Ithonya Lesimiso Sezisebenzi Ezinkulu Samalungelo Amancane Nezokuncintisana

Ithonya Lesimiso Sezisebenzi Ezinkulu Samalungelo Amancane Nezokuncintisana

Izimiso ze-Electoral ziyisiqalo sombuso wentando yeningi, ukunquma indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo emandleni ezombangazwe. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokwakheka kwe-votal, izimiso zezikhulu ezichazwa ngokuthi "izithako-zonke"" (zinemiphumela ejulile nephikisanayo ekwakhekeni kweqembu elincane nakufakwa kulo). Lezizimiso, ezihlanganisa i-propati yokuqala (FPTP) nokuvota, ziklanyelwe ukuveza izinqola ezicacile nezingantenga, kodwa zingaveza namazwi amancane ngokulandelana. Ukuqonda izimiso, imiphumela, nezinguquko ezingase zikhona ezimisweni ezinkulu zibalulekile kubaluleke nganoma yiziphi izimpawu ezigunyaziwe ukumele ukumeleka okusemthethweni.

Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izimiso zokhetho eziyinhloko ezibumba ngayo amaqembu amancane ezombangazwe, ukudweba ekuhlolweni kwezezimo eziqhathaniswa, ukucwaninga ngezezimo, nezihlongozo zenguquko. Sizohlola ukuhweba phakathi kokuzinza kukahulumeni nokubusa okungaphelele, izinselele ezithile ezithize ezibhekene nalezi zimiso, nokuthi yini engenziwa ukulinganisela izindinganiso zentando yeningi ezincintisanayo.

Ukuchaza Izimiso Zomkhuhlane

Izimiso zokhetho ezinkulu ziphawulwe ngesimiso esisodwa: umvoti noma iqembu elamukela amavoti amaningi linqoba ukhetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lifeza inani elikhulu kangakanani. Ngokwenqubo, lokhu kusho ukuthi iqembu lingakha uhulumeni ngesilinganiso esincane esingu-35-40 yamavoti athandwayo, lishiye iningi labavoti ngaphandle kokumelelwa ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuhlukile kakhulu ekumeleni okulinganayo (PR), lapho izihlalo kumthetho zibekwa khona ngokwesilinganiso esinzima ngokwesabelo seqembu ngalinye levoti.

Izinhlobo ezivamile zezimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

• Eyokuqala-Past-the Post (FTP): Isetshenziswa emazweni anjengeUnited Kingdom, i-United States, iCanada, neNdiya. Abavoter bakhetha isibhalisa esisodwa esifundeni esisodwa, futhi ozothatha i-FTP iyisimiso se-astertives emhlabeni.
• Uhlelo lweRound lwendlela ezimbili (TRS): olusetshenziswa eFrance nokhetho oluningi lukamongameli. Uma kungekho mfantu othola iningi eliphelele enhlabeni yokuqala, umzungezo wesibili uba phakathi kwabathathi-mgomo ababili abaphezulu. Lokhu kukhetha ukuba kube nezigaba ezinkulu, ezimisiwe kakhulu.
• I-avernative Vote (AV) noma i-Rankhed-Choice Voting: Abavolonti banezigaba ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti othatha ingxenye enkulu yamavoti okuqala, othatha isikhala esiphansi kakhulu uyasuswa, futhi amavoti abo akhitshanywa. Nakuba kusengumphathi omkhulu owenziwe ngemiphumela, i-AV ingaveza imiphumela engcono kakhulu kune-FPTPP.

Isu lokucabanga eliyinhloko lezimiso eziyinhloko ukuveza umphumela owodwa, owujuqu − uhulumeni ongabusa ngaphandle kwezingxoxo ezihlangene. Lokhu kungaholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwemithetho nasekuzilandiseni okucacile, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi izingxenye ezinkulu zeqembu elikhulu labavoti, ikakhulukazi iqembu elincane, zingase zibukele phansi lokho ezikuthandayo.

Owasemgwaqweni Uthatha Konke Okunamandla

Isici esichazayo sezimiso ezinkulu yisimiso "i-winner-all" esenza izinto eziningana ezithinta ukumelelwa kwedlanzana. Okokuqala, lezi zimiso zivame ukwenza umncintiswano wengxenye ezimbili noma ezimbili zebhuloho, njengoba amaqembu amancane ebhekene nezithiyo ezinzima ekutholeni izihlalo. Okwesibili, akhuthaza ukuvota okusemthethweni, lapho izakhamuzi zivota imvume yazo kodwa kumelene nomfundi ezingamthandi, ngokuvamile zinciphisa ingxenye yesithathu noma imibono emiphakathini echazwe ngokwezifunda, okungasiza noma kulimaza imiphakathi embalwa exhomeke ekutholeni imingcele yesigodi.

