwa ngemithetho yokujezisa kahulumeni. Lemithetho kumelwe ihambisane nezivikelo zomthetho-mthetho, njengokwenqatshelwa kwemithetho yangemva kwe-costeo nemfuneko yenqubo efanelekile. Isimiso esiyisisekelo ubugebengu besono [ (abukho ubugebengu obungenamthetho) obuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banophawu olulungile lwezenzo ezinqatshelwe.

Imithombo Yomthetho Wesigebengu

Ukuqonda lapho umthetho wobugebengu uvela khona kuyasiza ekucaciseni indlela amacala achazwa ngayo.

  • Umthetho we-common: owasungulwa ezinkantolo zesiNgisi, ubugebengu obuvamile bavela ngezinqumo zokwahlulela. Nakuba ama-gasme amaningi ethathe indawo yomthetho ovamile ngemithetho engokomthetho, izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zisathonya ukuchazwa kwezimiso.
  • Umthetho ofundisayo: Namuhla, imithetho eminingi yobugebengu imiswa yizishaya-mthetho. Lemithetho ichaza amacala, izijeziso, nezici. Izimiso zesibonelo, njenge-Penal Code (MPC), inikeza uhlelo oluvamile oluye lwamukelwa amazwe amaningi ephelele noma ingxenye yayo.
  • Umthetho we-Cunistigation: Umthetho womthetho wobugebengu wase-U.S. ubeka imingcele engokomthetho wobugebengu, kuhlanganise nezivikelo ekujezisweni konya nokungajwayelekile (ISichibiyeli Sendawo Ebanzi), ukuphenya nokuquleka okungenangqondo (IsiMithelela seNguquko seThupha), kanye nokuqinisekisa ngenqubo efanele (Izigwegwegwe ze-mpi neshumi nane).
  • Imithetho elawulayo:[ Izinhlangano ezithile eziqondisayo zingakha imithetho ephethe izijeziso zobugebengu, njengokwephulwa kwendawo ezungezile noma umthetho.

Le mithombo isebenzelana ukuze ilolonge ulimi oluqondile lwemithetho yobugebengu, okumelwe icace futhi icace ukuze igweme ukuba yize ngenxa yokungacaci.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zobugebengu

Ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene bunezici ezithile ezibalulekile umshushisi okumelwe azifakazele ngokunengqondo.

  • Actus Reus - Isenzo esingokomzimba noma ukuphucwa okungekho emthethweni. Umuntu akanakujeziswa ngemicabango yedwa. Isenzo kumelwe sibe sokuzithandela (umz., ukuqubuka noma ukuquleka akukufanelekeli). Ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, ukuhluleka ukwenza uma kukhona umsebenzi ongokomthetho (njengomsebenzi womzali wokunakekela umntwana) kungasuthisa i-ectus reus.
  • Izimo zengqondo – Isimo sengqondo noma inhloso. Ubugebengu obuningi budinga isimo sengqondo esinecala, kusukela enjongweni naselwazini kuya ekunganakini nasekunganakini. I-MPC isho izimo zengqondo ngamabomu, ngamabomu, noma ngokunganaki. Ubugebengu obungathandeki, njengokwephulwa kwezimoto, akudingeki ukuba abantu baphinde bathathe isigwebo.
  • Ukuhlanganisa - A ukuhlobana phakathi kwesenzo nokulimala. Izinhlobo ezimbili zikhona: okuyimbangela engokoqobo [ (kodwa ngenxa yembangela) ne imbangela ye-projective [ (imbangela engokomthetho). Ingozi kumele ibe umphumela olindelekile wenkambo yommangalelwa.
  • I-conuverrence - Isenzo nenhloso kumelwe kwenzeke ngesikhathi esifanayo. Uma umuntu ekha izinhloso ngemva kokwenza isenzo, akukho ukuvumelana. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi inhloso ingaqhubeka ngenkambo yokuziphatha.
  • [[QURT:0] - Ubugebengu obuningi budinga ukulimala kwangempela, kodwa amanye amacala (umz., umzamo noma uzungu) ukwenza ukuziphatha okusongela ukulimala.

Lezi zici ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okungafanele kuphela okujeziswayo futhi zivikela abantu ekumangalelweni ngokungenangqondo.

Ukugqashulwa Kobugebengu

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa ngobukhulu ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: amaphutha kanye namaphutha. Amanye ama-ocensi ayawaqaphela amaphutha (noma ukuphulwa). Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kunquma izijeziso ezingase zivele namalungelo e-procededa.

  • Icala elingathi sína: Amacala abekelwe isijeziso sokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, noma ukufa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Izenzo zivame ukuphatha imiphumela yokuvikela, njengokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota noma ukulahlekelwa yizibhamu.
  • Imisdemers:[ Amacala amancane kakhulu, ngokuvamile ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele, ihlawulo, noma isigwebo. Izigebengu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, ne-DUI (icala lokuqala).
  • Iziphambeko:[ Ukuphulwa okuncane, njengamathikithi okupaka noma amajay, ngokuvamile kujeziswa kuphela ngenkokhelo. Aziphumeli embhalweni wobugebengu futhi ngokuvamile azihileli isikhathi sokugqunywa ejele.

Ezinye izifunda-mazwe ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezibuswa amajaji kanye namaphutha ezigabani (umz., Isigaba A, B, C) ukumisa izigaba zokugweba. Ukubekwa kwecala kuthinta futhi ukuthi ummangalelwa unelungelo yini lokuqulwa kwecala (ngokusho ukuthi icala liyicala elithatha izinyanga eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu).

Izimiso Zokuvumelana Nezigebengu

Ngaphandle kwezici eziyisisekelo, izimfundiso eziningana zidlulisela noma zilinganisele izikweletu.

Ubugebengu Obungalawuleki

Amacala angenaphutha ahlanganisa izinyathelo zokukhohlakala, ezihlanganisa ukuzama, uzungu, nokucela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthenga izinto zokwakha ibhomu kungase kufane nokuzama ngisho noma icebo lingafezwanga. Lobu bugebengu buvumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kungenele ngaphambi kokuba kuvele umonakalo.

Izingxenye Zobugebengu

Abantu abasiza noma abakhuthaza ubugebengu bangabhekwa njengabasizi abakanye nabo noma izinsiza-mfakela. Usizo noma ukukhuthaza uthisha-nhloko ngenhloso yokuba ubugebengu buthathwe. Isexwayiso ngemva kweqiniso sisiza owonile ukuba agweme ukuboshwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Ukukhohliswa kwababambisi kulingana kakhulu nokathishanhloko.

Ukuqashelwa Kwecala

Izinhlangano zingabekwa icala lobugebengu ngezenzo zezisebenzi zazo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwesikhundla somsebenzi ngenjongo yokuzuzisa inhlangano. Lokhu kuvame ngokukhethekile emacalani okuqondisa anjengokukhwabanisa noma ukuphulwa kwendawo ezungezile.

Inqubo Yobulungisa Yesigebengu

Uhambo lokusuka ekuhloleni kuya ekuqinisekeni luhilela izigaba eziningi, ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo nokuqinisekisa ukuqulwa ngokufanelekile.

UKUFUNDWA

ISichibiyelo Sesine sidinga isizathu sokuphenyiswa nokuboshwa, ngaphandle kwezimo noma imvume. Ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho bungavinjelwa ngaphansi komthetho oweqayo.

Ukuboshwa

Ngokuvamile, kudingeka imvume yokubopha umuntu osolwayo ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka sibangelwa ukuboshwa ekhaya, kodwa izikhulu zingaboshwa ngaphandle kwemvume yecala lomphakathi olenziwe lapho zikhona noma okungenzeka libangele ukuqubuka.

