Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Nokubuyiselwa Kwemininingwane YaseNyakatho Ye - Irish

I-Good Wearth Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ingenye yezivumelwano zezombangazwe ezilandelana kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. ENyakatho Ireland, indawo eyayikhuthazelele ingxabano enobudlova engamashumi amathathu emaqembu enkolo eyaziwa ngokuthi Izinkinga[, isivumelwano sasingaphezu kokuyeka ukusha noma ukusebenzelana ngamandla. Kwakuwumzamo wokucacisa isisekelo somphakathi wase-Internstry [FLT] — ngokumisa isisekelo sokubusa esisekelwe ekwamukeleni, ukulingana, nokuqaphelana, isivumelwano sabekwa ekushintsheni okuqhubekayo kodwa okujulileyo [[FLPFOL:] ushintsho lwezentellitiom [Foct:] olusuka ekwasenyakaze kakhulu. [FLDish] [FON [F:3] — sisusa isisekelo se-osemkhathi ye-ongthmentaltialtial, ngokuhlanganisa amalungelo eqediation, i-odvement, i-og.

Ngaphambi kuka-1998, ukuqashelwa kwabantu eNorthern Ireland kwachazwa ngokunamandla amasiko amabili avelele: ama-Union kanye namaRepublicans, abazibheka njengabangabaseBrithani, nabashisekeli besizwe namaRepublicans, ababezibheka njengabase-Ireland. Lezi zici zazingezona nje izimpawu zempucuko; zaziwubugqila obusemphakathini obudwetshwe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila — lapho abantu babehlala khona, izikole ababefunda kuzo, imidlalo ababeyidlala, leyo ababezivota ngayo. Ubudlova bezinkinga babuzinzile lemigqabazwe, kwakha umphakathi lapho izifunda khona izifunda izakhamuzi. I-Preventrence ayizange isuse lezi ziciko ezingokozwe futhi yadala izimo zomphakathi ezintsha — okungasekelwe ezinhlanganyelwayo noma enkolweni, kodwa ezinkonzweni ezihlangene, ezinkonzweni ezihlangene, ezihlangeneni zentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Umsuka Walesi sivumelwano: Ukusuka Ezimpini Kuya Ekuxabaniseni

Ukuze siqonde ithonya lesivumelwano esithinta izakhamuzi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukujula kwengxabano eyandulela i-Rwanda. Impi yaseNyakatho Ireland kusukela ngo-1968 kuya ku-1998 yayigxile kakhulu ekubuseni komthetho-sisekelo kanye nasekuzimeni komphakathi. I-Union yayifuna ukugcina indawo yeNyakatho Ireland phakathi kwe-United Kingdom, kuyilapho i-Nationalism embalwa yayifuna i-Ireland ehlangene. Le ngxabano yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo yaqiniswa ngezindlela ezijulile zezenhlalo: amaProtestani amaningi afunda ezikoleni ezihlukene, aphila kakhulu ezindaweni zomakhelwane zobuProtestani, futhi asebenza kumafemu amaProthestani-majority, kuyilapho amaKatolika enza okufanayo ezindaweni zawo. IGribalane yayiyivela kancane. — amapaki, izitolo, ngisho neminyango yamabhasi — kwakuvame ukushiwo ngomphakathi noma ngezinye izindlela.

Ubudlova beziNkingo zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka - 3 600 futhi balimaza amashumi ezinkulungwane ezengeziwe. Ngawo - 1990, ukukhathala kwempi, ukuvela kobuholi obuhleliyo nhlangothi zombili, nokubuswa kwezisebenzi zohulumeni baseBrithani ne-Ireland, kanye ne-United States ngaphansi kukaMongameli uBill Clinton, kwakha ifasitela lokuxoxa ngokungathi sína. Le mithetho ye-Good Wearth Accountment — futhi eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Belfast Agreement — yavunyelwa yi-endendiums kuzo zombili i-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland ngoMay 1998. Entain Ireland, iphesenti angu- 71 ka-vonsoli yayiyisekela; eRepublic, amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu- 94. Lempinethisoluni yayiyinkulu kakhulu eyaziwa njengenjongo yomphakathi.

Isivumelwano sakhiwa ezimisweni ezintathu eziyinhloko: imvume (ukuthi isimo somthetho sisekelo wasenyakatho Ireland singashintsha kuphela ngokuvumelana kwabantu bayo), amandla okulawula[ (lo hulumeni kumelwe uhlanganise kokubili i-Unionism ne-Nationalism), kanye umehluko wokwazisa [ (ukuthi kokubili i-British ne-Irrish I-Indithensial kumelwe iphathwe ngokulinganayo). Lezizimiso zazingaphathwangakho nje iprocraligial; zazivamile, zaziwukwenza okungakhonziwe futhi phakathi kwe-Oralticism.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Nethonya Lawo Ekuzibonakaliseni Kwabantu

Isiphephelo Sokuqala: Umhlangano WaseNyakatho Ireland Nokwengamela Isimiso

Ukwakhiwa kwesimiso sokuqeda unyaka nenyakatho we-Ireland ewumthetho owenzelwe ukuphatha i-odoli-unity kwakuyinselele eqondile kwezombangazwe ezindala. Ngaphansi kwe- .D'Hondt [[, i-partic fallos esemthethweni ibekwa ngokwesilinganiso, iqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili amaqembu oBumbani noButhathi-zwe kumelwe abuse ndawonye. Kubantu, lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ubonakala unqamule i-communy. Isizwe sibona isikhonzi esinguMbuso we-Uni esenza izinqumo zezempilo, imfundo, noma izakhiwo zemvelo — futhi ukuthi isikhonzi silandisa kuyo yonke imiphakathi phakathi kwesikhathi.

Strand II: UMkhandlu Wenkonzo Wasenyakatho - Nyakatho

Lesi sivumelwano samisa futhi i-Northern Ireland of South Service Council, ehlanganisa abefundisi base-Northern Ireland neRiphabliki yase-Ireland ukuba baxhumanise umthetho ezindaweni ezinjengezolimo, ezokuthutha, ezokuvakasha, nendawo ezungezile. Lenhlangano ihlanganisa i-Ireland ewulwazi lwase-Ireland eNyakatho ye-Irish, iphinde ivume ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zibizwa ngokuthi i-Ireland futhi zinesithakazelo esingokomthetho sokubambisana emngceleni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isebenza ngokusekelwe ngokuvumelana , i-inter Ireland ayifakwanga kodwa i-irland ayiqhubeki. Leli lungiselelo livumela ukuba i-omforishini ukuba i-octivential i-interern Ireland ifakwe ngokuphindiwe: umuntu angaba isakhamuzi saseNyakatho, ilungu loMbuso, nengxenye yayo yonke indawo ehlangene, ngaphandle kokuphikisana.

Isithathu: UMkhandlu WaseBrithani Nengqungquthela Kahulumeni

I-British - Irish Council ihlanganisa ohulumeni base-United Kingdom, e-Ireland, abaphathi abanciphisiweyo base-Scotland naseWales, kanye noMnumzane we-Chenencices. Lendikimba igcizelela ukuhlangana kwe-opersona sici phakathi kwalezi ziqhingi. Iqinisa umqondo wokuthi i-Northern Ireland ayiyodwa kodwa igxile ebuhlotsheni obuhlonishwe kokubili iBrithani ne-Ireland. Ukuzichaza komphakathi, kusho ukuthi lokhu akuchazwa ngokulinganiselwe ngokuma kwezwe noma ngokwesizwe kodwa kuhlobene kodwa kuhlangene futhi kuhlangene.

Amalungelo Abantu namalungiselelo Okulingana

Esinye sezici zalesivumelwano ezishintsha kakhulu kwakuyisici saso sokuncintisana kwamalungelo abantu nokulingana kwezakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo. I-Northern Ireland Rights Commission ne Ukungalingani kwe-Arekhomishanti yaseNyakatho Ireland [ kwamiswa ukuqondisa nokuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu. Isivumelwano futhi sagunyaza uhulumeni ukuba wazise i-Bill of Human Rights of Northern Ireland (izinga elingakasebenzi ngokugcwele). Lesimiso esisekelwe ekwakheni sinikeza amagama ahlukene ukuze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuveza iziphakamiso zazo nezikhalo zazo zomphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisekelwe esabelweni esisemuva. Uma umuntu eqinisekisa ilungelo lazo lokuhlala, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, noma ukunakekelwa okungahlangani kwezelelwe umphakathi wonke. Lenhlangano iqoqo lomphakathi linikeza imvume yokubusa umphakathi nesombuluko yesizwe seze, isakhiwo seze isakhiwo sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe esihlanganisa isakhiwo sesizwe.

Izibonakaliso Ezihlanganyelwayo Nezimpawu Ezivamile: Ukwakha Isiko Elivamile

Izimpawu zisebenza kakhulu emiphakathini ehlukene. Ngaphambi kwesivumelwano, izimpawu zomphakathi zazivame ukuba yizindawo zempi: iUnion Jack ibhabhela ezakhiweni zikahulumeni, i-tricolor eboniswa ngezenzakalo ze-Nationalisty, i-Orange Order's kumphakathi wamaKatolika. Isivumelwano asizange sigunyaze ukususwa kwanoma yisiphi isibonakaliso, kodwa manje sakha isisekelo sezezezezezezezeze umehluko wokwazisa [ [inani le-fluntel:1] — isimiso sokuthi kokubili izimpawu zeBritish ne-Ireland ne-Irish Orderns nesiko kumelwe zihloniswe ngokulinganayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuye kwaholela ekufanekisweni komphakathi. Izakhiwo zikahulumeni manje ziveza kokubili amafulegi ngosuku olumisiwe. Ukuxhasa komphakathi kusekela kokubili imisebenzi yezesiko neyadi ye-Galectives Association.

Imfundo iye yaba inkundla ebaluleke kakhulu yalokhu kushintsha. Isivumelwano sahlanganisa izibopho zokuthuthukisa ukubuyisana ngemfundo. Nakuba izikole eziningi eNyakatho Ireland zisalokhu zihlukene phakathi kwezenkolo, kuye kwaba nokwanda okukhulu [ emfundweni [ — izikole ezifundisa ngamabomu amaProthestani nabantwana bamaKatolika. Kusukela ngo-2023, cishe amaphesenti angu-8 abafundi afunda izikole ezihlangene, futhi inani labafundi liyanda. Lezi zikole zifundisa ngokucacile izifundo ezikhuthaza ukuqondana, ukuhlonipha ukwahlukahlukana, nokucabanga okugxeka umlando. Azibacindezeli abafundi ukuba bazihlole ndawonye ukuthi bangobani lapho behlonipha abanye. Lesizukulwane sabasha abangazi ukuthi bafundani ngenkathi engokwenhlalo kodwa bafunda futhi bafunda izinhlanganona labo abahlukene.

Enye indaba enamandla ehlanganyelwayo indaba yenqubo yokuthula ngokwayo. I-Good Wear Agreement ifundiswa kakhulu ezikoleni njengempumelelo ephawulekayo yokuxoxisana kwentando yeningi nokuhlehla. Iziqu ezifana John Hume kanye no [FLT] David Trible[, owazuza kanye kanye kanye uMklomelo woPapa weSivumelwano se-Mobile ngenxa yezindima zabo zentando yentando yeningi, uphakanyiswa njengeswana wesibindi sezombangazwe. Lendaba — ukuthi ukuthula kwazuzwa ngengxoxo, hhayi ukunqoba — inikeza ukubonakala okuhle, okugcwele kwendabuko ye-Northern Ireland. Iyindaba yokuthi womabili imiphakathi ingaziqhenya, uma bechaza ngokwehlukile.

Izinselele Zokuba Umngane: Ukuphikelela Kokwehlukana

Naphezu kwentuthuko yeminyaka engu - 20 nemihlanu edlule, iNyakatho Ireland isewumphakathi ohlukene kakhulu. Ukushintsha isizinda somphakathi kungokoqobo kodwa akulingani, futhi kubhekene nezinselele eziningana eziphikelelayo.

Ukuhlangana Ezindaweni Zokuhlala Nemfundo

Kusukela ekubaleni abantu abangu - 2021, amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-90 ezindlu zomphakathi eNyakatho Ireland asahlukaniswa kakhulu yinkolo. EBelfast kuphela, kusenenqwaba yezindonga zokuthula — imingcele engokomzimba ehlukanisa amaProthestani namaKatolika omakhelwane — eziningi zazo ezakhiwa ngemva kwe-Good Wearth Recomment. Nakuba inani lazo linciphe kancane, zihlala ziyisikhumbuzo esiqinile sokuthi imingcele yabantu ayizange iphele. Ngokufanayo, naphezu kokukhula kwemfundo ehlangene, iningi lezingane lifunda ezisezikoleni ezingamaKatolika noma ezivame kakhulu ubuProthestani. Lokhu kusho ukuthi intsha eningi ikhula ngokuxhumana okuqondile neminye umphakathi, yenza ukuba ikwazi ukwabelana imingcele esekelwe emphakathini.

Ithonya Lempi Nobugebengu

Amaqembu empi nhlangothi zombili, nakuba egcina kakhulu imililo encishisiwe, awakaqediwe. Amaqembu anjenge iUlster Defence Association kanye ne-[FLT] i-IRA[FLT]] isebenza ezindaweni ezithile, ihileleke ebugebengwini obuhleliwe, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, kanye nobudlova ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuba khona kwazo kululaza umthetho kanye nemvume yezezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi eziningi zezindawo ezisebenza ngezivumelwano, ama - jajistationss asebenza ngokuzinqhinga, asebenza imiphakathi yazo siqu nemingcele elandela imingcele. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kube nesazi esimelene nezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokwembuthakazeko — ukukhumbuza ukuthembeka kwesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano seqembu.

Ukungahleleki Kwezombangazwe Nokuphela Komhlangano

Izinhlangano ezinakekela amandla ziye zabekwa indiva kaningi, kusuka ngo-2017 kuya ku-2020 ngempikiswano mayelana noMthetho wolimi kanye nezinye izindaba. Lezikhathi zokugogeka ziqeda ukwethemba umphakathi ezinhlanganweni okuthiwa ziwuphawu lwezesizwe olulodwa. Uma umhlangano ungasebenzi, awukho, uhulumeni osebenzayo omelela imiphakathi emibili. Lokhu kungajulisa ukugxeka nokuqinisa umbono wokuthi izombangazwe zisasebenza ngokuyisisekelo ngekhono lobuzwe, azinakubusa.

Ifa Lezinkinga Nempikiswano Esikhathini Esidlule

Indlela yokubhekana nefa leZinkathazo ilokhu ingenye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu. Isivumelwano se-Good Wearth sihlanganisa amalungiselelo okukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kweziboshwa zezempi, okwakuyimpikiswano enkulu kodwa okubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthula. Nokho, umbuzo wokuthi ungasingatha kanjani izinkulungwane zokubulala okungaxazululwanga, indima yebutho laseBrithani, futhi umthwalo wemfanelo wamabutho alwayo uyaqhubeka uhlukanisa umbono. [iSivumelwano] SaseHousent [ [ibalulekile] ka-2014] kanye noMthetho wokubulala okungaphenduliwe wempi, futhi i-ogggnot , kwa 203] kwa-2023 kuye kwazama ukwenza inqubo yokusebenzelana nomuntu odlule, kodwa kusekhona. Ukuzibandakanya ngokugcwele, kudinga ukwabelana nokuhlupheka kwazo zonke izisulu ezisulwini eziye zabanjwa ngokungaphathwa yimpumelelo.

Ikusasa Lokutholakala Kwabantu Abahlala ENyakatho Ye - Ireland

Uma sibheka phambili, ukuthambekela okuningana kuyothonya ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kobuntu baseNyakatho Ireland.

Ushintsho Lokwakheka Kwezinto Nokungashintsha Umthetho

Ubalo lwamanani abantu lwama-2021 lwabonisa ukuthi inani labantu abangamaKatolika liye landa lafinyelela kumaphesenti angu- 45.7, kuyilapho inani lamaProthestani liye lehla laba amaphesenti angu- 43,5, kanti amanye akhona achaza ukuthi yinye inkolo. Lokhu kushintsha kwenani labantu kuhlanganisa okukhulu. Abahlaziyi abaningi balindele ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Ireland — njengoba kulungiselelwe ngaphansi kwe-Good Wearth Reconvement — kungabizwa ngokuthi phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo noma amabili. Isivumelwano somthetho wemithetho - sisekelo sisho ukuthi noma inguquko isho ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi i-iroundation. Ezweni elihlangene i-Ireland, yini ebiyosho ukuthi izakhamuzi zase-Northern Ireland? Ikhono lomphakathi esesakhiwe kusukela ngo-1998, noma isicimo esibanzi sasezweni esihlukile sokuthandwa kwe-Ireland? Isivumelwano sokuvuma kwanoma isiphi isimiso sokwamukela okusho ukuthi kudinga ukushintsha okukhulu eNingizimu ye-Ireland, izakhamuzi se-Rrithe nokwenziwayo. Isimiso somthetho sikhona ngokuqhubekayo esivumelana esivumelanayo.

IBrexit Nemithetho Yesivumelwano YaseNyakatho Ireland

Ukusuka kwe-United Kingdom e-European Union kuye kwaba yinto eshaqisayo kakhulu ekwakheni uhlaka lwe-Good Wenday Agreement, ikakhulukazi ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland. I-Northern Ireland Factal [[FLL:1], exoxisana njengengxenye yesivumelwano se-Bretiffin, yadala umngcele nokuhlala ngokunye e-Irish Sea, ngokuphumelelayo ukugcina i-Nowen Northern Ireland ihlangene nemithetho eyodwa ye-EURLAND. Lokhu kuye kwaba yimpikiswano enkulu phakathi kwe-Unist, eyibona ilulaza ukubonakala kwayo kweBrithani nokululaza indawo yayo eNorthern Ireland engcono. Imithetho yemithetho iye yabangela ukuntengantenga okuqinile kwezombangazwe, neDdemocratic Union yenqaba ukubuyela embusweni yamandla kuze kukhululwele ukuvumelana kwayo. Izivumelwano ezikhona, izivumelwano eziye zalethwa ukuvusekuhlele ubudlova ezivusekuthwa kakhulu, iveza ubudlova, iveza ukuvutha ukuvusekubusa ubudlova

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini Nezimpande Eziyinhloko

Umphakathi uyaqhubeka unamandla okwakha izimpawu zomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezifana ne- Community Relations Council [[[FT:1], Abantu abanokuthula [[, futhi amaqembu amaningi omphakathi ayaqhubeka esebenza engxenyeni yengxenye, ukulungiselela izithuba zengxoxo, ukwakheka, nokwakha. [[FLT:] Imfuyo] INgcebo Lemfundo [[FLT:] neHhovisi yezeHhovisi yezente] kanye nezimiso zezembubhiso zezentengosi [[FLT] [FFFFF]) kanye nezingalome zezentengo zamazwe amaqembu amaningi. [FFFF:] Imizamo yombuso wombuso wombuso [Fosendla] [Fose][11] Izimiso zezentengonyaka wonke.[F] [Foses.]

Imfundo Njengendawo Yokutshala Imali Ehlala Isikhathi Eside

Imfundo eqanjiwe cishe izoqhubeka ikhula, ishukunyiswa isidingo sabazali nesizukulwane esisha okuthi iZinkathazo ziyinkumbulo ekude kuso. Izifundo ziye zashintshwa ukuze zihlanganise indawo ezungezile kanye nomphakathi wembulunga yonke njengendaba eyisisekelo, efundisa abafundi ngokuqondile ngamalungelo, imithwalo yemfanelo, ukwahluka, nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Lezinhlelo zihlomisa intsha ngamakhono nezimo ezidingekayo ukuze ikwazi ukuhlanganisa umphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi, onezinto eziningi. Nakuba izikole ezihlangene zihlala ziyiqembu lezakhamuzi eziphothulile, ngokuvamile ezithweswa iziqu zikha ubuhlobo nezakhamuzi ezizinikele ebuningini obuphakathini nokubuyisana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungasusa ukugcwala kwenani elikhulu le-Oralland nomphakathi.

Isiphetho: Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu Njengomsebenzi Ophilayo

I-Good Wear Agreement ayizange futhi ayikwazanga ukwakha ubunye bomphakathi eNyakatho Ireland ngobusuku obubodwa. Le ndawo isalokhu iwumphakathi ohlukene, futhi izinselele zokuhlukaniswa ngokwezimo zezombangazwe, ukungazinzi, nenkumbulo engokomlando zisekhona ngempela. Kodwa impumelelo eqhubekayo yesivumelwano ukuthi yadala i-operal, ngokomthetho, futhi ingokomfanekiso yenze izimo ze- indawo yomphakathi ehlukene [ ukuba ivele futhi ikhule. Ngokuvumelana, ukuhlanganisa amandla, ukuhlonipheka, namalungelo abantu njengezimiso zesisekelo, yanikeza enye indawo engcono ekulawuleni isizwe nengxabano yezerom.

I-CBIC ibizwa eNyakatho Ireland namuhla ayiyona i-Monolithic. Iphikiswana, i-aluminic, futhi i-ant. Ezinye izakhamuzi zisabizwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi i-British noma i-Ireland, futhi isemthethweni phakathi kwesimiso sesivumelwano. Kodwa kunanini ngaphambili, kukhona umuzwa okhulayo wokuba [[FLT: 0]] ukwakheka kwe-Nyakatho Ireland [ — izingxenye ezihlangene zezombangazwe ezingangoba iBrithani kuphela noma i-Irish kanye ne-Irish, kodwa ezinesimilo nezinhlangano ezihlukile. Lento eyaziwa ngayo ayiyona inkathi yomehluko; ingeyo yokuthola izindlela zokuphila ngokuthula ngokuthula nangokukhiqiza.

I-Good Wear Agreement ayiyona incwadi eqinile. Isimiso esiphilayo esisaqhubeka silolongwa futhi silolongwa abantu base-Northern Ireland. Ikusasa lomphakathi wase-Ireland liyoxhomeka ekuzimiseleni kwabaholi bezombangazwe, umphakathi womphakathi, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuqhubeka befaka imali ezinhlanganweni nasebuhlotsheni obenziwe ukuba buphele. Inqubo yokuthula ayiwuqedanga umlando; ivula isahluko esisha. Kubantu abaningi eNyakatho ye-Ireland, isenzo sokuyibhala ndawonye — ngaphandle kwemigqa yomphakathi namasiko — yona ngokwayo iyinkulumo enamandla kakhulu yokuzichaza komphakathi abawakhayo.