Ngokombono wezibalo, izimiso ze-FPP zimelela isigaba esikhulu kakhulu futhi zimelela amaqembu amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho luka-2019 lwe-UK, i-Conservative Party yawina amaphesenti 43,6 evoti kodwa yathola amaphesenti angu-5,2 ezihlalo, kuyilapho i-Liberal Democrats yawina amaphesenti angu-11,6 esigaba sokuvota kodwa amaphesenti angu-7 kuphela ezihlalweni. Lokhu kuguqula kwandisa amandla amaningi futhi kwanciphisa ithonya elincane, kwakha ubandlululo oluthinta ngokuphawulekayo amaqembu amancane amelela ubuzwe, inkolo, noma izigaba ezincane.

Imishini Yokwehla Kwemingcele Emincane Ezimisweni Zama - majortithary

Izimiso zokuvota ezinkulu ziveza izindlela ezithile ezinganciphisa amaqembu amancane, ngisho noma lawo maqembu ekha ingxenye ephawulekayo yabantu.

Ukuphazanyiswa Kwendawo Yonke

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu sokumelelwa kwedlanzana ngaphansi kwezimiso eziyinhloko ukugxila kwezwe. Izinhlanga, ulimi, noma izinkolo ezincane ezimanyene ngokwendawo − njengamaQuebecois aseCanada noma e-Scotland ngokuvamile alondeka ngokuwina izifunda zendawo. Nokho, amadlanzana asakazekela ezifundeni eziningi abhekene nobunzima obukhulu. Ukuvota kwawo kunciphe kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi, kuqabukela ukufinyelela umnyango odingekayo ukuze azuze isihlalo esisodwa.

Lokhu kunamandla kuye kwafakazelwa emongweni omningi. E-United States, abavoti ba-Afrikan American nase-Latino bavame ukugxilwa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kodwa kungenzeka babe "banqikazi" ezifundeni eziningi emizamweni yokuzihlela, belulaza amandla abo akhethiwe. E-UK, imiphakathi yamaSulumane ne-South Asia emadolobheni anjengeBirmingham neLeicester ibhekene nezinselele ezifanayo, njengoba amavoti ahlukaniswa ehlanekezelwe ngezindlela ezilula ithonya lawo elihlangene. Umphumela uwukuthi ngisho nalapho amaqembu amancane enza ingxenye esizwe, ukumelela kwawo ephalamendeni kungaba yinani eliphansi kakhulu kunesilinganiso sawo somphakathi.

Ukusebenzisa I - Gerrymandering Nokulawula Isigodi

Gerrymandering − ukusetshenziswa kwamabomu kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kuzuze ngokwezombangazwe − kuyisici esiyingozi sezimiso ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinezigodi ezihlanga eyodwa. Uma zihlangene nokuhlukana kwezinhlanga noma kohlanga, ukuvota okuncane kungawanciphisa ngokulandelana amandla okuvota. Amasu amabili ayinhloko ayasetshenziswa:

• Ukufaka i-packing: ukuhlanganisa inani labavoti abaningi abambalwa ngangokunokwenzeka kwinani elincane lezifunda, kuvumela iningi ukuba liwine ngokunethezeka ezifundeni ezizungezile. Lokhu kunciphisa inani lezihlalo eliphelele abameleli abambalwa abangawina.
• Ukusakaza: Ukusakaza abavoti abambalwa ezifundeni eziningi ukuze bangakhi abaningi kunoma isiphi isifunda. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi okuthandwa yidlanzana kuyanqamuka njalo.

I-United States inikeza izibonelo eziqinile zobu buchwepheshe. Ukuhlolwa kwango-2018 kweBrennan Center for Justice kwathola ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwezinhlanga ezifundazweni ezinjengeNyakatho Carolina, iTexas, ne-Alabama kunciphise kakhulu inani lezifunda lapho abavoti abambalwa base-Afrika ne-Latino babengakhetha khona abazokhethwa. Ngisho nalapho izinkantolo zigadla amabalazwe anjalo njengezingathathi mithetho, abakhiqizi bemithetho bawabuyisela ngezindlela ezisanciphisa ithonya elincane. Umphumela owengeziwe uyisimiso sezombangazwe lapho abavoti abambalwa bengabavoti abangaphansi kwenani labo elivamile.

Ukuthutha Imishini Efanelekayo Nempahla Engasetshenziswa

Izimiso zabaphathi zidala izisusa ezinamandla zokuvota okusemthethweni, lapho izakhamuzi zilahla khona umvoti wazo ezithanda ukuba zivotele enye indlela engcono kakhulu. Lesisenzakalo siyingozi kakhulu kubavoti abambalwa, abangase bakhethe phakathi kokusekela abavoti abambalwa abangenamathuba amancane okuwina noma okuvota umuntu ongaba neqhaza elikhulu lokungathathi hlangothi lokuqala. Umqondo "amavoti athandwayo" ubalulekile kulomkhakhakhakha: noma iliphi ivoti elivotela umuntu olahlekelwayo alikhokhisi iqhaza ekumeleleni, lakha ukucindezela okukhulu kokuvumelana neqembu elikhulu.

Kubantu abambalwa, lokhu kukhetha okubalulekile kungashintsha kakhulu. Abavoli bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi lokho abakuthandayo ngempela akubalulekile ekukhetheni imiphumela engokovota, kululaza umuzwa wabo wokuphumelela kwezombangazwe nokuthembisana. Ukucwaninga kwe-Electoral Reformation Society e-UK kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abavoti abambalwa bangaba nomqondo wokuthi ukuvota kwabo akunandaba, futhi lokhu kukhetha okungahambisani nezombangazwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuwohloka kwezivumelwano zomphakathi kungaletha imingcele yokuvinjelwa kwemingcele yezentengo.

Ukuhlola Icala Okuqhathaniswayo Kwezimiso Zama - majorithary Namalungelo Amancane

Ukuze uqonde ithonya langempela lezimiso zokukhetha eziyinhloko kumalungelo amancane, kubalulekile ukuhlola izimo ezithile zezwe. Lokhu kuhlola kwembula kokubili izinselele ezivamile nezinguquko eziyingqayizivele ezibunjwe umlando, inani labantu, kanye nomklamo wezindawo.

I - United Kingdom: Isimiso Se - FPTP Nophawu Oluncane Lwezinhlanga

Isimiso sokuqala se-United Kingdom se-past seye yagxekwa kade ngenxa yemiphumela yaso ekumelelweni kwesizwe esincane. Nakuba inani lamalungu amancane ePhalamende (amaMP) liye lanyuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (kusukela ku-4 ngo- 1987 kuya ku-65 ngo-2019) kuya ku-65 ngo-2019 (lokhu kwanda bekungalingani futhi kuxhomeke ekumanani ezifundeni zesigodi. Abancane abazobhapathizwa basengozini enkulu yokuwina ezifundeni lapho umphakathi wabo wakha khona ingxenye enkulu yezakhamuzi, elinganisela izinhlobonhlobo zephalamende.

Imininingwane evela e-House of Commons Library ibonisa ukuthi kukhetho oluvamile lwango-2019, amaphesenti angu-87 ama-MP amancane amele izihlalo ezinenani elingaphezu kwenani labantu abambalwa abahlala ezindaweni ezihlukene. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi ama-MP ambalwa awanamathuba amancane okumelela izifunda ezimhlophe, anciphisa ukubonakala kwezindaba ezimbalwa ezibhekene nezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abavoti abambalwa abasemazweni amhlophe abaningi abanalo ithonya elincane kakhulu phezu kwe-MP yawo yendawo, njengoba lawo ma-MP engenazisusa ezingcono zokuxoxa neqembu elincane.

Indaba ye-UK iqokomisa futhi indima yokukhetha umncintiswano. Ngenxa yokuthi izimiso eziyinhloko zigcizelela ukubaluleka okukhulu kubantu abazobhapathizwa ezifundeni ezizimele, izinqubo zangaphakathi zokukhetha abazobhapathizwa zingaba abagcini bamasango ukuze baboniswe abantu abambalwa. I-Labour Party, ngokomlando eye yasekela amalungelo amancane, iye yaveza inani labafuna ukubhapathizwa abambalwa kunabantu abambalwa kuneConservative Party, kodwa izinqubo zokukhetha zangaphakathi zingaba zize zibe zishiseke futhi zinciphe. Izinguquko ezinjalo njengabo bonke abesifazane abafishane banezinhlobonhlobo ezandayo engokwaneni, kodwa izindlela ezifanayo zokumelelwa kwemibuhlanga emincane ziye zathuthuka kancane.

E - United States: IGerrymandering, Ukusekela Amalungelo, Nobulungisa Bezinhlanga

Alikho izwe elibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezimiso zokhetho oluyinhloko namalungelo amancane ngokucace kakhulu kune-United States. Isimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika sihlanganisa ukuvota nezifunda eziyilungu elilodwa, i-gerrymanindering exubile nesakhiwo sikahulumeni esiyinkimbinkimbi esinikeza ukulawula okuphawulekayo ekuqondiseni ukhetho. Lenhlanganisela iye yaveza ezinye zezibonelo ezihloniphekile zokuncitshiswa kwevoti encishisiwe yentando yeningi ezweni lentando yeningi.

IVoting Rights Act ka-1965, ikakhulukazi i-Fomb Act 2, yayiklanyelwe ukunqabela imikhuba yokuvota ehlukanisayo ngesisekelo sohlanga. Nokho, eminyakeni kusukela ngenkathi yeNkantolo Ephakeme i-2013 ibusa Shelby County v. Hoker[] ikhiphe amalungiselelo ayinhloko e-Act, ukususa ukuphathwa kwemithetho yokukhetha kukahulumeni ngezinguquko zezindawo zezezimo zobandlululo zezinhlanga. Izibalo zezifunda eziningi eziphakathi nonyaka ka-2020, kusukela lapho izifunda ezimbalwa zithanda khona, ziye zamisa imithetho yokuvota, amabalazwe anezinye ezithiyoli ezithiyo ezithiyo, kanye nezinye izimpawu ezithinta ngokungenayo. A201 zihlolwa uMkhathi we-Predestgatencess Prence on Couragest Inviverst of Coveration and Humancutystions 2020, inani lezifunda ezimbalwa ezazingamele ukuvotadia ezise zise zisezweni eziningi.

I-Gerrymandering isiye yaba umkhuba ohlukanisa kakhulu futhi owesizwe ebalazweni le-U.S. ngo-2018 eNyakatho Carolina, i-collegational yadweba izigodi ezazigcwele abavoti base-Afrikans America ezihlalweni ezimbalwa kuyilapho zisakaza ezinye ezifundeni eziningi. Inkantolo kahulumeni yabulala ibalazwe njengebalazwe elingekho ngokohlanga, kodwa ibalazwe lama-2020 labekwa inselele ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo. Ukuphikelela kwalemikhuba kubonisa indlela izimiso ezinkulu zezombangazwe ezingase zihlatshwe ngayo amandla amancane ezombangazwe ngisho nalapho izinkantolo zingenela.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-ligion ephumelelayo ne-advocation eye yandisa ukumelelwa kwedlanzana. Izifunda ezidwetshwe ngaphansi kwesigaba 2 soMthetho Wezikhundla Zokuhlanganisa amalungelo ziye zadala "izindawo ezingcono" lapho abavoti baseAfrika no-Latino bangakhetha khona abazokhethwa. Nakuba lezifundakazi ziye zandisa ukuchaza, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi zingagxilisa futhi ithonya labo kubantu abambalwa abavota futhi zinciphise ithonya ezifundeni ezizungezile. Impikiswano ezindaweni eziningi zezentenginya iveza ukusetshenziswa kobunjiyela bezincwadi eziyinkimbinkimbi ekulungiseni ubandlululo lwezimo ze-cansitive.

ECanada: Izindawo ezincane zokubhekisisa Izindaba Nezilimi

Isimiso se-FPTP saseCanada sinikeza umbono ohlukile, lapho ukunaka kwendawo kungasiza khona ezinye iziqeshana lapho kuhluleka ezinye. Izifunda ezinkulu, ezinabantu abambalwa nezihlukene-limi ezinkulu zidala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-Francone Quebecois, egxile esifundazweni saseQuebec, iye yajabulela ukumelelwa okuqinile eHouse of Commons, ngokuvamile izuza isabelo esiqinile sezihlalo phakathi kwe-Bloc Québébécois, iqembu elisekela ubukhosi baseQuebec. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwendawo kungaba indlela yokumelela ngaphansi kwezimiso ezinkulu zokuphatha.

Nokho, ezinye izihlalo ezincane eCanada zibhekene nobunzima obukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphakathi yesizwe, isakazeke ezweni lonke futhi ihlukaniswa njalo yimingcele yezifundazwe. Naphezu kokuba cishe amaphesenti amahlanu abantu baseCanada, abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abakaze babe nezihlalo ezimbalwa ephalamende nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Umbiko ka-2020 we-Canada House of Commons Special Committee e-Electoral Reformation wathola ukuthi isimiso se-FPTPP simelela i-I-I-IORP, futhi situsa ezinye izikhundla ezimele njengophawu olunenani elixubile (MMP) noma ukuvota okunezelelwa kwe-compuza.

Ngokufanayo, imiphakathi yesizwe esincane saseCanada, ikakhulukazi eyaseNingizimu Asia neMpuma Asia, iye yabonakala ingafani. Nakuba ezinye izifunda ezinezakhamuzi ezinabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ezikhethelwe idlanzana elikhethiwe, ukuhlukahluka kwephalamende elandela umphakathi. Ukuhlaziywa okungu-2021 kweNhlangano ye-Canadian Citizenship kwathola ukuthi idlanzana elibonakalayo eliphethe cishe amaphesenti angu-15 ezihlalweni eHouse of Commons, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-2,3 ezakhamuzi. Lokhu kumelela kuyaqhubeka naphezu kwedumela leCanada njengomphakathi wezizwe, kuqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa kwesimiso se-FPTPP.

INdiya: Idemokrasi enkulu kakhulu yomhlaba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-Caste-seshoding

Ukwamukela kwe-FPTP kwesimiso saseNdiya kusukela enkathini yamakoloni aseBrithani kunikeza ukuhlola okuyingqayizivele ekutheni izimiso zeze-volution ezinkulu zisebenzelana kanjani nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezigxilile njengesigaba sesigaba. Isimiso sokhetho saseNdiya siye sathiwa ngokuveza ohulumeni abaneziqendu eziqinile eziqinile ngenxa yomlando waso, oye waba nengxenye ekuthuthukiseni kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. Nokho, isimiso siye saqinisa futhi ukubekwa kwemingcele yezombangazwe yemiphakathi yesigaba esiphansi, naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho wemithetho ehlanganisa nezihlalo ezigciniwe zeShedymals Castems (SC) neZigaba Eziphambili (ST) ngokwenani labantu abahlala kuso.

Isimiso sezabelo siqinisekisa ukuthi i-SC ne-ST zinezihlalo eziningi eziqinisekisiwe ephalamendeni, eziye zandisa ukumelelwa kwazo. Nokho, lezizihlalo ezigciniwe ngokuvamile zigxilwe ezifundeni lapho lemiphakathi isimi khona kakade yanda, ilinganisela ithonya layo kwezinye izifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezindawo ezigciniwe, abameleli abaphansi ababhekene nezithiyo zokukhetha ngenxa yeqembu elinamandla nomxhasi wevoti. Isimiso se-FPTPP sincike i-mncintiswano yesifunda kusho ukuthi abaholi abaphansi badinga ukusekelwa abaholi abaholi abaholi abaphethe abaphethe abaphathi abaphethe kakhulu ukuze bawine, okungahlehlela ekuzimeleni kwabo futhi baphumelele.

Ukuphakama kwe-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuHindu sobuzwe kuye kwabangela ukuba ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zokhetho olukhulu namalungelo amancane buxazulule kakhulu. I-BJP izuze amacala amakhulu alandelanayo ephalamende namaphesenti angu-37 kuphela evoti yesizwe, ngenxa ye-FPP's hoversence. Lokhu kuye kwavumela iqembu ukuba limise imithetho ephikisa amaqembu enkolo, ikakhulukazi amaSulumane, awenza amba amaphesenti angu - 14 ezakhamuzi zaseNdiya kodwa aphethe ingxenyana yezihlalo zephalamenti. Ingxube yesimiso esikhulu sesimiso sezombangazwe esinemiqondo enkulu yezombangazwe ingaba nobuthi obuncane kakhulu ngenxa yamalungelo eqenjini, njengoba igxilisa amandla eqenjini yeqembu elikhulu elithandwayo.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo: Ama - joritharian v. Proportigal System

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ithonya lezimiso ze-locatical projectal kumalungelo amancane, kungcono ukuziqhathanisa nezimiso zokumelela ezilandelanayo. Izimiso ze-PR, ezinika izihlalo ezisekelwe engxenyeni yeqembu ngalinye lokuvota, zivame ukuveza imiphumela egcwele kakhulu emaqenjini amancane. Emazweni anjenge-New Zealand (eyenziwa i-FPTP ukuya ku-MMP ngo-1996), ukumelelwa kwamaMaori kanye nezinye izihlalo ezimbalwa ezanda kakhulu ngemva kwenguquko. Ngokufanayo, i-PR ye-Afrika yaseNingizimu Afrika, i-African National Congress (ANC) kanye neminye imibutho iye yakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukumelelwa ngokulingana kwe-FTPTP nezinhlanga ezincane epalamentine.

Ukucwaninga kwe - International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Anice (International IDEEA) kuye kwabonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi izimiso zohlelo ziveza izishaya-mthetho ezibonisa ngokuseduze ukuhlukahluka kwenani lenani labakhethi. I-meta-analysis eshicilelwe kumagazini i-Electoral Studies[ ithola ukuthi izinhlelo ze-PR zihlangene namaphesenti angu-20-30 ukumelelwa okuphakeme kwabesifazane kanye neqembu lezinhlanga uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso ezinkulu, ezilawula ezinye izici. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimiso ze-PR zehlise umnyango wezindawo ezincane zokuwina izihlalo, zivumela amaqembu amancane anezingalo ukuba azuze indawo yonyawo ephalamendeni.

Nokho, izimiso zePR azinazo izithiyo zazo. Zingaholela kohulumeni abahlangene, abangase bangaguquguquki futhi baphuze ukwenza izinqumo kunohulumeni abaphethe isigaba esisodwa. Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, izimiso ze-PR zingaqinisa izinhlanga noma amahlelo ngokufaka amaqembu abhebhezela amaqembu awo kuphela kunokuba akhe imifelandawo ehlangene ephakathi. Amazwe anjenge Belgium, esebenzisa isimiso se-PR, aye abhekana nezikhawu ezinde zezombangazwe ezithathelwanayo ngokuzama ukwakha ohulumeni ababhishobhisi abahlukahlukene.

Ukunqabela ukuhleleka nokufakwa kusemqoka empikiswaneni ngokuklanywa kwesimiso sokhetho. Izimiso ze-Maritarians zimisa ukunquma nokulandisa, kanti izimiso ze-PR zimisa ukumelelwa nokuhlongozwa okuhle. Kumaqembu amancane, ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zimiso ezimbili kunemiphumela emikhulu yekhono lawo lokuthonya nokuvikela amalungelo awo. Asikho isimiso esiphelele, kodwa ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi izimiso ze-PR ngokuvamile zinikeza imiphumela engcono ngokumelelwa neqembu elincane.

Izinguquko Zokuthuthukisa Umbukiso Oncane Ezimisweni Ezinkulu

Ngenxa yokucwasana kwezimiso zokhetho, kuye kwasungulwa iziphakamiso eziningi zokuthuthukisa ukumelelwa kwedlanzana ngaphandle kokulahla amandla ayinhloko alezi zimiso. Lezi zinguquko zisukela ekulungiseni okuncane kuya ezinguqulweni eziyisisekelo zezakhiwo eziwukhetho.

Izinguquko Zesigodi Ezisekelwe Kuyo

Olunye uhlelo lwezinguquko lugxile endleleni izigodi ezidwetshwa ngayo futhi zihlelwe ngendlela. Ikhomishane yokuhlola izifunda, esusa amandla okudweba imingcele yesifunda kubenzi bemithetho abahluzekile, inganciphisa kakhulu ukulawulwa kwemithetho. Izwe elinjenge California ne-Arizona liye lamukela izimemo ezizimele, eziphumela ekuncintisaneni okungcono kwemiphakathi emincane. Ukucwaninga kwe-ovation Center for Effectrical Policy kubonise ukuthi amanxusa azimele aveza amabalazwe angenamkhethelo wanoma yiliphi iqembu futhi mancane amathuba okuvumela abavotisi abavoti abakhethiwe ukuba bakhethele.

Enye inguquko esekelwe esifundeni ukwakhiwa kwezindawo "zomhlaba-onke" ngokuvota okungalinganiswayo. Esikhundleni sokukhetha ummeleli oyedwa esifundeni ngasinye, abavoti ezifundeni ezinezingxenye eziningi bakhetha abameleli abaningana ngesimiso esiqinisekisa imiphumela elandelanayo. Lokhu kufinyelela, okusetshenziswa emadolobheni afana neCambridge, iMassachusetts, nasemazweni anjenge-Ireland (ukusebenzisa ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo), kuvumela amaqembu amancane ukuba azuze izihlalo ngisho noma ehlakazekile esifundeni. Isakhiwo sesifunda sezifunda esine ezihlukene sidala umphumela olinganayo phakathi kwesimiso esikhulu, ukulandisa komsebenzi wendawo kanye nokumelela okuhle.

"Izihlalo ezigciniwe" yisinyathelo esiqondile esisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Indiya, iPakistan, neTanzania. Ngaphansi kwalesisibonelo, izihlalo ezithile kusishaya-mthetho zibekelwe amalungu amaqembu athile amancane, akhethwa ngokukhetha okuhlukile noma ngenqubo ekhethekile. Izihlalo ezigciniwe ziqinisekisa ukuphumelela okuncane kwemiphakathi eqedwe ngokwezinga eliphansi, ngisho noma isimiso sezikhulu ezibanzi singawahlukanisa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izihlalo ezigciniwe zingakha uphahla kwezelelwe kwezezombangazwe ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa abasekeli bakhomba ukuphumelela kwabo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amaphimbo ambalwa azwayo ezigunjini ze-Gavian.

Ukushintsha Izindlela

Ukuguqula indlela yokuvota ngokwayo kungenye indlela yokuthuthukisa ukumelelwa kwedlanzana. U-Ranked-choice vhotovota (RCV), owaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, kuyathandwa e-United States ngesilinganiso sendawo nesombuso. I-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokuthanda, futhi uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela iningi labavoti bokuqala, umfundi ophansi kakhulu uyasuswa futhi amavoti abo ancishisiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa "ivoti" futhi kuvumela abambalwa abavoti abakhethayo ukuba basekele abathandayo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukusiza okhethwe abamelene kakhulu nabo.

Ubufakazi obuvela emadolobheni aye amukela i-RCV, njenge-San Francisco neMinneapolis, busikisela ukuthi kwandisa ukuhlukahluka kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Ukuhlola kwa 2020 kukaFairvote kwathola ukuthi i-RCV eUnited States yakhetha abathathi nxaxheba abambalwa ngesilinganiso esingamaphesenti angu-20 ngaphezu kwemithetho ye-RCV efanayo engekhona i-RCV. Indlela i-RCV ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwemiphakathi, njengoba abazokufuna ukudluliswa kunxuse ukudluliswa komzuzwana nokwesithathu ukuze baphumelele. Lokhu kungadala izisusa eziningi ukuba zikhulume ngemiphumele emiphumeleni ebanzi egcwele.

Enye indlela yokuvota inguquko "izimiso ezimbili ezijikelezayo" ngokujikijelwa: idinga ukuba abazovota bathole ukusekelwa esiphambanweni esikhulu somvoti, hhayi nje ubuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinguquko zifuna ukuba abazovota bathole okungenani amaphesenti athile amavoti avela ezifundeni ezimbalwa noma ezindaweni eziningi ezisendaweni ephakathi kwesifunda sabo. Nakuba iziphakamiso ezinjalo ziphikisana futhi zingabhekana nezinselele zomthetho-mfashini, babonisa ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi imiphumela emikhulu ingavumelana nesivikelo esincane uma imithetho iklanywe ngokunengqondo.

Izinguquko Ezisekelwe Eqenjini

Ngoba izimiso eziyinhloko zinikeza amandla amakhulu kakhulu ezinqubweni zokukhetha amaqembu ezombangazwe, izinguquko ezikhulisa ukubonakala nokuhlukahluka kokukhethwa kohlelo lokukhetha zingaba nethonya elikhulu ekumeleni kwabambalwa. "Zonke izinombolo ezimfushane," iziqu zabesifazane abafishayo, ziye zahlongozwa emazweni amaningana. Ngaphansi kwalesisimo, kungadingeka ukuba kuhlanganiswe okungenani umuntu oyedwa oyingcosana othatha isigaba esifushane ngokukhetha zonke isihlalo esiphephile, okunikeza ithuna lethuba elingokoqobo lokuwina.

Kuyi-UK, i-Lobour Party iye yasebenzisa bonke abesifazane abacuphisayo kusukela ngawo-1990, yandisa ngokuphawulekayo inani lama-MP. Indlela efanayo kwabafuna ukuthatha i-MP yesizwe esincane ingakhuluma ngokufaniswa kwezikhundla ezincane ezilondekile. Nokho, iziphakamiso ezinjalo zibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nezimangalo ezingase zibekwe "ukucwaswa okuphambene" nezinkinga ngokukhetha izimpawu. Impikiswano yokuvuma ukukhethwa kwesigaba sokufuna iyaqhubeka, kodwa ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi izimiso ezinjalo zingaphumelela uma zisetshenziswa ngokucabangela.

Izinguquko zezezimali zingasiza futhi abafuna ukubhaliswa. Izimiso zabaphathi bezimali ngokuvamile zivuza imikhankaso elungiselelwe kahle, futhi abambalwa bavame ukubhekana nezithiyo zokuxhasa ukuvota. Ukuxhasa komphakathi, izimali zeminikelo emincane, nemithetho yeminikelo emikhulu yenkampani ingayinciphisa inkundla yokudlala. Amazwe anjengeCanada aye amukela imingcele eqinile yezezimali kanye nokusekela umphakathi okwenza abambalwa bakwazi ukuncintisana ngokuphumelelayo. Lezi zinguquko aziyishintshi isakhiwo esiyinhloko sezezinkonzo, kodwa zinganciphisa eminye yemiphumela yayo ebaluleke kakhulu.

Indima Yesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nokwahlulela

Izinguquko zesimiso sobudokotela akuyona kuphela indlela yokuvikela amalungelo amancane ezimisweni eziyinhloko. Ukuvikelwa koMthetho - sisekelo, ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, nezici zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nakho kungaba nendima ebalulekile ekucindezeleni amandla amakhulu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuzwakala amazwi amancane.

Amazwe anemithetho-mthetho eqinile evikela amalungelo edlanzana − njengamalungelo olimi, inkululeko engokwenkolo, kanye nokumelelwa kuqinisekisa − angalinganisela ikhono lohulumeni abaningi lokumisa ubandlululo ngisho nangaphansi kwezimiso ezinkulu ezilawulayo. I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, ihlanganisa i-Cetage 15, eqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo futhi eye yasetshenziselwa ukubekela imingcele encikekayo elulaza amandla okuvota. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane (Umthetho oMkhulu) uhlanganisa izikhuselo zezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezimelela izithakazelo ezimbalwa, futhi iNkanto yezomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe inqabile ishaya imithetho efuna ukulingana futhi imingcele elimaza amaqembu amancane.

Ukuphathwa kwezokwahlulela kungaba ukuhlola okuphumelelayo ekuncipheni kwemithetho, kodwa futhi kungaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe. E-United States, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuphathelene namalungelo okuvota ziye zashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi zandisa isivikelo sabavoti abambalwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi zitholane nabo. Isimo sokumiswa kokwahlulela ezimisweni ezinkulu sisho ukuthi izinkantolo azizona abavikeli abanokwethenjelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi bamalungelo amancane. Ngenxa yalesizathu, izinhlelo ezigunyaza ukumiswa kweqembu leqembu eliyimisuka phambili ngokuvamile ziqinile kunesilinganiso esiqinile sokuncikekile ekungeneni kwezomthetho kuphela.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziye zawacabangela futhi kule ndaba. iKomiti yamaLungelo eZizwe Ezihlangene, eGeneral Confect No. 25 ngokuhlanganyela kwayo kwezombangazwe, iye yasho ukuthi imibuso kufanele ithathe izimiso zokukhetha ezisiza ukumelelwa kwamaqembu amancane. IKomiti iye yawagxeka amazwe anjenge-United States ne-United Kingdom ngenxa yokuhluleka ukubhekana nokuncintisana kweqembu elincane lezizwe ezimisweni zayo ezikhethweyo. Nakuba lokhu kutusa kwezizwe zonke kungabopheki ngokomthetho, ibangela ukucindezela okuvamile kohulumeni ukuba bamukele amalungiselelo ahlukene.

Ukulinganisela Ukungaguquguquki Nokuhlangana: Indlela Ephambili Yababusi Abanamandla

Ukungezwani phakathi kwezimiso zokhetho oluyinhloko namalungelo amancane akuyona indlela yokukhetha phakathi kokuzinza nokufakwa. Ngokuklanywa kokucabangela, kungenzeka ukulondoloza ukunquma nokulandisa okunikezwa yizimiso ezinkulu kuyilapho zithuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ukumelelwa kwamaqembu amancane. Isihluthulelo siwukwamukela indlela "ehlangeneyo" ehlanganisa izici ezingcono kakhulu zezimiso zokukhetha ezihlukene.

Ukumelelwa kwe-FPTP exutshiwe (MMP), okusetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Jalimane, i-New Zealand, ne-Mexico, kunikeza i-modeli ethembisayo. Esimisweni se-MMP, abavoti bavota: omunye we-voti esifundeni sabo sendawo (usebenzisa i-FPTP noma enye indlela ye-astertical systemian system) kanye nenye yohlu lweqembu. Iqembu lisetshenziselwa ukuvota izihlalo ezengeziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-palementalmes iyonke ilungelelaniswe. Lesi sakhiwo silondoloza ukulandisa kwendawo kwezifunda ezinkulu zezifunda zendawo kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu amancane asekelayo akhona kanye nesabelo sawo.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-MMP yaseNew Zealand kuyafundisa. Ngemva kokwamukela i-MMP ngo-1996 kulandela i-Amp, ukumelelwa kwamaMaori namanye amaqembu amancane kwanda ngokuphawulekayo. AmaMaori, akha amaphesenti angu-17 abantu, abona ukumelelwa kwawo ephalamende kukhula kufinyelele kumaphesenti aphakathi kwangu-15 nangu-20, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angaphansi kwesimiso sakudala se-FPTP. Isimiso se-MMP futhi savumela iGreen Party namanye amaqembu amancane ukuba awine, andise ukwahlukana kwamazwi ephalamendeni. Nakuba i-MMP ingabanga ingenazo izinselele zayo ezihambisanayo cishe nezingxoxo ezihambisanayo, kodwa iye yaveza imiphumela eminingi ngaphandle kokuzinikela i-democreal.

Emazweni anezimiso zobubhishobhi ezigxile kakhulu, njenge-United States ne-United Kingdom, indlela yokulungisa inzima ngokwezombangazwe. Amaqembu amakhulu azuzayo esimisweni samanje anezisusa ezinamandla zokumelana noshintsho. Nokho, izinhlangano zotshani, izinhlangano ze-advocation, nezinhlangano ezinqamule i-expartum zingakha amandla enguquko. E-United States, izinhlangano ezinjengo Fairvote neNhlangano yabesifazane Voters ziye zasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuvota okunezekwe yizikhundla. E-United Kingdom, i-Electoral Reformation Society ne-Labcampaices for Elle Reformation ziyaqhubeka zifaka i-ummult.

Ekugcineni, ukukhetha isimiso sokhetho kubonakalisa izindinganiso ezijulile zomphakathi mayelana nedemokrasi. Isimiso esihlela ukuhlukanisa noma ukubeka imingcele amaqembu amancane ngokwezinga eligcwele idemokrasi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ohulumeni bawo banezinga eliqinile kangakanani. Izimiso zokukhetha ezinkulu zinamandla, kodwa futhi zinezingozi okumelwe zivunywe futhi ziqondiswe. Ngokuthatha izinguquko ezikhuthaza ukumelelwa kobulungisa, ukuvala izimpawu ezizimele, kanye nezindlela zokuvota, idemocracy ephambili yentando yeningi ingaba elingana kakhulu, imeleli enkulu, futhi ikwazi ukumelana nokwahlukahluka.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokhetho ezinkulu zinethonya elikhulu elilinganayo kumalungelo amancane kanye nokufakwa. Nakuba zingaveza ohulumeni abaqinile, abanecala, izici zabo zokwakha − kuhlanganise nezithako ezinqobayo, izimfuneko zokugxilisa ulwazi lwezwe, kanye nokuvumelana ne-gerrymanderng [1] ngokuphindwe kuncishiswe imiphakathi emincane. Ukusuka eUnited Kingdom nase-United States kuya eCanada naseNdiya, ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi izimiso ezinkulu zezokuphatha zithatha amaphimbo amancane, zilulaza ukuvota, futhi zidebese izintambo eziphambili zesimiso esincane.

Kodwa kungenzeka inguquko. Izinguquko ezisekelwe e-Foold contifications ezizimele, indlela yokuvota ifana nokuvota okungalingani, izinguquko ezisekelwe eqenjini njengezinhloli ezihlukene, kanye nezinguquko ezihlelwayo njengokumelelwa kwemifantu exubene nezinhlobo zonke zonke zinikeza izindlela eziholela emiphumeleni egcwele. Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kanye nongamele ungenza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo amancane phakathi kwezakhiwo eziyinhloko.

Inselele yentando yeningi yamanje ukuklama izimiso zokukhetha ezilingana izindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukuqina nokufakwa kwezici ezihambisanayo, ukulandisa nokumelela, ukubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane. Lena akuyona indaba engokobuchwepheshe okungaxazululwa ochwepheshe kuphela, kodwa ingxoxo yentando yeningi edinga ukubopha umphakathi obanzi. Izakhamuzi, amaqembu amaqembu afuna ukuvota, nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe basebenze ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokukhetha zisiza wonke amalungu omphakathi, hhayi nje labo abakhona emphakathini omkhulu.