Ukuhlasela Nokubukeka Kokuqala

Uma ummangalelwa emangalelwa uvela phambi kwejaji ukuze kuqulwe ibheyili namalungelo. Ecaleni lokuqulwa kwecala, ijaji elikhulu lingase likhiphe icala.

Ukuqashelwa Nokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izenzo zamacala zingabubekela inselele ubufakazi, ukucela ukuxoshwa, noma ukuxoshwa. Izicelo zokuxoxisana zinikeza izinqumo eziningi zecala lobugebengu, zinikeza isigwebo esiphendulwe ukuze kudluliswe isikhalazo esinecala.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala liqhubeka, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi unecala ngokunengqondo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa icala, ukuxoxa nofakazi, ukuthula, nokuba nommeli. zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano; abahluleli bakhipha isinqumo ngamabomu bese bebuyisela isinqumo.

Ukugwetshwa

Ngemva kwecala, umahluleli ubeka isigwebo esisekelwe eziqondisweni zomthetho, ubuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, kanye nezici zobugebengu noma zokudlulisa izigwebo. Izigwebo zingahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa, ihlawulo, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ukuhlawuliswa.

Ukukhanga

Abalweli bangase badlulisele icala noma izigwebo ngezizathu ezingokomthetho, njengamaphutha enqubo yokuqulwa kwecala noma ephulweni lomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Emthetho Wesigebengu

Abalweli bangaphakamisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela ukuphikisa icala lomshushisi. Lezi zikhungo zingaphika isici sobugebengu noma zinikeze izaba.

  • Intevisiso yolwembu lwezengqondo: ithi ummangalelwa akanawo amandla anele okwazisa ukulahleka kwesenzo noma ukuvumelana nokuziphatha komthetho ngenxa yesifo sengqondo noma ukukhubazeka. Izindinganiso ziyahlukahluka ngokobungako (umzk., umthetho we-M'Naghten, ukuhlolwa kwe-MPC).
  • -I-Defense: isho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla anengqondo ukuze uzivikele ekulimaleni okuseduze. Ummangalelwa kufanele akholelwe ukuthi amandla adingekile futhi akanakusebenzisa amandla eqile." Yima umhlabathi wakho" imithetho yandisa lelilungelo kwezinye izindawo.
  • Alibi:[ Ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wayekwezinye izindawo lapho ubugebengu buyenzeka, okwenza kube nzima ukwenza isenzo. Lokhu kulahla ngokuqondile i-ectus reus.
  • Intethe: i-octurs lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kubangela umuntu ukuba enze ubugebengu abengeke balwenze. Akulona isivikelo uma ummangalelwa ebengakulungele ukwenza lobu bugebengu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ngezikhathi eziphakathi: uthethelela ukuziphatha kobugebengu lapho ummangalelwa ephoqelelwa ngokusongela ngokufa okuseduze noma ukulimala okukhulu komzimba.
  • [ Isidingo: ihlanganisa isenzo esigwema ingozi enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugqekeza endlini encane ukuze uphume ebhodweni kungabhekwa njengokudingekile.
  • Iphuzu leqiniso: Uma iphutha eliqotho lilahla amadoda adingekayo ama-rea (umz., ukuthatha isambulela somunye sicabanga ukuthi ngesenu), kungaba yisivikelo. Ukudukiswa komthetho akuvamile ukuba yisivikelo ngaphandle kokuba umthetho udinga ulwazi oluqondile ngomthetho.
  • I-ISCIIT: Ukudakwa ngokuzenzekelayo kungaba yisivikelo esiphelele; ukudakwa ngokuzithandela kunganciphisa inhloso ethile kodwa ngokuvamile akulona isivikelo sobugebengu obuhloselwe.

Isivikelo ngasinye sinezimfuneko eziqondile nemithwalo enikeza ubufakazi — ngezinye izikhathi ummangalelwa unomthwalo wokukhiqiza noma wokuthonya, kuyilapho umshushisi kumelwe aphikise isivikelo ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Ekuqhubekeni Kwesigebengu

UMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States unikeza abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu isivikelo esibalulekile, uqinisekisa ukuthi kuzoba nenqubo elungile.

  • [[NTL:0] Isichibiyeli seNguqulo sesithathu: sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphula umthetho bungakhishwa. Abanqophisi kumelwe basekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ngesizathu futhi bachaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe kuyo.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: siqinisekisa ilungelo kumajaji amakhulu (izinga lomphakathi), isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili, elungeni elimelene nokuzilahla, nasenqubweni efanele. Izixwayiso ezidumile zeMiranda zisuka kulokhu kulungisa.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xtixth: Inikeza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo, ijaji elingakhethi, ukubhekana nofakazi, ukuphoqelela ofakazi, nokuthola usizo lweseluleko. Ilungelo lokweluleka lihlanganisa izigaba ezibucayi, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwecala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli se-eghth dometer:[ ifaka ibheyili ephakeme, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. Lokhu kulinganisela ubungako bemisho nezimo zokuvalelwa.
  • Isichibiyeli se-Foreth: sinwetshwa inqubo efanele nesivikelo esifanayo kumthetho, sisebenzise izivikelo zezincwadi zamalungelo esizwe eziningi ngokufakwa.

Lezisivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlolwa nokuthi abamangalelwa bathola ubulungisa obuyisisekelo ngokuphenya ngokudlulisa icala.

Izenzo Zesijeziso

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani umphakathi ujezisa izaphula - mthetho kuwumgogodla womthetho wobugebengu.

  • Isijeziso sifanelekile njengogwadule olungokokuziphatha, "abahluli" bafanelwe ukubhekana nomonakalo abawubangelayo. Lenkolelo yokubuka emuva igxile ezingwadule.
  • Isijeziso sihlose ukunqanda ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo. Jikelele iziphetho zomphakathi; [ izisulu zokwenqabela [ eziqondile] zibhekene nomenzi wobubi ngamunye. Isigwebo esinzima sihloselwe ukwenza ubugebengu bungakhange kakhulu.
  • Ipacapaction: Ukususa izaphulamthetho emphakathini (umz., ukuboshwa) kuzivimbela ekwenzeni amacala aqhubekayo. Isigwebo eside sezaphula-mthetho eziyingozi sibonisa lenkolelo-lwazi.
  • [ Ukulungisa: Isijeziso kufanele siguqule owonile ngemfundo, ukwelapha, noma ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi. Umgomo ukuphinde ubabuyisele njengezakhamuzi ezivimbela umthetho. Ukubuyiselwa kubone ukubuya kwezinguquko zanamuhla ezigwetshwayo.

Izimiso eziningi zokwahlulela zobugebengu zihlanganisa lemibono, nakuba ukugcizelela kwayo kuhlukahluka ezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isiphetho

Izisekelo zomthetho wobugebengu zakhiwe ezincazelweni ezicacile zokuziphatha okunqatshelwe, ubufakazi obuqinile bezakhi, kanye nenqubo ehlelwe kahle ethinta amalungelo abantu ngesikhathi kuphishekelwa ubulungisa. Kusukela emithonjeni yomthetho nokubekwa imingcele yobugebengu kuya ekuvikelweni kwezivikelo zomthetho, zonke izingxenye zinendima ebucayi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu ungumfundi, umfundisi, noma uchwepheshe, ukuqonda ngokujulile kwalezizimiso kuyimfuneko ekuqhubeni isimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu. Njengoba nomthetho wobugebengu uveza, kanjalo nomthetho wobugebengu, uyaqhubeka ulinganisela izidingo zokuphepha komphakathi, ukulunga, nesithunzi sobuntu.

Ukuze ufunde, hlola [[QULT: 0] i-Cornell Legin Information ye-apply Istitut yomthetho wobugebengu, Isabelo soMahluleli 101[, ne-[FLT]Melikan Bar's Criminal Justice candelo.