Amandla Angenakuguqulwa ESizalo Sesine

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elisebenzayo, imithombo yezindaba ayiyona nje imboni kodwa isikhungo esibizwa ngokuthi iSikhungo Sesine sendima yaso njengesenja esigade uhulumeni nezinye izikhungo zamandla. Umsebenzi wayo ukunikeza ulwazi, inselele, futhi inike amandla izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuzilawuleni. Kodwa ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithombo yezindaba nombono womphakathi buyinto ethile kodwa engekho. Isihloko ngasinye, yonke indikimba, nohlelo ngalunye lwezitho zomhleli luyiguqula ngendlela eqondisisa indlela abantu abaqonda ngayo izwe labo, lokho abakukholelwayo ukuthi kuyiqiniso, nendlela abaziphatha ngayo lezo zinkolelo. Njengoba amapulatifomu aqalayo futhi anda, ukuqonda ithonya lale nqubo akubalulekile kuphela ezintathelini nabenzi bezimiso kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqondisa ulwazi nge-octive produration ne-ographtion.

Ithonya lezezindaba ekuqondeni komphakathi embusweni wentando yeningi likhulu, lisebenza emazingeni aqaphelekayo nangekho lutho. Kusukela ekukhetheni ukuthi izindaba zihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba ezisendabeni elandisayo, imithombo yezindaba imisa izinkulumo zenkulumo yomphakathi. La mandla, uma esetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo, angathuthukisa ukuvotelwa kolwazi olunolwazi. Uma esontekile . ("izinto ezithandwayo), ubunikazi, noma ukugcinwa kwesango lokugcinwa kwemithetho-algoricism"""ingaqeda ukuthemba kanye neqiniso elidingekayo ekuvumelaneni kwentando yentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlola okunweba okubanzi, imiphumela, kanye namakhambiselo ahlobene nokulungisa umbono womphakathi, okuhambisana nokucwaninga kwamanje nezibonelo zangempela zezwe.

Izinsika Zendima Yentando Yeningi YeMedia

Iphephandaba elikhululekile nelizimele liyisisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi. Imithwalo yalo yemfanelo idlulela ngalé kokudlulisa nje ukwaziswa; ihilela imisebenzi ebucayi esekela impilo ye-polis. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukwakha umphakathi [: Ukunikeza ukunembe, ukufika ngesikhathi, nomongo obika ngezenzakalo zezombangazwe, izinqumo zezimiso, kanye nezindaba zomphakathi ukuze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukucabangisisa ngezinhlelo ebhokisini lezincwadi nasekuphileni komphakathi.
  • Ukukhonza njengomphakathi we-cuum: Ukunikeza iqophelo lemibono ehlukene, kuhlanganise nokuphikisana namazwi amancane, okwenza kube nempikiswano eqinile nokuphana kwemibono ebalulekile emphakathini oziphindaphindayo. Amakhasi omhleli, umsakazo wenkulumo, namabhodi omphakathi afeze lendima ngokomlando, manje ehlanganisa izingxenye eziphendulayo kanye nezokudla kwezezenhlalo.
  • amandla okuthatha icala : Ukuhlolwa komngeni wamaphephabhuku kwembula ukonakala, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokuhluleka kwezimiso. Ukuchayeka kwe-Watergate ephukeni, iPentagon Papers, kanye nokuhlolwa kwamuva kwezezimali zomkhankaso nezezinkampani zonke zibonisa indima yobundindi njengeseshi egunyani.
  • Ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zomphakathi [: ngokubika ngezindaba zendawo, ama-comstance, kanye nezindlela zomphakathi, imithombo yezindaba ingakhuthaza ukuhlanganyela embusweni wentando yeningi ngaphandle kokuvota] kuhlanganisa nokuya emahholo edolobha, ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela, nokujoyina amaqembu ezokuphatha.

Lezi zindima azikho ezisendaweni ezungezile yezokusakaza elawulwa yiziteshi ezintathu namaphephandaba endawo ashintshele emvelweni ehlukene ezimiso zezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha indlela esebenza ngayo. Ukuvela kwezindawo zokukhipha nokukhipha i-algorith-algorith kunikeza incazelo yokuthi “umphakathi uvame ukunqatshelwa, futhi ukubheka imibandela yezezimali. Nokho imfuneko yentando yeningi eyisisekelo sesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ingumthombo wezwe okwazi ukuzilawula.

