UGenesise Wesizwe

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States uyikhothamo lokubusa kwezwe, ibhukwana eliphilayo elenziwe eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo we-1787 ePhiladelphia. Nokho, indlela eya kulobu mbuso wokugcina yayiyinqaba. Izihambeli zafika zinemibono ehlukene kakhulu ngekusasa lesizwe, futhi lemibono yafakwa ezihlongozweni ezimbili eziwuphawu: i-Virginia Plan ne-New Jersey Plan. Lezizimo eziphikisanayo zaveza izingxabano eziyisisekelo phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane, phakathi kobukhosi besizwe ne-Emplacycy, futhi ekugcineni yalungisa isimiso sombuso wezwe esibusa iUnited States namuhla. Ukuqonda lamacebo kubalulekile ukuthatha hhayi nje kuphela iziphakaliso ze-uhulumeni we-U. [FLD].[FLD]

Isizinda: Ubuthakathaka Bezihloko Zokuvumelana

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kwe-Virginia ne-New Jersey Programme, kumelwe kuqala aqonde isimo esintengantengayo sesizwe ngaphansi kweZihloko zobuKhomanisi. Izihloko zakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka (_ngokuyinhloko i-"inxanxathela yobungane" phakathi kwemibuso ezimeleyo. ISishaya-mthetho sombuso wezwe sasingenawo amandla okukhokha intela, ukulawula intengo yezombuso, noma ukuphoqelela imithetho yaso. Isicelo salokhu sithathwa njengesizwe, impoqo evame ukunganakwa. Ukuvukela kukaShays's (17171787), ukuvukela kwabalimi ababole nesikweletu kunakho ukukhokha izimali eMassachuse, kwabonisa ukuhluleka kukahulumeni wombuso ukugcina uhlelo noma ukudayisa izimali. Lokhu kwaba yisikhungosi yeNhloko yoMhlanganiso, njengoJakobe noHalenseladellson (177777) noma umhlangano wezikhulu ze-odvini, ikakhulukazi izihloko, izihambe eziphambili zikahulumeni eziningi, kodwa uhulumeni:[Fodsonsontime] uhulumeni:[0]

Icebo LaseVirginia: Icebo Eliluhlaza Likahulumeni Wesizwe

I-Virginia Plan, eyabuthelwa ngokuyinhloko uJacob Madison waseVirginia futhi yanikezwa nguMbusi uEdmund Randolph ngoMay 29, 1787, yayiyisicelo sokuqala esiyinhloko sokuveza emhlanganweni. Kwakuwukushiya okuqinile, okungalawuleki kakhulu eziNhlobeni ze-Confederation. Madison, okuthonywe kakhulu yisifundo sakhe se-comferaciacs kanye nohulumeni bamaRepublic, ekholelwa ukuthi nguhulumeni onamandla kuphela onegunya eliqinile phezu kwezakhamuzi ezingalondoloza i-Union nenkululeko.

Izimiso Ze - core Zohlelo LwaseVirginia

I-Virginia Plan yahlongoza uhulumeni wezwe ngokucacile onezindawo ezintathu ezihlukene: izishaya-mthetho, isikhulu, nokwahlulela. Isici sawo esikhulu esiphikisana kakhulu kwakuyisimo sesizwe sokumisa izishayamthetho. Safuna ibibaobaral (indlu emibili) uKhongolo, kanye nemithetho yezindlu eyahlukaniselwe ngokwenani labantu noma ingcebo yesizwe, futhi isimiso sempi esingavumela kakhulu amazwe amakhulu njengeVirginia, Pennsylvania, neMassachusetts. Icebo lanikeza futhi isishaya-mthetho sesizwe sokunikeza imvume yemibuso, kuhlanganise negunya lokuhlanganisa noma imiphi imithetho yombuso ebhekwa njenge-geneto ephambene nomthetho kazwe noma izivumelwano, nokusebenzisa amandla empi ngokumelene nokufeza imisebenzi yayo.

  • [ `Bicameral Legislature': Indlu ephansi ekhethwe abantu, nendlu ephezulu ekhethwe yindlu ephansi evela kuma-mine ehogelwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni.
  • Isibonakaliso sezwe:[ Zombili izihlalo zezindlu ezabelwe ngokusekelwe emphakathini noma eminikelweni yemali evela esifundeni ngasinye.
  • Isiphathimandla sesizwe:[ Umqondisi oyedwa, okhethwe isishaya-mthetho sesizwe, negunya lokuphoqelela imithetho yesizwe nezenzo ze-veto (iwukubekwa ngenhlonze).
  • Izwe i-Judiciary: Isimiso sezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nenkantolo ephakeme, ephethe izindaba zesizwe namacala ahilela izakhamuzi zamazwe ahlukene.
  • Ikhoni lokubukeza: Isikhulu kanye namajaji amaningi esizwe bangakha umkhandlu onamandla okubeka imithetho yesizwe ne-oveto transmitted (lesici sahoxiswa kamuva).

I-Virginia Plan yayiyisicelo sokulahla zonke lezi Zihlokwana futhi kwakha uhulumeni oqinile. Izihambeli ezincane zikahulumeni zashaqeka. Zazesaba ukuthi ukubekwa kwe-ace kwakuzozishiya zingenawo amandla unomphela, izithakazelo zazo zinyathelwe izinhlangano ezinkulu. Lokhu kwesaba kwaba yimbangela eyinhloko yokuphikisana emasontweni ambalwa alandelayo.

Icebo LaseNew Jersey: Ukuvikela Ubukhosi BukaHulumeni

Ekusabeleni e-Virginia Plan, izifunda ezincane zahlangana ngemva kwesimiso esiphikisayo esanikezwa [u- uPaterson waseNew Jersey kaJune 15, 1787. I-New Jersey Plan yaklanyelwa ukulungisa iZihlokwana zeNhloko, hhayi ukuthatha indawo yazo. Yafuna ukugcina isimiso sokulingana kombuso nendlu yombuso eyodwa enikeza uhulumeni amandla akhuthazwe kancane, ikakhulukazi ekukhokheleni intela nakumthetho wezentengiselwano.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zecebo LaseNew Jersey

I-New Jersey Plan yayiyincwadi ebambelele kakhulu. Isici sayo esibaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukulondolozwa kwe- uKhongolo lwase-unicameral umbuso ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bawo, wawuzovota kanye. Lokhu kumelelwa okufanayo kwakungenakuba okungagunyaziswa izihambeli ezincane zikahulumeni njengoPaterson, Luther Martin wase Maryland, noJohn Lansing of New York. Nokho, icebo lanikeza iKhomishadele yentela ye-evy, iphethe isifundazwe nezohwebo zakwamanye amazwe, futhi lamisa isikhulu sobuningi. futhi kwathi imithetho nezivumelwano zase-United States kuzoba "upre" umthetho wezwe lase-Supre".[a]

  • [ Imithetho e-Unicameral: I-Call yendlu eyodwa nezwe ngalinye elinevoti eyodwa (njengezihloko).
  • I-Provice ekhuliswe ama-Emperence:[ Ikhokhiso le-levy (ngokucela ngesijeziso), ukulawula ezohwebo, nokuqoqa iposi.
  • Isilawuli:[ Ikomiti yabantu abambalwa ekhethwe yiSishaya-mthetho, esuswayo yiSishaya-Mkhandlu, engenawo amandla.
  • I- Jodicary yesizwe: Inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni ephethe imingcele elinganiselwe yokungagunyazi, izivumelwano, namacala ahilela imithetho yesizwe noma izizwe zakwamanye amazwe.
  • [ Umthetho ka Claus: nezivumelwano zesizwe kungabopha izifundazwe, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zizokwenza ukuba ziqikelelwe.

I-New Jersey Plan yayiyisicelo sokulondoloza isakhiwo esihlangene izifunda ezincane ezazisethenjwa. Abavikeli baso baphikisa ngokuthi imibuso yayiyizinhlangano ezizimele ezangena ngokuzithandela e-Union; ukuxhashazwa okuphelele kungasho ukukhashelwa kwezimiso eziguqulayo zikahulumeni. Impikiswano phakathi kwalezi zicwangciso ezimbili yaba yisithiyo, isongela ukuncishiswa ngokuphelele komhlangano.

Impikiswano Enkulu: IHulumeni Yamalungelo Abantu Iphikisana Negunya Lesizwe

Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-Virginia ne-New Jersey Application kwakungewona nje umehluko we-procedical; kwakuyingxabano ejulile yefilosofi ngokuphathelene nesimo sobumbano. Abasekeli bamazwe abakhulu, ababeholwa nguMadison, Washington, noHamilton, baphikisa ngokuthi isizwe sakhiwe ngabantu ngabanye, hhayi izifunda, futhi ngakho--omelel kufanele babonise izinombolo zabantu. Baphikisana ngokuthi ukumelelwa okulinganayo kungavumela inani labantu ukuba livumele ukuba libuyise umphakathi omkhulu. Umbuso omncane, uholwa uPaterson noRoman wase-Connecticut, wagcina ukuthi i-Union yayiyindawo ehlangene phakathi kwamazwe anegunya. Bagomela ukuthi ngaphandle kokulinganisa, amazwe amancane ancinyane kakhulu, futhi i-Union i-Union iyakuba umbuso ocindezelayo. U-Gunfordnn, u-Brickner, u-Brickred, u-Delner, angasongelwa yiwo wonke amalungelo awo. Uma ayengavikelekile.

IConnecticut Iyayekethisa: Ukuphambuka Endleleni Ephakathi

Lapho umhlangano uvalelwe amasonto amaningi, kwadingeka kakhulu ukuyekethisa. Impumelelo yavela ku- Rager Sherman nezinye izihambeli zaseConnecticut, ezahlongoza lokho okwaba yi-Connecticut Offce (noma iNkulu Yokuyekethisa). Yanikezwa ngoJuly 5, 1787, izici ezihlangene zombili izinhloso. Yadala i-biabmeral Congress: [ Indlu yabamelelist enezihlalo ezisekelwe ezweni (njengoba i-Virginia Plantion)) efuna ukukhokhiswa imali eshisiwe (njengoba i-Virginia) ne [[FLT] abamelelishy's , abameleli benqanda abantu abaholiswe intela indlu.]

NgoJuly 16, ukuhlehla kwavunyelwa kancinci yivoti yaba-5 ezindaweni ezine, kuhlukaniswe umbuso owodwa. Lesi sinqumo esisodwa sasindisa i-Convention of Constitution ekuwiseni]. Aziqedanga zonke izimpikiswano − ukuhlelwa kokulinganisa izigqila (izi-Finth ezithathu ziyahlehla) nomthetho wezohwebo lwezigqila wawusazofika − kodwa wamisa isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-U.S. Congress.

Ngaphandle Kokumelela: Amanye Amathonya Ahlala Njalo

Nakuba impi yokumelelwa yalawula umhlangano, womabili amasu anezela ezinye izici ezibucayi kuMthetho-sisekelo wokugcina. Umqondo we-Virginia Plan yomphathi onamandla, ozimele washintshela kumongameli, namandla nomyali wempi. Umbono wayo wejaji lesizwe elikhonza abahluleli phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle wathathwa kakhulu eSiphakathini III. [[FLT:] I-New Jersey] i-Platence ngobukhulu bomthetho wezwe waba ngumthetho we-Supremacle Claus (Izesicle, Claus 2), itshe letshe legunya eliphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-New Jersey yalahla ilungiselelo lomphakathi, kodwa yakhanyaniswa kakhulu kwezimiso eziyinhloko zezimiso zezwe.

Amasu abuye alololonga impikiswano ngenqubo yokulungisa . I-Virginia Plan yayihlongoze ukuba kulungiswe isishaya-mthetho sesizwe kuphela, kuyilapho i-New Jersey Plan idinga imvume yombuso evumelanayo. Umthetho-sisekelo wokugcina washaya isilinganiso esihlukile: izinguquko zidinga amavoti amabili-3 kuzo zombili izindlu nokuncitshiswa yizindlu ezintathu (noma imihlangano), inqubo enzima futhi evumelanayo ukuba ivunyelwe ukuba iphinde ibeke izintambo ezingamashumi amabili nambili.

Ukuqongelela Imali Nefa LobuFentshi

Umthetho-sisekelo, njengoba wawubhalwe ekugcineni, wawuwukuhlanganisa. Wanika uhulumeni wezwe amandla amakhulu kakhulu kunalawo ayewabonwa yiNew Jersey Plan, kodwa futhi wavikela ubukhosi bezwe ngaphezu kwe-Virginia Plan eyayihloswe. lolu hlobo lwe-contificiation [[ .] .Izigaba zemibuso phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni, [izigaba] eziphakathi kukahulumeni wezwe] nemibuso, zaba uphawu oluyingqayizivele lwesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika. Phakathi kwempikiswano ye-ratiationmentation (17871888), i-Fedalists, iphinda ikhanyeza izinkathazo ze-New Jersey Plan Provience, yaveza ukuthi umthetho omusha uhulumeni owelwelwelwelwe kakhulu. Ekuphenduleni, i-Fedia, izimpikiswano ezinamandla kakhulu ku-Virginia, [Frective [Foted] [Foted], i-Foctivesssssssssss, isithembiso sesithembiso sika-Bill, i-R.[2

Ukuzithoba Kwanamuhla: Indlela Ukuyekethisa Okusathonya Ngayo Ezombusazwe

Ithonya le-Virginia ne-New Jersey Application alikho nje ngokomlando; lihlala linamandla kwezombangazwe zaseMelika ezikhona kanye. Ithonya elilinganayo (inhliziyo ye-New Jersey Plan) lisho ukuthi iWyoming, engabantu abacishe babe ngu-580 000, inamandla afanayo eSigele sokuvota njenge-California, okunesilinganiso esicishe sibe yizigidi ezingu-39. Lokhu kunezici ezinzulu zenqubo: ithonya lasemaphandleni, izivumelwano zokwahlulela, nomthetho. Indlu yoMphathiswano [[FLT] [oct:3] [imposssssss, noma izimali ezikhishwayo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi ukwakhiwa kwesimiso sentela nezinhlelo zentela eziningi."Umunye umuntu, umunye, uhulumeni we-G.

Imifanekiso Ebalulekile Nomphumela Wayo Ohlala Njalo

Ukuqonda amasu kusho futhi ukwazisa amadoda angemva kwawo. uJacob Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi "uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo," kwakuyi-injini yemfundo ye-Virginia Plan. Amaphuzu akhe aningiliziwe avela emhlanganweni yifasitela lethu eliyinhloko lokuphikisana. [[FLT:]] Paterson, ummeli ohlakaniphile futhi kamuva onguMahluleli weNkakhulu, kwakuyizwi lezikhulu zezwe ezincane, eqinisekisa ukuthi i-Union iyohlonipha isithunzi esiphezulu samalungu onke. [[FLT:] RGOgner] i-Devicer [[FLT] i-Conf:5] ye-Constantivet [irst short; wayeyizwi eliphambili leNkadelela zonke izigqhinga ezine, izimpawu eziyinhloko ze-Inqulution, i-Contipletion, i-Contivent, i-Conveticment, i-Actridentine, futhi iveza isimiso sikahulumeni, kanye kanye ne-P

Isiphetho: Ukuzalwa KweRepublic Exubile

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awuyona i-Virginia Plan noma i-New Jersey Plan ayiyona i-synthesis eqondene kahle nazo zombili. I-Virginia Plan yanikeza umbono kahulumeni wesizwe onamandla onegunya elikhulu kubantu ngabanye. I-New Jersey Plan yaqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda zikahlala zibalulekile esimisweni sezombangazwe, nobukhosi bazo buvikelwe ngokumelelwa okulinganayo eSigqebeni. Ukuhlehla okukhulu, okwahlanganisa lemibono emibili, kwadala lokho kamuva okubizwa ngokuthi "iRepublicracki," okunamandla ahlukene phakathi kwezifundazwe nohulumeni wesizwe, futhi kuhulumeni wesizwe phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sivike sabonakala siqinile iminyaka engaphezu kwengu- 230, ukumelana nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, nokushintsha okukhulu kwezenhlalo. Impikiswano phakathi kwe-Virginia i-Virginia i-Virginia ne-Virginia ye-Virginia ye-Jerseynes, iyaqhubeka i-techne yisifundo sobukhonkolo elawula uhulumeni wobushicial: ukulingana nezinzuzo yenkululeko yesizwe, futhi inzuzo yemibuso ehlangene nezithathu nezithathu, enzi

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nemithombo

Ukuze ucwaninge ngokujule kakhulu eMhlanganweni Womthetho - sisekelo nakulezi zinhloso, hlola le mithombo ehlonishwayo elandelayo: