Umthetho wesigebengu wakha indlela yokusabela komphakathi ekuziphatheni okunqatshelwe. Uchaza ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokulimazayo ekuhlelekeni komphakathi futhi ugunyaza izijeziso zokwephulwa. Kubafundi nochwepheshe bomthetho ngokufanayo, uqonde izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho wobugebengu , uthathela ekuhlelweni kwamacala abekwa amacala − kubalulekile. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi komthetho wobugebengu, ukuhlanganisa uhlobo lobugebengu, inqubo ekhohlakalayo, izigaba zomthetho, kanye neziphetho ezivamile.

Uyini Umthetho Wesigebengu?

Umthetho wesigebengu uyindikimba yemithetho, imithetho, nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile ezichaza izono ezimelene nombuso noma umphakathi. Ngokungafani nomthetho womphakathi, oxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu uhlanganisa ukumangalelwa yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Izinjongo zawo eziyinhloko ukuvimbela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni, izaphula-mthetho ezilungisayo, nokunikeza ukwahlulela okusemthethweni. Izimiso zomthetho zincike kokubili imithetho yombuso nowombuso; ngokwesibonelo, i-Cornell Legial Information Institute zinikeza ukucacingisiswa okuphelele kwale mithombo. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa ukubekwa kobumsulwa, umthwalo wobufakazi ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, nelungelo lokuqulwa.

Izinhlobo Zobugebengu

Ubugebengu buvame ukuhlukaniswa ngobukhulu, kodwa futhi imingcele ihlukanisa uhlobo lwengozi ebangelwa yikona, isimo sengqondo sowoni, kanye nesisulu esihilelekile. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kubalulekile ekuhloleni izijeziso ezingase zithathwe kanye nezimfuneko zokuzihlela.

Ukuhlelwa Yizinto Ezingekho

  • Icala elingathi sína: Amacala amakhulu ajeziswa ngokuboshwa unyaka owodwa noma, kwezinye izifunda, ukufa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuphanga ngezikhali, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. I-Feroniess ivame ukuphatha imiphumela evunayo njengokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota noma ilayisensi.
  • I-Misdemers: Amacala amakhulu angewona abalulekile avame ukuphumela emajele esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka, amafa, isigwebo, noma inkonzo yomphakathi. Amaphutha avamile ahlanganisa ukwebiwa okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahleleki, kanye nezikhathi zokuqala ze-DUI.
  • Izenzo zokweqa:[ Ukuphuka okuncane, ngokuvamile okungathathwa "ubugebengu" ngomqondo ongokwesiko, ukujeziswa ngenkokhelo noma izijeziso zomphakathi. Amathikithi asheshayo, i-jaying, ne-athom ziyizibonelo ezivamile. Iziphazamiso azivamile ukuhilela isikhathi sokuboshwa futhi azenzeli rekhodi lobugebengu ezifundeni eziningi.

Ukuhlelwa Izindaba Eziyingozi

  • Ubugebengu kubantu: izenzo ezilimaza omunye umuntu ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo, njengokubulalana, ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuthumba, namacala obulili.
  • Ubugebengu obumelene nempahla: amacala ahilela ukuthatha noma ukulimaza impahla yomunye ngaphandle kwemvume, njengesela, ukugqekeza, ukuphanga (nakuba uphangi uhilela ukuphoqelela umuntu), ukucekela phansi, nokukhwaba.
  • Icala elimelene nomthetho womphakathi:[ Ukuziphatha okuphazamisa ukuthula noma okusongela ukuphepha komphakathi, kuhlanganise ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, udlame, ukuhlangana okungekho emthethweni, nokuvilaphayo.
  • Amacala ezidakamizwa:[ ukuphula okuhlobene nokulawulwa kwezinto, kuhlanganise nokuba nezinto, ukusakaza, ukwakha, nokuhweba. Icala lomthetho lihluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni kanye nobuningi bezidakamizwa.
  • Ubugebengu obumhlophe-langa:[ Amacala angenabudlova enzelwa inzuzo engokwezimali, njengokuhweba, ukufumbathisa, ukwebiwa kwemininingwane, nokuthumba imali.

Ukuqonda Iziphakamiso Zesigebengu

Ukumangalelwa ngecala kubangelwa umshushisi, esho ukuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu obuthile.

Izici Zobugebengu

Ubugebengu obuningi bunezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: ctus reus (isenzo sobugebengu) kanye izimensi ziphinde zibuye [ (ingqondo enecala). Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kufakazele kokubili ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, ngaphandle kokuba ubugebengu buyinto eyingozi kakhulu (lapho kungekho simo sengqondo esifunekayo, njengasemthethweni wokudlwengula noma emacaleni athile).

  • Actus reus: Isenzo sokuzithandela (noma ngezinye izikhathi ukushiyeka lapho kunesibopho esingokomthetho sokuthatha isinyathelo) esibangela ukulimala okunqatshelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudonsa imvunulo i-actus yokudubula othile.
  • Izimo zengqondo ziphinde zibuye: Isimo sengqondo ngesikhathi sesenzo. Amazinga avamile ahlanganisa injongo (ofuna ukubangela ukulimala), ulwazi (ukwazi imiphumela), ukunganaki (ukungazinaki ngengozi enkulu), kanye nokunganaki (ukuhluleka ukubona ingozi enkulu).
  • [ Ikhomu: Isimo sengqondo kumelwe siqondane nesenzo. Uma umuntu ngengozi ebangela ukufa kuyilapho ehlose ukuhlasela okuncane, ubugebengu bungancitshiswa.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Isenzo kumelwe sibe imbangela engokoqobo neyimfihlo yokulimala. Ngokwesibonelo, inxeba lokuhlaba eliholela ekungenweni yisifo nokufa kumelwe lihlotshaniswe ngokuqondile nesenzo sommangalelwa.

Iziphakamiso Zesigebengu Ezivamile

  • Ukuthatha nokuthatha impahla yomunye umuntu ngokunhloso yokuyiphuca unomphela. Ezizweni eziningi, inani lempahla linquma ukuthi isambatho siyiphutha noma yisifebe.
  • Ukuhlasela neBhetri: kuhilela umzamo noma usongo lokuthintana okulimazayo; ibhetri lihlanganisa ukuthintana ngokoqobo. Izimiso eziningi zihlangene ngaphansi "assault" noma ukuhlukanisa. Izici ezihlukanisayo (zisetshenziswa isikhali, ukulimala okukhulu) ziphakamisa icala.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukubulala umuntu ngenye. Amaqondo ayahlukahluka: ukubulala kokuqala (ohlelwe kusengaphambili nokwenza ngamabomu), ukubulala kwesibili (ngenhloso kodwa hhayi ngokuhlelwa), ukubulala ngokuzithandela (ukubulala ngenkani), nokubulala ngokuthanda ukuthatheka.
  • I-Fogromeffes: IFAC (ngokwazi ukuthi inento elawulwayo), ihlose ukwaba, ukushushumbisa, nokukhiqiza. Izijeziso zamaFederal zivame ukuba zimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezilinganayo.
  • Fraud: Ukukhohlisa ngenhloso ukuze kuzuze yena, kumboze izinhlobo eziningi njengokukhwabanisa ngocingo, ukukhwabanisa ngeposi, ukukhwabanisa kwezangaphandle, nokukhwabanisa kwezempilo. Abashushisi bavame ukusebenzisa izikhalo zozungu ukuze babophe abamangalelwa abaningi ndawonye.
  • [[FLT: 0] Bruglary: ukungena ngokungemthetho entweni ngenhloso yokwenza ubugebengu ngaphakathi (ngokuvamile ukweba). Amazwe amaningi aye andisa incazelo ukuze ihlanganise noma isiphi isakhiwo, imoto, noma isakhiwo.

Inqubo Engokomthetho: Ukuyeka Ukuboshwa Kuya Ekudluliseleni Amacala

Inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu ilandela ukulandelana okuhlelwe kahle kwezigaba ezihlukene, iminikelo ngayinye yesivikelo esingokwesiko salowo obekwe icala. Nakuba izinqubo zikahulumeni zihlukahluka, isilinganiso sikahulumeni esinikezwa U.S.U.S. uMnyango woMahluleli [ ufanekisela izinyathelo eziyinhloko.

Ukuboshwa Nokubhalisa

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho uthatha umuntu ukuba afakwe ejele ngenxa yesizathu esingenzeka − okuyinkolelo enengqondo yokuthi umuntu uye waphangwa futhi waboshwa. Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli ubhaliwe: ukwaziswa komuntu siqu kuqoshwa, iminwe nemidwebo kuthathwa, futhi lowomuntu ubanjwe kuze kube yilapho kuvela okokuqala.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nebhantshi

Phakathi nesikhathi esifushane (ngokuvamile amahora angu - 48 kuya ku - 72), ummangalelwa uyavela phambi komahluleli. Umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, uqinisekisa ukuthi bayawaqonda amalungelo abo, futhi unquma ukuthi angakhulula yini ummangalelwa ngebheyili noma ngebheyili. Izingozi ezinkulu noma ngendiza zingaphumela ekuboshweni ngaphandle kwebheyili.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Noma Impicabadala Ephakeme

Kumacala anecala, umshushisi kumelwe amise isizathu okungenzeka ukuba aqhubeke. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokuqulwa kwecala lokuqala (lapho umahluleli ezwa khona ubufakazi) noma ngokumangalela okukhulu kwabahluleli. Ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezihlola icala lomshushisi futhi ezinquma ukuthi kufanele liyikhiphe yini icala. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga amajaji amakhulu enkantolo kahulumeni.

Icala

Enkantolo, ummangalelwa ufunda amacala ngokusemthethweni futhi acelwe ukuba angene ekuncengeni: enecala, engenacala, engenamncintiswano (nolo tapere), noma, kwezinye izindawo, engabi necala ngenxa yokusangana. "engenacala" ukunxusa kuholela phambili.

Ukuhamba Nokuthola Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekutholeni − ubufakazi obungatholakali, izinhlu zobufakazi, nezinye izinto. Izeluleko zokhuselo zingahlela ukuthatha izinyathelo zangaphambi kokuhlola ukuze zicindezele ubufakazi obufunyenwe ngokungemthetho (umzk., ngokwephula ukufunwa kweSichibiyelo sesine nokuvikelwa yizikhundla), ukuze zilahle amacala ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele, noma ukushintsha indawo. Le misebenzi ingabumba lonke icala futhi ngezinye izikhathi iholele ekuxoshweni noma ekudluliseleni izingxoxo.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Iningi lamacala obugebengu (angaphezu kuka-90%) lixazululwa ngokufaka isikhalazo lapho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalela icala, ngokuvamile ngokumangalela okuncane noma ngokutusa, ngokulahla amacala amakhulu. UPlea ufaka imali egciniwe enkantolo kodwa ufuna ummangalelwa ukuba aphuce ilungelo lokuquliswa. Iprojekthi ye-Innocence iqokomisa ukukhathazeka ngabamangalelwa abangenacala abavumayo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma kungekho kunxusa okufinyelelwayo, icala liyaqhubeka liqulwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa icala (ongalahliwe) nosizo lweseluleko. Ukushushisa kunikeza ofakazi nobufakazi, kulandelwe yisivikelo. Umahluleli uyala abahluleli emthethweni, futhi abahluleli ngamabomu ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo (ezimweni eziningi). Uma isinqumo sithi "anecala," ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi ngokuvamile akanakubuyiselwa (ingozi ephindwe kabili). Isinqumo esinecala siholela ekugwetshweni.

Ukugwetshwa

Isigwebo singaqala ngokushesha ngemva kwesinqumo noma ngemva kwesinqumo esihlukene. Umahluleli ucabangela iziqondiso zemithetho, ukuhlanganisa nokukhipha izici, umlando wobugebengu, kanye nezinkulumo ezithinta izisulu. Isigwebo singahlanganisa ukuboshwa, amahlawuli, ukubuyiselwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma isijeziso sentambo yegazi (kwezinye izizwe). Iziqondiso zokugweba, kuyilapho i-Federal inikeza iziphakamiso ngemva kwe-United States v. Booker , ithonya elinamandla. ISiphendumiso se-Height Reformation somthetho sivimbela unya nesijeziso esingavamile.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Ummangalelwa oboshiwe angase adlulisele isinqumo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme, aphikise ngamaphutha angokomthetho (isimo, iziyalezo ezingafanele, ubufakazi obungaqondakali, usizo lweseluleko olungaphumeleli). Lenqubo yokudlulisa izicelo ayiwahloli amaqiniso kodwa ibukeza umlando wokuqulwa kwamaphutha. Uma lesi sikhalo sehluleka, abamangalelwa bangase bafune ukukhululeka enkantolo kahulumeni, baphikise ukuvalelwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Emthetho Wesigebengu

Abalweli banelungelo lokuveza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ezilahla icala noma ukunciphisa icala. Izimpi ziwela ezigabani eziningana: lezo ezihlasela icala lomshushisi (ukuhluleka ukufakazela isici) nokuvuma isivikelo, lapho ummangalelwa evuma khona isenzo kodwa enikeza izaba noma izaba.

Ukwehluleka kokufakazela izivikelo

Impicabadala ingase iphikise ngokuthi umshushisi akawuhlangabezananga umthwalo wakhe wokuveza zonke izici ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzivikela kungabonisa ummangalelwa ukuthi wayengenazo izitho ezidingekayo izimentshisi [ [umz., benza ngaphandle kwenhloso) noma bachazwa kabi njengabaphangi.

Ukuzivikela Okuqinile

  • Ukuziphakamisa:[ Usebenzisa amandla anengqondo ukuze uzivikele ekulimaleni okuseduze. Izindawo eziningi zidinga ukusabela okulinganayo kanye nomsebenzi wokuhoxa (ngaphandle "kungathi kumele" inhlabathi yakho" izisho).
  • I-'[FLT' of Other's neyabanye'impahla: ifana no-eye-effene, kodwa isetshenziswa lapho ivikela ingxenye yesithathu noma indlu yomuntu. Amandla abulalayo awavamile ukuthethelelwa ukuvikela impahla yedwa.
  • Ukungalungi: Ukuthola okungokomthetho ukuthi, ngesikhathi sobugebengu, ummangalelwa wahlushwa isifo esibi sengqondo esamvimbela ukuba aqonde isimo sesenzo sakhe noma ukwazi ukuthi sasingalungile. Umthetho .M'Naghten [ nokuhlolwa kwemithetho ye-Model Codel kuyahluka ngokwezwe. Ukunxusa okuphumelelayo kobuhlanya akuvamile futhi ngokuvamile kuphumela ekubopheni isibopho senhlangano yengqondo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izimo eziphakathi:[ Inkokhelo noma usongo lokufa okusheshayo noma ukulimala okukhulu komzimba kuphoqelele ummangalelwa ukuba enze ubugebengu. I-Duress ayilona isivikelo sokubulala.
  • Isidingo: [ Ummangalelwa wathatha isinyathelo sokuvimbela ingozi enkulu, njengokuphula ifasitela lemoto ukuze ahlenge umntwana oshiywe emotweni eshisayo. Ukulimala okungagwenywa kumelwe kudlule umonakalo obangelwa isenzo sobugebengu.
  • Intethe:[ uhulumeni wanxenxa ummangalelwa ukuba enze icala ayengeke athambekele kulo ukulenza. Isivikelo sigxila ekuziphatheni kukahulumeni, hhayi esimweni sengqondo sommangalelwa.
  • Uvumelo: Emacalani athile (umzk., ukuhlasela noma ukweba ngokukhohlisa), imvume yokuzithandela yesisulu ingasusa isici esithile. Ukuvuma akuyona isivikelo ekulimaleni okungathi sína emzimbeni noma ekubulaleni.

Umthetho - sisekelo Nezimpi - sisekelo

Abalweli bangaphikisa futhi ukufaneleka kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Izivikelo ezivamile zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukusesha nokuthatheka: Ubufakazi obutholakele ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso noma ngokunokwenzeka obungabangela bungakhishwa ngaphansi komthetho wokususa isiGijimi sesine (imfundiso ye-]] Mapp v.Ohio).
  • [ Ukukhishwa kwamalungelo eMiranda: Uma umsoli wejaji engatshelwa ngelungelo labo lokuthula kanye neseluleko, izinkulumo ezenziwa phakathi nokuphenywa zingacishwa.
  • Ingozi engakabili: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu senqabela umuntu ukumangalela icala elifanayo kabili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqiniseka.
  • Ukuhlolwa kwejubane:[ ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kokulibala okungafanele; ukuphulwa kungaphumela ekuxoshweni.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuqalwa kahle, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza abamangalelwa bezelele izivikelo eziningana. Lamalungelo asekelwe emthethweni wobugebengu waseMelika futhi athonya kakhulu izinqubo zamaphoyisa nemithetho yenkantolo. Amalungelo abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo lokuthula nokungaphoqeleli ukuziphindiselela (ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu).
  • Ilungelo leseluleko (ISichibiyelo Sesithupha), kuhlanganise neseluleko esimisiwe kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli.
  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokunomphakathi linikezwa ikomiti yabahluleli engakhethi (ISichibiyelo Sesithupha).
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi ababhekene ne - arros examine (ISichibiyelo Sesithupha).
  • Ilungelo lokungaphenyi ngokungenangqondo nokuquleka (ISichibiyelo Sesine).
  • Ilungelo lenqubo efanele yomthetho (Izichibiyelo Zesihlanu Nezamashumi Amane).

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesigebengu uwumkhakha onamandla noyinkimbinkimbi olinganisela isidingo somphakathi sokuhleleka ngesivikelo samalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Ngokuqonda indlela ubugebengu obuhlelwe ngayo kanye nezici zecala ezilawula izigaba zomthetho nokusebenzisa izisekelo, ukuqonda okuqinile zalezi zizathu kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofunda noma osebenza phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi olungiselela umsebenzi noma isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho, ukwazi lezizisekelo eziyisisekelo zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokutadisha ngokujulile. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, i-Cornell Information Information yomthetho yomthetho ne-Barnonnon'S Language Comment CalGenetic Language [FLD] Comment=FLPFFFFF:]