Amandla Okuthula Ezincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe Ezikhethweni Zendawo

Amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC) sekuyisikhathi eside emiswa kukhetho lwezezimali olufanayo lwaseMelika, kodwa ithonya lawo livame ukuvezwa kakhulu − kanti futhi liqondwa kancane kakhulu ngokwezinga lendawo. Nakuba umphakathi uthambekele ekugxileni ekusebenziseni imali eningi emalini kumongameli noma engqungqutheleni, ibhodi yesikole, umkhandlu wedolobha, kanye nemiqhudelwano yezikhulu yezezimali. Phakathi kwabadlali abaningi abathintekayo kulemikhankampane emincane i-PAC ayixhumaniswanga kakhulu. Izinhlangano eziphakamisa futhi zichithe imali engekho sibopho esiqondile sokusekela noma sokuphikisa abamele isibopho esiqondiswe ngokuqondile, isifunda, isifunda seqembu, noma isikhulu sikahulumeni. Ngenxa yokuthi ukhetho lwezentengo yendawo ngokuvamile lusebenza ngezimali ezimbalwa, umkhankaso owodwa ozimele osuka ku-PaC ungawunyakaza ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezinhlangano zazo ezinhlanganweni zazo ezingokomthetho, nakuwo wonke umhlaba wonke uhileleke kanjani, futhi wonke umuntu ohilelekile kwezombangazwe.

Ukuchaza amaPapa angazihlanganisi

Ngaphansi komthetho wokhetho kahulumeni, i-PAC ihlelwe ngokuthi i- ixhumene noma non-non [. I-PAC ehlangene nenhlangano, inhlangano yezisebenzi, inhlangano yezentengiselwano, noma i-patting. Izindleko zayo zokulawula zihlanganiswa njalo nenhlangano yayo ewumzali, futhi izimali zayo zilinganiselwe ethengeni elilinganiselwe leminikelo. Ngokungafani, i-PAC izimele: akukho nkampani noma umcebo oxhunyiweyo ozikhokha phezulu, futhi ingacela iminikelo evela kumphakathi jikelele.[5]

Ukuzimela Emacandileni Nasemadilini

Isici esichazayo se-PAC engaxhunyiwe ukuntuleka kwayo okungokomthetho kunoma yimuphi umbhalisa noma ikomiti yeqembu. Lokhu kukhululeka kunemiphumela ebalulekile engokomthetho. Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Econstruction Campaignt Act, i-PACs engaxhunyaniswanga ne-octives yenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ekuhleleni ukuchitha imali ngemikhankaso. Noma isiphi icebo, ukuhlanganyela, noma ngisho nesiqondiso sethukelane phakathi kwe-PAC noma i-somgadi obhalisayo singabangela ukwephulwa, izindleko ze-PAC ezizimele ngokwezintlupheko ezingekho emthethweni ezinhlangothini. Lo mlilo uhloselwe ukulondoloza umehluko phakathi kweminikelo eqondile nemali esetshenziswayo, nakuba ukubhaliswa komthetho kungabeka inselele.

Ukuhlelwa Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nemizabalazo Ephakeme

I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga ivela kuhlu olubanzi lwabadlali bezombangazwe. Ezinye zakhiwa izinhlangano zezemfundo, izindlu ezithengwayo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, noma amalungelo ezibhamu. Ezinye zakhiwa imifelandawo ehlangene ephumayo empikiswaneni ethile yendawo. Ngokusibonelo, ushintsho lwendawo noma impikiswano yesikole. Ngenxa yokuthi azibukelwanga inkampani eyodwa noma inyunyana, le-PACs ingabonisa izinto eziza kuqala zesisekelo sobulungu elibanzi. Nokho, zincike kakhulu eminikelweni emincane yelanga futhi zingaba sengozini yokukhathala kakhulu kune-PACs.

Izindlela Zokuthonya

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe abumba imikhankaso yendawo ngokuyinhloko ngezindleko ezizimele − − ukuthengwa okungahlangene nonoma yimuphi umbhalisa futhi okusekela ngokucacile ukukhethwa noma ukunqotshwa kombhalisa othile. Lezindleko azikho ngaphansi kwemingcele yomnikelo esebenza ekuqondiseni iminikelo, okusho ukuthi i-PAC egcwele kahle ingathela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaR34 ohlalo olulodwa lwendawo. Kuleyondawo, lapho izilinganiso zemali zombhalisa zingasuka ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zamadollar kuya ezinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezimbalwa zezinkulungwane ezimbalwa, imali enjalo ingabusa ingxoxo.

Imisebenzi Yokuzimela: Abakhangisi Nezithumeli Zeposi

Amathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu ezindleko ezizimele yizikhangiso zethelevishini, amabala omsakazo, iposi, kanye nezikhangiso ze-minumbezo. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingasebenzisa uchungechunge lwezikhangiso ezihlasela irekhodi lokuvota lomphakathi lokuphepha noma idumise isizinda somculi ekuhleleni umphakathi. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zikhangiso aziveli emkhankasweni ongokomthetho womfundazeli, ngezinye izikhathi zingasebenzisa ulimi olubukhali noma izici zomuntu siqu ngendlela engagwenywa ngayo. Isinqumo seNkantolo ephakeme ephepheni [[FLT:] [FLT]] . FEC [20] zivulile umnyango ngenxa yokuchitha imali ezimeleyo kanye nemiphakathi, kodwa ezingaxhunyiwe ngezindlela ezihlukene, lapho kusenenzuzo ezindaweni ezizimele.

Impikiswano yokungafundi iphikisana.

Akuyona yonke imali echithwa yi-PACs ethathwa njengezindleko ezizimele. Eminye imisebenzi ihlukaniswa ngokomthetho njengempikiswano yokungagunyazi − ukuxhumana okukhuthaza ukuma okubanzi kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa “mazwi omlingo” njenge-“ hlela,” noma “eyedwa.” Izikhangiso zemali zingakhuluma ngabazodwa ngegama lapho kuxoxwa ngezincwadi zabo zokuvota noma izimemezelo zemithetho, uma nje izikhangiso zingabizi imiphumela ethile ekhethekile yokhetho. Le ndawo empunga ivumela u-PACs ukuba ithobe imibono yamavoti ngaphandle kokufaka izimfuneko zembulo eziphelele ezisezizweni ezithile. Umehluko phakathi komagazini nohlelo lwezentengo uveza kakhulu, futhi amaqembu afana no- [FLD:0] CPUM.[FFF]

Amaqhinga Omkhankaso Wezinombolo

Eminyakeni yamuva, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye aguqukela kakhulu kuma-digital ukuze athole ithonya. I-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-Google, nezinye izinkonzo ezikhangisiwe zivumela ama-PAC ukuba abe nenani elithile elinemicroba ecatshangelwayo esifundeni sendawo(ikhaya), abazali bezingane zesikole, noma amalungu enyunyana, ngokwesibonelo. Lezi zikhangiso zobuchwepheshe ngokuvamile zisebenza ngokuhlola kancane kakhulu kunokukhangisa okungokwesiko kokusakaza futhi zingashintshwa ngokushesha ekuphenduleni imininingwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PACs ingaxhasa imikhankatho yomyalezo wemiyalezo ethatha imiyalezo, i-phallalls, kanye nezokuxhumana kwezokuxhumana. Izindleko eziphansi zemishini zemishini zisho ukuthi ngisho ne-PAC enemali elinganiselwe ingaba nethonya ephakathi kwesizwe sendawo sendawo.

Ithonya Emikhankasweni Yezombangazwe Yendawo

Ithonya le-PACs engaxhunyiwe kukhetho lwendawo likhulu, nakuba ngokuvamile lithathwa kalula. Ezinhlangeni lapho umvoti eqashelwa khona liphansi futhi igama lilinganiselwe, izindleko ezizimele zinganquma umphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba ukuhlanganisa kwemithombo yezindaba yendawo kuncishiswe kakhulu, imiyalezo esakazwa ama-PAC ingaba umthombo oyinhloko wokwaziswa kwabavoti abaningi.

Ukushintsha Kwemibono

Omunye wemiphumela eyinhloko yokusebenzisa okungaxhunyiwe yikhono lokuguqula imibono yabavoti. Uchungechunge lwezikhangiso ze-message ezihlobanisa umbhalisa nendawo engathandeki − noma nomonakalo ophikisayo ongaphandle kweqembu .(ccan) womonakalo owenziwe yidumela elingenakulungiseka. Ngokuphambene, i-PAC eqhuba izikhangiso ezikhuthaza ukugunyazwa noma ukufezwa komvoti kungakha isithombe esihle ngaphandle kokuba umbhekisheli asebenzise imali yakhe elinganiselwe. Leli thonya linamandla ikakhulukazi kukhetho lweqembu elingekhoyo lapho amalebula akhona khona; i-paC’s projective iba yi-mfoot yomvoti.

Ukushintsha Umkhankaso Kushukumisa Umhlaba

Uma i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingena emkhakheni wendawo, ishintsha indlela abafuna ukuthunyelwa abazofunda abaziphatha ngayo nemikhankaso yabo. Ama-Candida angazizwa ecindezelwa ukuba balungise imiyalezo yabo ukuze bagweme ukuhlasela i-PAC noma ukunxusa i-PAC's esisekelweni somnikazi. Imikhankaso ingalungisa futhi izindlela zabo zokukhangisa ukuze baphendule ngokuzikhokhela, ngezinye izikhathi ukukhipha izikhangiso kumsakazo abawubheka njengogcwele ngemiyalezo ye-PAC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwe-PAC kungakha umncintiswano wezikhali: uma omunye umsekeli wemali ebhalisa i-paC, omunye umsekeli angase azizwe ebophekile ukuba afake imali noma afake imali encintisaneni ye-PAC. Lo mjikelezo ungabhejeko ngisho nasezintabeni zezinhlanga ezivamile.

Isifundo Sendaba: Ukhetho Lwebhodi Yesikole Sasendaweni

Cabangela isibonelo esicatshangelwayo kodwa esingokoqobo: umjaho wesikole emaphethelweni aphakathi nendawo lapho abacela ukubhapathizwa ababili bebodwa khona. Omunye umfundaze, osekelwa inyunyana yothisha, unemibono elinganiselwe ngenguquko yezifundo. Omunye, usekelwa iqembu labazali elikhathazekile “ngenkolelo ebucayi yohlanga,” uhamba emkhakheni wokubona bhabhu. I-PAC engenziwa yinhlangano yesizwe efuna ukuhlangana. Inhlangano engekho ngokomthetho ebhajwalelwayo ichitha ama-$40 000 (40 000) ezikhangisweni zeposi nangezikhangiso zamanani ihlasela inyunde inyuswa “ngaphandle kokuthintana nabazali.” Imali yomfundi esetshenziswayo inguR35 000 kuphela. Ngokuyinhloko i-PAC iveza ukufinyelela komyalezo wokuphikiswa. Ekuhlwini oluphansi lapho abambalwa abahhoxiwayo beboshela imali. I-PAC kuphela ingaphendula khona.

Izinzuzo Nezinselele

AmaPaC angaxhunyiwe anikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile endaweni yezombangazwe, kodwa futhi aveza izinselele ezibalulekile ezithinta ukulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Ukuvumelana Nesimo Nobulula

Ngoba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awasindwa isakhiwo esisebenzayo somkhankaso wombhalisa noma ikomiti yeqembu, angahamba ngokushesha. Angaphakamisa izimali ngokusabela ekuphunyukeni kwezindaba, ukudayisa izikhangiso phakathi nezinsuku, futhi ajikijela imiyalezo yawo ngokwesidingo. Lokhu kuwenza uphumelele kakhulu emijahweni lapho izindaba zishintsha ngokushesha noma lapho olunye uhlangothi luzama ukuchaza olunye ngaphambi kokuba ofundayo aphendule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ayicindezelwanga icebo lezokuxhumana, ngezinye izikhathi elingaba eliqapheka ngokweqile noma eligxile kakhulu emincintisweni emincane.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Kahle

Inselele enkulu ehlangene ne-PACs ehlangene nemithombo yabo yezimali. Nakuba ama-PAC ahulumeni kumelwe athulule abanikeli bawo kuyi-FEC, imithetho eminingi yombuso neyokudalula yendawo ibuthakathaka. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ama-PAC ukuba amukele iminikelo evela kulo---“mali engaqondakali" izinhlangano /ayikho inzuzo engadingeki ukuveza abanikeli bawo ngokulinganayo. [izinzuzo] ezithi lapho kufanele zenzelwe ukudlulisa imali kuyi-PAC. Ngisho nalapho kudingeka, ulwazi lungagcinwa emasontweni noma izinyanga ezithile ngemva kokhetho, inikeza uvotatoota indlela yokwazi ukuthi ubani oxhasa izikhangiso abazibona emnyango wabo. Lokhu kukhinyathela ukwethemba komphakathi futhi kubangele ukukhomba okuthengwa nokunga kahle kwemizwa ngaphandle kwe-credio.

Izinkinga Zokulandisa

Ngoba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awakwazi ukuphendulelwa kubavoti, angenza iziphakamiso ze-hyperbolic noma ukudukisa ngaphandle kwengozi efanayo edumile ababhekene nayo. Umfundi ogijimela i-ad angamangalelwa ngenxa yokuhlanjalazwa noma athole i-operal. I-PAC, kodwa, ingancibilikisa ngemva kokhetho noma ukuncitshiswa komjikelezo olandelayo. Le-asymmetry iholele ekubizeni ukugcinwa okuqinile kwemithetho ye-aption futhi yemithetho edinga ukukhangisa okuphambili ukuze kubonakale izintengiselwano zazo. Inhlangano enjenge Brantanan Center yeJaji ye- Justicel

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nowokuqondisa

Imithetho ebusa amaPaC angaxhunyiwe ikhona kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni, futhi umsebenzi ohlanganisa imithetho wakha amathuba okuba abasebenzisi abayinkimbinkimbi baxhaphaze ukungefani.

Federal v. Imithetho kaHulumeni

Kulelozinga likahulumeni, ama-PAC angenazo izintambo zilawulwa yi-FEC futhi kumelwe abhalise lapho edlula u-R1000 eminikelweni noma ezimalini ezicitshwayo. Angaphansi komnikelo wesilinganiso so-R35 000 ngonyaka ku-R95 000 futhi ku-R49 000 ngonyaka ekomitini yesizwe. Izindleko ze-endecs, nokho, azinaso isikhonkwane. Kukhetho lwendawo olungahlanganisi abathathi abathathi-mza-mthetho, imithetho kahulumeni iyasebenza. Amanye amazwe anemingcele eqinile yeminikelo kanye nezimfuneko zokwambula izimfuno; amanye awanayo imithetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-PAC okungaxhunyiweyo eqekwayo ezweni elinemithetho ebuthaka, kodwa elingangeni cishe eliphansi.

Izimfuneko Zomshuwalense Nemigodi

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga i-PAC ukuze zibhale imibiko yazo yezikhathi ezithile. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi kanye nokuningilizwa kwalemibiko kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ama-PAC ukuba amukele iminikelo evela kuma-LLLC noma ezinye izinhlangano ezingayembuli abanikazi bawo abazuzisayo ekugcineni, zakhe umgoqo owenza imali ngempumelelo. Kwezinye izizwe, i-PAC ingakha futhi isebenzise imali ngaphambi kokuba ibhaliswe, ivumele ifasitela elimfushane kodwa eliwujuqu lethonya elingafihleki. Le zikhala ziyindaba yemizamo yokulungisa inguquko eqhubekayo, ngokukhuthaza ukuboniswa kwemali yangempela ngesikhathi sobuchwepheshe kanye nemithetho edinga ukuqalwa komthombo wokuqala.

Ukuqhathanisa I - paC Engaxhunyiwe Nexhunyiwe

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwama-PAC axhunyiwe nangaxhunyiwe kubalulekile kubavoti nabezobuchwepheshe bemikhankaso. I-PACs exhunyiwe ixhaswe yibhizinisi, inyunyana, noma inhlangano yezohwebo; inesisekelo esisemqoka esikhona esisekelweni somcebo futhi ithembele emalini ekhokhelwayo (imingcele ehlangene). I-PACs, ngokungafani, kumelwe inxuse iminikelo kubantu ngabanye futhi ilinganiselwe ku-R35 000 ngonyaka ngamunye. Lemali efakwayo yenza ukuba i-PAC incike kakhulu encikene kakhulu eminikelweni emincane noma ezingeni esekelwe ephumayo. Nakuba i-PaC ingaba nenye ekhutshelwe kakhulu izimali zenhlangano, i-PAC engekho eqokomele ukumiswa futhi i-mqokomele kakhulu.

Ukuqaphela Izintambo Zomoya Nendima Yemithombo Yezindaba

Enye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu kokhetho lwendawo ukuthi abavoti ngokuvamile abazi ukuthi ubani ophethe imiyalezo abayamukelayo. Uma uhlamvu lweposi lufika lunegama elifana nelokuthi “Izikole Ezingcono,” abavoti abaningi abanayo indlela yokuqinisekisa ukunemba kwamazwi noma ilungelo leqembu. Imithombo yendawo ingadlala indima ebucayi ngokuhlola ukuthengwa nokubika ngokuxhumana phakathi kwabanikeli, ama-PAC, nama-PUC. Nokho, ngokuncipha kobudism bukamagazini bendawo, imiphakathi eminingi manje ayinawo amandla okubika adingekayo ukuze ilandele le miyalezo. Izikhangiso ezingekho emkhakheni womphakathi kanye namathuluzi okubona ngalendawo amathuluzi okubonisa ngaphandle kokukhanya [[FOLD:] [0] [events] [FFFFF]

Izimo Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinguquko

Indima yama-PAC angaxhunyiwe okhethweni lwezindawo cishe iyanda njengoba imithetho yezezimali iqhubeka iguquka. Ngokulandela i-Cizens United, isilinganiso semali esetshenziswa ngaphandle seyehlela ezinhlangani zendawo. Imithetho ephansi ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kweminikelo eyimfihlo, ukwakhiwa kwenjongo eyodwa encishiswayo ngemva kokhetho olulodwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuhlakanipha okungatholakali okuncane. Izingcingo zenguquko zihlanganisa ukuveza isikhathi sangempela, imingcele ephansi yomnikelo we-PC echithwaliziwe ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo zonke, futhi imithetho eqinile yokuvimbela ukuhlangana. Ezinye izinqubo zokuhlanganisa izimali ezihambisana nezimali ezincane ezinikezwayo, inzuzo yokulungisa i-paC.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe anamandla, azimele emikhankasweni yezombangazwe yendawo. Ikhono lawo lokuphakamisa nokusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kokubambisana okuqondile nabazohlolwa liwanikeza umehluko okhethekile, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ngokukhanya nokulandisa. Ngoba okhetho lwendawo luzwela kakhulu ekusebenziseni ngaphandle, lapho izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamaRandi zingaminyanisa amazwi alezi zinkonzo zendawo . Ithonya lale -PAC lifuna ukuhlolisiswa. Abacosheli, izintatheli, nabenzi bemithetho ngokufanayo kumelwe basebenzele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzimela kwalamaqembu akuzi ngezindleko zobuqotho bedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda indlela engaxhunyiwe kwe-PACs okusebenzayo okungakho kuyisinyathelo lokuqala ekuvikeleni ukhetho lwendawo olubumba ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke.