I - Ordinance yaseNyakatho - ntshonalanga ka - 1787: I - Foundational Blueprint Yentuthuko Yomthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uvame ukudunyiswa njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, enye incwadi ewuphawu yadlula emasontweni ambalwa nje ngaphambi kokuba i-Constitution of Convention ithathe indima enzima ekulolongeni isimiso somthetho nesezombangazwe sezwe. I-Northwest Ordinance ka-1787 yayingesona isenzo esilula sokubusa izwe. Yamisa isibonelo sombuso oyinhloko, esihlangeneyo, futhi yabhekana nempikiswano yobugqila emasimini. Izimiso zayo zathonya ngokuqondile isimo somthetho wezwe, i-Bill of Rights, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-tradictionism ka-Ordance eyalandela. Ukuqonda i-Ordance kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela ukwanda kwezwe lokuqala nokubusa kwe-rbarbacism.

Umlando: Isizwe Esishintshayo

Isiphelo seMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo sashiya i-United States inamazwe amakhulu, angahlelekile entshonalanga ye-Apachachian Mountains. IKhomishane ye-Confederation, esebenza ngaphansi kweZiphakamiso ezibuthakathaka ze-Confederation, yabhekana nenselele enzima: ukuthi ingawalawula kanjani lamazwe futhi ekugcineni iwahlanganise. Imizamo yangaphambili, njengaleyo i-Land Ordance ka-1785, yayikhulume ngokuhlola kanye nokuthengisa izwe kodwa ayizange inikeze uhlelo lwenhlangano yezombangazwe. Ukuhluleka kwemibuso yangaphambili yamakoloni ukubusa kwezwekazi (@ah) lapho izindlu zomthetho ezikude zasebenzisa khona ukulawula okungenangqondo. I-Ordance yavela kule nqubo ye-Cricimbian, ihlose ukuvimbela ukuxhaphaza okubangele ukuvukela. Njengoba isazi sezezinkwenzile u-Ordanburgirder kamuva saphawula izinhlangano zezwezwezwezwezwezwe lonke, i-Australia, lapho i-Melika yayizonyul.

I-Ordinance yabuthwa yikomiti eyayihlanganisa uNathan Dane, uWilliam Nott, noRufus King, phakathi kwezinye. Yadlula ngoJuly 1787, emasontweni ambalwa kuphela ngaphambi kokuba uMhlangano we-Philadelphia uphele. Lesi sikhathi asiqondakali ngengozi; la maphepha amabili ahlanganyela abaqondisi bezinhlelo kanye nezimpande zemibono. I-Ordinance yanikeza ukuhlola okuwusizo ekubusweni kukahulumeni okwakungaboniswa futhi kufundwe yizihambeli zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Namalungiselelo ENyakatho - ntshonalanga

I - Ordinance yaseNyakatho - ntshonalanga iyincwadi emfushane ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa izihloko zayo eziyisithupha zazinezimiso eziyisisekelo ezaziyovumelana nomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika amakhulu eminyaka.

Ukubusa Okusabekayo Nendlela Eholela Ebuthweni

I-Ordinance yasungula inqubo yesigaba esithathu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ekuqaleni, uKhomishane wamisa umbusi, unobhala, namajaji amathathu ukuba aqondise indawo. Uma inani labantu besilisa elikhululekile lifinyelela ku 5 000, izakhamuzi zingakhetha ingqungquthela emelelwe yi-ordinance. Ekugcineni, lapho inani labantu lifinyelela ku-60 000, indawo ingasebenza ngesimiso sombuso esinemithetho-bushiqela futhi ingangena ebunyeni ngokulinganayo nezifundazwe zokuqala. Lo mqondo “ ukuphakama” [[FFL]] kwakusho ukuthi amazwe amasha ayengeke abe yizindawo ezingaphansi kwezwe kodwa abe alingana ngokugcwele. Lokhu kungangena isibopho esizweni esingumthetho (inkulu i-Expressice IV, ingxenye ye-IV, 3), ivithiwe umbuso osungulwe [FFot: [2])) e-Expowern)).[3], i-18444444, ishone, ingu, ingu-18, i-18,

Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Nenkululeko

I - Ordinance yahlanganisa nencwadi egunyaza i - Bill of Rights kahulumeni ngeminyaka emine.

  • Inkululeko Engokwenkolo
  • I - habeas corpus
  • Ukuqulwa Icala Abahluleli
  • Ukumelelwa okuvela kwenye indawo
  • Ukulinganisela emalini ehlawulisiwe nasebheyili
  • Asikho isijeziso esinonya noma esingavamile
  • Inqubo edingekayo ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu impahla
  • Inkululeko yokwahlulela (izinkantolo ezivulekile)

Lezi sivikelo zazingezona nje izinhloso ezingekho ngqikelele. Zaziwumthetho ophoqelelwayo emasimini, futhi zaziwulingisa ngokuqondile ulimi uJames Madison ayezoluveza kamuva eMkhandlwini wokuqala. Lokhu kwakungenzeki ngengozi. abasunguli babeqonda ukuthi u-Riphabliki uzakubusa isivikelo esiqinile ekungeneni kukahulumeni.

Ukuvinjelwa Kobugqila Ezweni Elisenyakatho - ntshonalanga

Mhlawumbe ilungiselelo lokuqala eliphikisa kakhulu le-Ordinance kwakuyiSiphakamiso VI: “Akuyikuba nobugqila noma ubugqila obubodwa endaweni eshiwoyo, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu.” Lona kwakuwumthetho wokuqala kahulumeni wokuvimbela ubugqila emasimini. Wamelela ukuyekethisa okukhulu kwezombangazwe phakathi kwamazwe asenyakatho naseningizimu eSishaya - sisekelo. Kamuva izihambeli zavumelana ekunqabeni ukusekelana kweze lemikhakha yonyaka, kuhlanganise nesigqila esibalekayo esasifuna ukubuya kwezigqila eziphumile. Umthetho wokwethulwa kwendawo: ubugqila babuvunyelwe ngokomthetho eningizimu yoMfula i-Ohio kodwa benqatshelwe senyakatho. Kamuva lomugqa wawuyona eMissouri ka-1820-Nbra, kuhlanganise ne-Kansarka ephakathi kwengxenye ephakathi yeMpi yomthetho yeMpi yomba-mthetho.

I-Ordinance’s trapy yayisidida: ayizange ibakhulule abantu abagqilaziwe kakade kuleyo ndawo kodwa yabenqabela ukwanda kwayo. Yayiqukethe futhi isisho sesigqila esibalekayo esasala sisebenza. Noma kunjalo, sadala isiqalo sokuziphatha nomthetho-sisekelo. Lapho kamuva impikiswano yokwanda kobugqila eLouisiana Purchase nase-Mexico Cession, kokubili abapheli bobugqili nabasekeli be-proproftia bacaphuna i-Northern Ordinance njengesiqalo sesisekelo. U-Abraham Lincoln, ezimpikiswaneni zakhe ngo-1858 noS Douglaglas, waveza ukuthi abasunguli behlose ukubeka ubugqila ekuqothulweni kwezwe, bekhomba i-Ordinance njengobufakazi.

Ithonya Entuthukweni Yomthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika

INyakathontshonalanga i - Ordinance yayingewona nje umthetho wezwe; kwakuyincwadi yomthetho - sisekelo eyalolonga isimo sikahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe namalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Uhulumeni Nombuso Wezwe

I-Ordinance yamiswa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe wayenegunya lokulawula amasimu futhi avume imibuso emisha. Lokhu kwakuwukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwamandla kahulumeni ayengekho eziHlulweni ze-Confederation, ezazigcinele imibuso eminingi ezindaweni. iPropety Claus (Ingxenye 3) inikeza iSishaya-Mhlanga amandla okubeka i-Constantive, futhi yenza wonke amagekhoralitime adingayo aphathelene nemithetho eHlayeniyo noma enye iNdawo ye-United States. Le-Prognogment, ngokuvamile elandela ngokuqondile isisekelo se-Northern Ordance, yaba isisekelo somthetho sezwe, ukwanda kwezwe, intshonalanga nendalo yesizwe. [FUlctal:][2][Foctive-Foctivegation:[3], ngokulingana ne-Irticertive, ngokuvumelana ne-ertimos, i-ethe, i-ethe ukusho okuthi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iOrdinance yamisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni wawuyokwengamela ukubuswa kwendawo ngezikhulu ezimisiwe, isimiso uMthetho-sisekelo owavumela ukuba uKhongolose usebenze. Lokhu kwakha igunya elinamandla emasimini, kamuva elaba isibonelo sokuqondisa kukahulumeni kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise neSithilimu saseColumbia futhi kamuva namazwe aphesheya njengePuerto Rico neGuam.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Izihloko Ezibonisa Udumo

Lapho i-Four Congress ihlangana ngo-1789 ukuze ilungise uBushine-Makestu, uJames Madison wadweba kakhulu emandleni kahulumeni amalungelo kanye nase-Northwest Ordinance. Isiqinisekiso se- salo ngokomthetho ngejaji , inqubo engaphambili [, ne [[FLT:]] inkululeko yenkolo [ ithonya ngokuqondile ulimi lwesihlanu, lwesithupha, neyokuqala iziNguqulo.[Fodance] izinqanyulo ezivisweyo zombili ezingeniswe kulelo ze-Scordns.[Foctive][FLD] [FLD] futhi izijectivestingsssstingss.[Forightight,[5][5][5]

  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokunyathelisa: I-Ordinance yavikela kokubili, futhi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sazihlanganisa.
  • ukuhlanganisa nokunxusa: I-Ordinance yaqinisekisa ilungelo ‘ lokusebenzisa isishayamthetho sokulungisa izikhalo,” okuyilungelo elihlanganisiwe kamuva esinzisweni sokuqala.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwempahla: Inqubo efanelekile ye-Ordinance yempahla yazisa ukuthatha kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu u-Claus.

Izazi Zegunya Lesizwe “NoKhisimusi Oyingqopha - mlando”

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabhekisela ngokuphindaphindiwe eNkantolo yasentshonalanga lapho ichaza igunya likahulumeni emasimini. kuDred Scott v. Sandford (1857), iJaji eliyinhloko uRoger Taney lithembele ku-Ordance ukuphikisa ukuthi uMkhandlu wawunamandla okulawula amasimu, nakuba waphikisa ngokuthi ukuvinjelwa komthetho-mthetho ezigqila kwakungasebenzi emasimini aseningizimu yomngcele we-Ordannce. Kamuva, [[FLT:] Hades v.[FLT:] [FLD] (1901]) kanye ne-Infaral Cases, isebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Ordance ukuze kuhlukanise phakathi (ama-injini e-ortototomugogogo).[5]

Pollard v. Hagan (1845), iNkantolo yathi izifunda ezintsha zamukelwa ngaphansi kwe-Ordinance zazinelungelo lesiqu esifanayo emazweni acwilile njengamazwe okuqala. Futhi United States v. Curtiss-Waright Export Corp. (1936), uMahluleli uGeorge Sutherland wacaphuna i-Ordance ukuphikisa ngokuthi amandla kahulumeni wezwelonke ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nokubusa kwezwe akuhlanganiselwangagunyaziswanga nje. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi i-Ordince ihlala iyingxenye yokuphila yencazelo yemithetho yezomthetho.

Ifa Nokubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo

Isibonelo Sokwanda Nokubusa KweRepublic

I-Northwest Ordinance yabonisa ukuthi uhlobo lukahulumeni lwe-repargument lunganwetshwa ezwekazini elikhulu ngaphandle kokusekela amandla embusweni ononya. Yadala inqubo yokuba amasimu agcizelele ukubusa amalungelo alinganayo, isibonelo esasetshenziswa kamuva eLouisiana Purchase (1883), i-Oregon Territory (1848), futhi yonke i-Missispippi West. I-Ordance yakha inqubo yokugcizelela kwezindawo ukuba zibe izifunda zamalungelo alinganayo [[FLT: 0]] isakhiwo esinemvumelo, [ savimbela uhlobo lokuzihambela izwe elaziwayo elase-Europe eliphethe ukuhlanganisa ikoloni, inzuzo, nemfundo. I-Ordance yahlanganisa ngisho namalungiselelo emfundo: [INSCIRGreadGreath] yamemezela intery yemfundo ka-R.[Fogray]

Impikiswano Yokugqilazwa Nezingxabano Ezingahlelekile

I-Ordinance yokunqabela ubugqila enyakatho yoMfula iOhio yakha umngcele owahlukanisayo owadala izombangazwe zaseMelika cishe iminyaka engu-70. Njengoba imibuso emisha yanezelwa ebunyeni, ukulinganisela kwezigqila nemibuso ekhululekile kwaba yimpikiswano eyinhloko. I-Ordinance yamisa isimiso sokuthi uKhomishano ingalawula ubugqila emasimini, amandla uMthetho-sisekelo ongawagunyazi ngokuqondile kodwa asetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Lo mthetho wabekwa ekwahlulekeni kweMissouri, wabekelwa inseleleka ekwaHlangeni lika-1850, wagumbuqelwa eKansas-Nebraska Act (18554), futhi ekugcineni wamiswa yi-Impi Yomphakathi kanye nempoqolo- 13. U-Ordinance umisa njengoba umzamo wokuqala wokuphatha izigqila, umgomo ongeke ufezeke kwaze kwaba ngu-1865.

Ithonya Emithethweni Esabekayo Yamuva

UKhongolo lwadlulisa imithetho efanayo kwamanye amasimu: iSouthwest Ordinance (1790) yendawo eseningizimu yoMfula iOhio (Kently neTennessee) yavumela ubugqila kodwa ngandlela-thile yabonisa i-Northernst Ordinance. Isibonelo se-Jefferson sokulawula indawo . Izikhulu ezimisiwe, indlela ehamba kancane kancane eya embusweni, imvume yamalungelo ("i-"i-"i-ordentifin") yakhiwa emngceleni. [FLT: 0] I-Homestead Yomthetho ka-162 ne-Pacificial Raian Comment Imisebenzi ye-FLT]

Ngisho naphakathi kwekhulu lama - 20, izimiso zeNyakatho - ntshonalanga Ordinance zabumba isifundazwe sase - Alaska (1959) nesifundazwe saseHawaii (1959).

Imicabango Yomthetho - sisekelo Nabasunguli Bendalo Abazimisele

Izazi zivame ukuphikisana ngokuthi abaQhingi babehlose uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla noma iqoqo lemibuso ezimele. I-Ordinance inikeza ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi abaphathi abaphambili benkathi yokuhlanganisa babesekele isizwe esihlangene ngokulawula okuphakathi ekunyukeni. I-Ordinance yadluliswa ngaphansi kweZihloko zeConfederation, kodwa yathatha amagunya emibuso iZiphakamiso ezingawagunyazi ngokucacile. Lokhu kuvuma ukusebenzisa amandla asikiselayo afanekisela [[FLT: 0] adingekile futhi afanelekile [[FLT: 1] awe-Confederation. James Magles, Alexander Hamilton, kanye nabanye abacustoms bacaphuna i-Ordinance njengobufakazi bokuthi umthetho omusha awuzange udale uhulumeni omusha kodwa wamandla awenziwa kakade.

I-Ordinance yaqinisa futhi iqinisekisa i-republican eqinisekisa igama elishoyo [ loMthetho-sisekelo (i-Article IV, Ingxenye 4: “I-United States izoqinisekisa kulelo naleloZwe ku-Union A Republican Forform of Public”. Ngokufuna ukuba ohulumeni bezwe babe yi-Republican, i-Ordinance i-Ordinance i-al ehlele indingayo yonke imibuso emisha okumelwe ihlangabezane nayo.

Isiphetho

I-Northwest Ordinance ka-1787 yayingesona nje isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo; yayiyingxenye eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Yachaza ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nezindawo, amalungelo ayisisekelo, abekwe imingcele yobugqila, futhi yamisa isilinganiso sombuso esiqhubeka sihlela isibopho. Ithonya lawo libonakala kuyiBill of Rights, kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ovunyelweyo, nasezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezisabusa umthetho wezwe namuhla. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda imvelaphi ye-geomeni yombuso waseMelika, ukwanda, nenkululeko, i-Ordinance ifunda okubalulekile. Ibhukwana lase-Northern Africa (indance) ibhukwana eliseduze nomthetho kanye nomthetho we-Izahlulelo, likha izikhonkwana ze-Melika ebusayonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ogcwele we-Northwest Ordinance we-website yeNational Archives. Ngendima yayo emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo, bheka Article IV ye-U.S.[[FLT:]. Isazi sezomthetho [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [4] BERDATES] Schwartz ixoxa nge-Olddance ngokujule. Imiphumela yasobugqili, ibhekisela ku-[FLT:] [FLT] [FL:]] kanye [FLT] [FLT]]