Indlela Ukusakazwa Kwezindaba Okuthonya Ngayo Ukusetshenziswa Kwezindaba

Indlela izindaba ezikhiqizwa futhi zidluliselwe ngayo inethonya eliqondile kulokho umphakathi okucabanga ngakho nendlela ocabanga ngayo ngakho. Imibono emibili ebhalwe kahle ````I-agenda''' nokuhlela))------------shovel-sholot-meta.

Ukumiswa kwe-Agenda

Imithombo yezindaba ingase ingatsheli abantu ukuthi yini okufanele bayicabange, kodwa ibatshele ngamandla ukuthi kufanele bacabangeni. Lona umsebenzi wokuhlela izinhlelo: ngokunikeza ukunakekela okukhulu izihloko ezithile (umzk., ukufuduka, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu), izinhlangano zezindaba ziphakamisa lezo zinkinga emphakathini. Ukuhlola kukaMaxwell McCombs noDonald Shaw phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli luka-1968 kwabonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kokugcizelela kwezezindaba nokuqondana kwempikiswano. Amashumi eminyaka okucwaninga okulandelayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi lapho kuhlanganiswa iziphakamiso zenkinga, ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngokunye. Ngokungafani, izimpikiswano azinakwa yimithombo yezindaba .[1]Nkakhulu qha, ukuthi kuhlala kanjani kungaphansi kwe-radayday yeze.

Ukudweba

Ngalé kwezindaba ezihlanganisweyo, uhlaka okuxoxwa ngalo indaba ngokuma kwayo. Ukuhlinza kuhlanganisa ukukhetha “izinto ezithile ezibonakala zingokoqobo kanye nama-mak" ezikhona embhalweni okhulumayo”, njengoba isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uRobert Entman sazichaza. Cabangela umehluko phakathi kokuchaza ukungasebenzi ngokuthi“ ukuwohloka kwezomnotho” ngokumelene“ nokuhluleka kwenqubo kahulumeni ukusekela izisebenzi.” I-media i-frame ngayinye iphatha izilinganiso ezihlukene ze-caustry nezindlela ezicacisweyo. Phakathi nobhadaba lwe-COVID-19, ngokwesibonelo, ihlanganisa impilo yomphakathi ngokumelene nezomnotho, yaveza izimo zezehluka kakhulu eziqondiswe umphakathi ezivisweni nasemithethweni. Ama-Media angaveza futhi izimo zengqondo zamuva njengezenani elithile elivamile noma umphakathi womphakathi ngamunye.

Ukuphamba

Ingxenye ehlobene kakhulu nesimiso sokuhlela, ipriming iyenzeka lapho izihloko zezindaba zithinta izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa izilaleli ekuhloleni abaholi nezinhlangano. Uma izindaba zilokhu ziqokomisa ukusingatha kwesimiso sangaphandle kwezombangazwe, abavoti cishe bayobona ukuthi isazi sezombangazwe sisekelwe ekhonweni labo abacabanga ukuthi likhona kuleyondawo, ngisho noma ezinye izindawo ezinjengokunakekela impilo yasekhaya zibaluleke ngokufanayo. Ubugebengu buyindlela engabonakali kodwa enamandla engaguqula ngayo izindinganiso zokulandisa kwezombangazwe.

Le miphumela yokucabanga ayigcini ezindabeni. Izokuxhumana zithonya futhi imibono yezenhlalo, kusukela ekuvezeni ubugebengu namaqembu ezinhlanga kuya ebuhlotsheni bothando nempumelelo engokomnotho. Imiphumela enqwabelanayo yezithombe eziphindaphindwayo − ikakhulukazi uma kungekho ozichazayo [1] ukuma kwezinkolelo ezisekelwe ezijulile ngokuthi yini elungile, efiselekayo, noma esongelayo.

Ukwanda Kwemithombo Yezobuchwepheshe Nezenhlalo

Ukuvela kwe-inthanethi ne-computer yezokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula kakhulu ithonya lemithombo yezindaba. Nakuba imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko isafeza indima, indawo ezungezile engokwezinombolo iphawuleka ngesivinini, igciwane, kanye nokusebenza kwe-algoric jication, `izinto ezinika ukuqonda nokuphazamiseka komphakathi amandla.

Amanani Nezihluzo

Ama-computer ezenstruction ancike kuma-algorithm ukuze andise ukuthembisana komsebenzisi. La manani angaphezulu agcina abasebenzisi besongwayo, ngokuvamile ngokuqinisa okuthandwayo okukhona kanye nokusabela okungokomzwelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungadala izindawo zokuhlambulula izihluzo ($information) lapho abasebenzisi bechayeke kakhulu embonweni nasezindabeni ezivumelana nezimo zabo zengqondo ezingaphambili. Nakuba igama elithi “igumbi lika-echo" lithatha isimo sokuzigcina ungena komgomo wale zindawo, ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi iqiniso libonakala ngokungafani kakhulu: abasebenzisi abaningi bahlangabezana nezinto ezihlukahlukene, kodwa imithetho yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukubonakala kwemibono, ukusheshisa, noma ukudlulisa izinto ngokomzwelo. U. 2016. umongameli we-Russia. ukhetho nezingxoxo ezilandelanayo mayelana nokuncintisana kwezindawo zokuhlanganisa i-196966, ukucwaninga nokungathembana.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ama-digita anciphisa izithiyo ekukhiqizweni nasekusakazweni, okwenza okuqukethwe okungamanga noma okudukisayo ukuba kusakazeke ngokwesilinganiso. Ama-mistry (amaphutha angazinzi) kanye nokudiliza (wandisa amanga) aye anda kakhulu ngezihloko kusukela ekulondekeni komjovo ukuze akhethe. Ukuhlolwa kobuqotho bemijondolo. [2018]] ] [] yathola ukuthi izindaba ezingamanga ezisakazeke kakhulu, ngokushesha, futhi zibanzi kuneqiniso, ikakhulukazi ngokwezezombangazwe. Isivinini kanye nokukhanga kwezentengo ezingokwezentengo ezisheshayo, kuyenze kube nzima ngabasebenzisi ukuqinisekisa imithombo. Imiphumela inciphe kakhulu inciphe kakhulu ekuthembeni kwemikhaza, ngisho nakunye imicimbi engokwezombangazwe, futhi isilinganiso esingokwenani elikhulu kwezentengonyaka ka-201, u-201, ukuhlasela okungamangazwa okungamangazwa yi-o.

Izezindaba zomphakathi zibuye zishintshe ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezikhulu zomphakathi. Ukuxhumana okuqondile kuvela ku-Twitter, Istagram, noma u-Tik Tok kuvumela abaholi ukuba badlule abagcini besango abavamile, kunikeze kokubili ithuba lokubonana nengozi yokungalawulwa kwenkulumo - ze. Uma izibalo zomphakathi zilokhu zihlasela imithombo yezindaba emikhulu ngokuthi “izindaba eziyimfihlo,” zilulaza ukuthenjwa kwe-Creenday Reaces, zishiya izakhamuzi zingavikelekile emithonjeni nasemibonweni yozungu.

Imiphumela Yethonya Lemithombo Yezindaba

Umphumela oqhubekayo wamandla okubumba emithombo yezindaba ubonakala ezicini eziningana ezibonakalayo kulo lonke imibuso yentando yeningi.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi, izakhamuzi ziya zihlukana kakhulu, futhi izindlela zokusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ziwumshayeli ophawulekayo. Ukwanda kwezindaba ze-createx calls (Fox News, MSNBC) kanye namawebhusayithi e - hyperpartisan kwakha isayensi yolwazi lapho uhlangothi ngalunye luthatha khona amaqiniso ahlukene, amafelemu, kanye nezindaba. Lokhu kuveza izimpawu ezingakhethi ziqinisa ukuma kweqembu nokuzondana phakathi kwamaqembu, ukuyekelela imigqa yeqembu enzima kakhulu. Ukucwaninga nge - Pew Research Center kubonisa ukuthi izinkolelo eziqinile nezingaguquguqukiyo zihlala “ezweni ezihlukene” lapho zifika emithonjeni yazo yezindaba, futhi lokhu kuveza imibono ehlukene kakhulu ngemibono eshintshashintsha isimo sezulu. Ukuncintisana kwezindawo akuthintenga kuphela izimo zezomnotho kodwa futhi kuthinta nezingathonye izitho zeqembu labo abaholi, njengoba besabela nasemagunyeni abo.

Ukushintsha Kokuziphatha Kwezinga Lokushisa Nemiphumela Ephakeme

Imibiko yezindaba ithinta ngokuqondile imiphumela yokukhetha. Umthamo nephimbo lokuhlanganisa kungathuthukisa noma kunciphise ukuphumelela kwabazohlolwa, ikakhulukazi okhethweni abayinhloko. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamaphephandaba ngamazwe ngamaphepha aphezulu, kuyilapho ukuvalwa kwamaphepha endawo kuholela ekunciphiseni ukubekeka kwezombangazwe − ngokwengxenye ezinhlangeni ezingekho ezizweni zendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvela kokukhangisa ngemisebe emincane kakhulu kuvumela imikhankaso yokufinyelela abantu abathile ngemiyalezo elungisiwe, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuhlola umphakathi okuthola izikhangiso. Lokhu kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa kwemikhankatho ye-vo ethinta imizwelo esukela ezinhlwini zezindaba ezithinta imizwelo kuya emangeni aqondile.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana Ezinhlanganweni

Uma imithombo yezindaba ibhekwa njengenobandlululo noma ethembekile, ukuthemba umphakathi kuzo zonke izinhlangano kungahlupheka. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukuthembela emithonjeni yezindaba ewuquqaba eUnited States kuye kwancipha kakhulu ngokomlando ($22% kuphela) yaseMelika yaveza ngisho nesilinganiso esiphezulu sokuthembana ngo-2024. Lokhu kungabaza, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kunempilo enhle, kungaholela nasekungathembeni nasekususeni ithemba lomphakathi ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi konke ukwaziswa kuyasetshenziswa, zingayeka ukuvota, ukuthatha ingxenye yomphakathi, futhi zinamathele ngisho nasemgabeni kwisiqondiso sempilo yomphakathi. Umjikelezo wezinga eliphezulu nokungabaza okungabaza ukuthemba, okwenza ukukhohlakazeka kwezelelwa, okwenza izilaleli zibe lula kakhulu ekuthatheleni indawo yokukhetha i-democredial .[1] Nemithombo ethembekile encane.

Ukuba Umnikazi Wezindaba Nokugxilisa Ingqondo

Ngalé kwezindawo, isimo semboni yezokuxhumana ngokwaso sinethonya elikhulu kulokho okuhlanganisiwe nendlela okumelwe kwenziwe ngayo. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, inani elincane lezinhlangano ezizimele kanye nabantu abacebile banengxenye enkulu yezindawo zezindaba ezingokwesiko neze-inthanethi. Ukuhlanganiswa okuthe tyaba nokuqondene ngokuqondene [1] lapho isikhungo esisodwa samaphephandaba, iziteshi zethelevishini, omagazini, kanye namapulatifomu emishini yezokuxhumana (-redigitations), kuholela ekuhlanganiseni okuqukethwe yizinto kanye nokunciphisa ukuhlukahlukaniswa kwamazwi. I-pricingscio enterry izihloko ezithandwayo ezikhanga izilaleli eziningi, ngokuvamile zigcizelela ukuzuza inzuzo, ubugebengu, nedrama ephumayo ephepheni leze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanikazi bangasebenzisa ithonya ibhizinisi lokuthuthukisa izithakazeko zabo zezentengobo yeze yezentengo yomphakathi. I-Claiseccoptic Groadcast i-mose i-modult i-mose i-modentimose i-modensidet production i-mo

Isikhungo sokucwaninga sePew Center sinikeza izinkolelo eziqhubekayo zezimiso zokuthi yekamelwe, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezinjenge iColumbia Journalism Review’s “Unani onakho”[ ilandela ukuhlanganiswa kwempahla yezokuxhumana. Lemicebo ibalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuqonda amandla angemva kwezindaba eziwasebenzisayo.

Ukuqinisa Intando Yeningi Ngokufunda Imithombo Yezindaba

Nakuba izinguquko ezakhiweni − njengokuqinisekisa ukuvimbela ukuthembeka okunamandla, ukuxhasa kwemithombo yezindaba, kanye nezimfuneko zokubonana kwemithetho-algorith(ibalulekile, ukunikeza umuntu amandla ngokufunda ngemithombo yezindaba nakho kuyingozi. Ukufunda kwe media akukona nje ukuhlukanisa “izindaba eziwundabhhayo”; kuyikhono elibanzi elibekwe elihlanganisa:

  • Intengo esekelwe emthonjeni wethemba: ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemithombo eyinhloko, ukuqinisekiswa kobuthakathi, izicucu zemibono, nenkulumo - ze engagunyaziwe. Amathuluzi afana nokufunda okulandelana. /ukuhlola imithombo eminingi", kufundiswa ezifundweni eziningi zesikole kanye nezinhlangano ezinjenge projekthi ye-News NewsPhood[
  • Ukuqaphela ubandlululo nokubhala nge-full: Ukuqonda ukuthi ukulandisa kwezindaba konke kuhilela ukukhetha ukuthi yini okumelwe igcizelelwe. Abathengi bamaMede bangabuza: Uyini umbono ongakhishwayo? Ubani osekelwe? Lomzwelo uvusa muphi?
  • [ Ukusetshenziswa okungakhanyi: ukufuna ngentshiseko imibono engaphandle kwegumbi lonothi elivamile lomuntu, ufunda izihloko zemibono, kuhlanganise nemithombo yomhlaba wonke, futhi ulandele izintatheli ezinolwazi ngemibhoshongo ethile.
  • Ihlola ngezinhlangano ezihlola iqiniso: izinhloli zeqiniso ezizimele njenge POLITIFC, Snopets[, kanye [FLT]] ne[FLT]ctC.org inikeza izijekezo ezibalulekile zokulungisa izinto ezingekho mthethweni, ikakhulukazi phakathi nemijikelezo yokhetho nezinkinga zempilo yomphakathi.
  • Ukuqonda ithonya le-algorithism: Ukwazi ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana idla izibuko ezingokoqobo kodwa imikhiqizo eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuganana. Ukulungisa izimo, ukulandela imithombo ehlukahlukene, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ukufuna “izindaba ezinzima” ngamabomu kunganciphisa amandla amagobolondo ahluzayo.

Izinhlelo zezokuxhumana zokwazi ukufunda nokubhala ziphumelela kakhulu lapho zihlanganiswa emikhankasweni yemfundo yangempela neyomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iFinland, iye yenza ukufunda kwezokuxhumana kube ingxenye eyinhloko yezifundo zayo zesizwe kusukela ngo-2010, ihlomisela abafundi amakhono okuhlaziya ukwaziswa nokuqaphela ukudilika okungakhathazeki okungakhangwa kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana kwezwe nemisebenzi yethonya laseRussia. E-United States, izinhlangano ezifana ne- iMedia Libactable Project[ kanye neproject ye-Newsclation Projicture:3]

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuhlanganyela Wezindaba Nezakhamuzi

Ithonya lemithombo yezindaba embonweni womphakathi wentando yeningi alilungile noma alikho kabi; lingamandla angakhanyisa noma aphazamise, ahlanganise noma ahlukanise. Imishini enamandla, ezimele ihlala ibalulekile ekubekeni amandla esibopho futhi inikeze amaqiniso ahlanganyelwe ukucubungula kwentando yeningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ushintsho lwezinqubo zezokuxhumana lufuna izinga elisha lokuqapha ezakhamuzini. Impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke emazingeni elungeleni ezungezile yolwazini lwayo, futhi leyomfanelo ilolongwa ngezimiso zezindaba, izimiso zezemisebenzi, izakhiwo zezindawo, kanye nezingalo ezigxekayo zabantu ngabanye.

Njengoba imithombo yezindaba iqhubeka iguqula i-produced − isebenzisa amandla okusungula okuguqula izinto, imishini efiphazayo efiphaza izinto, kanye nezindawo zobungako ezizama ukulinganisela okuhlukene − izimiso eziye zaqondisa imithombo yezobudemoni emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka zisabalulekile: iqiniso, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, kanye nokuzibophezela kubantu abahle. Ukusekela lezozimiso kudinga isinyathelo ngasinye, kusukela kubenzi bezimiso abangaguqula imithetho emelene nokungathembisi, kubafundisi abafundisa ukufunda, kulokhu kuchofoza ukuze bafune imishini. Isivikelo sokugcina sokuzifunela ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya efundile siyinika, futhi sisebenzisa ukuqonda okufunwa kangcono, hhayi nje emithonjeni yabo yezindaba kodwa kusuka kubo.