I-Good Wearth Agreement, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-Belfast Agreement, yasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, iqala ukuguqula okukhulu isimo sezombangazwe nesomphakathi sase-Ireland kanye ne-United Kingdom. Nakuba isivumelwano sivame ukuqashelwa njengendlela eyaqeda ngayo impi enobudlova engamashumi amathathu eminyaka eyaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo, ithonya layo ladlulela kude kakhulu kunezimpi zempi, lisuka kude kakhulu kuhulumeni owehlanekezelwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola umlando wesivumelwano sawo wonke amazinga e-Irland nombuso, sibuye siphinde siqonde ukuthi i-Irish yasho ukuthini eNyakatho ne-Ireland, futhi sidala isakhiwo esivumela ukuba kube khona izimpi eziningi, ezingeni eliphezulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo somlando sesivumelwano, izinhlelo eziyisisekelo, nezihlala isikhathi eside, sithinta ukuvumelana kwesizwe, ukuzwa kwe-Irish, ukuzwana, ubunye i-rish.

Izinkinga Nendlela Eya Ekuthuleni

Ukuze siqonde ithonya lesivumelwano esiphathelene nokuzichaza kanye nobuzwe, kubalulekile kuqala ukuqonda isimo sengxabano eyayixazulula. Izinkinga (c. 1968-1988) zaziwumbango wehlelo nowezombangazwe owawuphakathi kwe-Irish abashisekeli besizwe (ngalesosikhathi ubuKatolika) nemibuso yaseBrithani (ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuProthestani), kanye nezwe laseBrithani. Enhliziyweni yayo kwakuwukuphikisana okuyisisekelo ngobukhosi: abashisekeli besizwe babefuna i-Ireland, kuyilapho abanyunyana bebonke befuna ingxenye eseleni ye-United Kingdom. Lokhu kuphikisa okubili akuchazangashonga kuphela ukwethembeka kwezombangazwe kodwa futhi nokuzichaza komuntu siqu. Umphakathi, inkolo, igama, ngisho nesikole sakhona esikoleni saze safaka uphawu lwesikhulu sezimpawu endaweni yasodwa.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, inhlanganisela yokukhathala kwezombangazwe, imfuno yezomnotho, kanye nemuva kwe-scrects yaqala ukudala izimo zokuthula. ISivumelwano sonyaka ka-1994 se-Dowing Street, ukupheliswa kwemililo, kanye nezinkulumo ezihlukene eziningi ezabekwa isigaba yi-US Senator George Mitchell zaholela empumelelweni engokomlando ngoApril 1998. Isivumelwano sagunyazwa ngokuncishiswa kwe-rendendiums kuyo yomibili i-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland, ngobukhulu obungu 71% be-Northern Ireland Fhovitainst kanye no- 94% weRepublic Republic. Lesi sivumelwano sentandolo sasibalulekile ekutholeni kwe-demokrame ekukhipheni indawo entsha yokuthutha nokuthutha kwempi kwezombangazwe.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Esivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wearth Agreement iyincwadi eyinkimbinkimbi eyasungula iziphakamiso ezintathu: i-Northern Ireland Assembly ne-Guidetive (Strand 1), i-Auncil of Southeast (Strand 2), kanye ne-British-Irish Council ne-Irish Intergovernmentality Comminery (Strand 3). Lezinhlangano zaklanyelwe ukulinganisela izifiso eziphikisanayo zabathandi-zwe nabahlangene. Isivumelwano sahlanganisa isimiso semvume: i-Stricorinism nomthetho we-Northern Ireland kuphela uma iningi labantu bayo bevotela i-Ireland ehlangene emngceleni. Le lungiselelo laqinisekisa abakanye ukuthi ngeke baphoqelelwe ukuba bahlangane e-Ireland, kuyilapho futhi besafuna ukuhlanganiswa kwesizwe.

Kubantu besizwe, iSivumelwano sanikeza imvume ephawulekayo: ukuqashelwa kolimi lwase-Ireland namasiko aseGelic, ukuguqulwa kwenkonzo yamaphoyisa (Inkonzo Yamaphoyisa eNyakatho Ireland yathatha indawo yeRoyal Ulster Consabulary), ukukhululwa kweziboshwa zempi, nokumiswa kwezindikimba zaseNyakatho-nyakatho ezanikeza iDublin indima engokomthetho eMgunjini we-Irish. Ngokubaluleke kakhulu, i-Parative yavuma ngokucacile ukuthi "ukwamukeleka kubo bonke abantu baseNyakatho Ireland ukuba bazibonakalise futhi bamukele njenge-Irish noma iBrithani, noma bobabili, njengoba bengakhetha kanjalo." Lolulimi lwasuka emncintiswaneni wezero-um esikhundleni se-intellim, i-dial exmode.

Ithonya Lokuthi Ukhona Umbukwane Wesizwe Wase - Ireland

I-Good Wearth Agreement yaba nethonya eliguqulayo ekwakheni ubuzwe base-Ireland (1921-191972) ngaphambi kuka-1998, ubuzwe base-Ireland eNyakatho Ireland babuvame ukuchazwa ngokukhononda, ukucwasa, nokulwela amalungelo omphakathi. Umphakathi wesizwe wawunezinkinga ezihlelekile zokuhlala, umsebenzi, kanye nokumelela kwezombangazwe. Ukubusa kwenhlangano yesizwe yephalamende lakudala i-Crumont paramente (1921-1972) kwakubangele umuzwa wokuba nesigaba sesibili. Kulendabuko, i-Ireland yayingenakhomba ukuhlangana kwesidingo sezombangazwe se-Ireland.

Isivumelwano sashintsha lokhu okunamandla. Ngokuqamba ukuqashelwa kwesizwe somphakathi nangokulungiselela izakhiwo zokusekela amandla, kwavumela ubuzwe base-Ireland ukuba bunciphe kakhulu futhi bungavikeleki kakhulu. Namuhla, abalandeli besizwe abaningi bazizwa bekhululekile ukuveza amafulegi e-Ireland, ukugubha imidlalo ye-Gelic, nokukhuluma ulimi lwase-Ireland ngaphandle kokubheka leyo nkulumo njengenselele eqondile ezwelweni. Ukuvuma kwesivumelwano "isiko le-Irish" njengengxenye eyisisekelo yebala lezentengizimu ye-Ireland, i-Iish" njengengxenye yebala elivamile lezempucuko yakhona ekwakheni i-Irland, kodwa ilokhu isiza ekukhulisweni okuphawulekayo kwe-Aroundation, kodwa ekuhlolweni kwe-2019 kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Avery. Unyakathonst Wesithathu (Unyakathonst Ireland) ukusiza ukuba kwenziwe umphakathi we-19% walabo abathiwe yi-“Iish.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kabusha Kwefa Lempucuko

Isivumelwano saqaphela ngokucacile ukubaluleka "kolimi lwase-Ireland, imidlalo yeGeelic, nomculo wendabuko" njengengxenye yengcebo yempucuko yase-Northern Ireland. Lokhu kwakungesona isibonakaliso. Ukwakhiwa kwe-North/South Language Body (]'ase Gaeilge[[FLT1]] ye-Irland kanye [[FLT]] ne-[FLT] i-Boord o Ulster-Scoch [FLTY ku-Ultylets) kunikeze ukuxhasa nokusekela kwesizwe ukuthuthukiswa kolimi lwase-Ireland. Izikole zase-i Irish zanda kakhulu; ngo-2022], kwakukhona imfundo e-Irish ephakathi kwe-Interlandslands, uma kuqhathaniswa nodwa nonyaka ka-19707] [FT.[FFoct:], imiday, imidanti, yonke imidansonge, eyandayo, ephumayo, ephumayo, ephumayo, e-Iriyensi

Lokhu kuqinisekiswa kwempucuko kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu ekwazini. Abashisekeli besizwe abaningi abasebasha, manje abase-Ireland abasafuni zindawo futhi bakhuluma kakhulu ngolimi, umdlalo, nomphakathi. I-Gelic Athletic Association (GAA), eyake yabhekwa abanyunyana njengenhlangano elwela ubuzwe kuphela, iye yasebenza ukuze ikwazi ukuhlanganisa, ivulela amalungu ayo anezizinda eziningi futhi ihlanganisa ngisho nezenzakalo zempi yaseBrithani. Umphumela yi-Irish eyi-altic Athletic Association engalwi futhi eqiniseka kakhulu, engagonywa ngaphandle kokufuna ushintsho kumthetho.

Ubuzwe Bezombangazwe: Ukusuka Emzabalazweni Ohlomile Kuya Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

I-Good Wear Agreement yalungisa futhi ukuqondisa kobuzwe base-Ireland ngokunikeza indlela ecacile yezombangazwe yokuthonya. Ngaphambi kuka-1998, abashisekeli besizwe abaningi baba nomuzwa wokuthi ukulwa ngezikhali kuwukuphela kwendlela ephumelelayo yokufinyelela imigomo yabo. I-Aspective Development yasusa ubudlova ngokubonisa ukuthi ukubopha kwezombangazwe kungaveza imiphumela engokoqobo. ISin Féin, iphiko lezombangazwe le-IRA, lenza ushintsho olungokomlando lwenhlangano ehlangene nebutho lempi elihlangene neqembu elikhulu lezombangazwe. Eshumini leminyaka, iSin Féin yaba iqembu lesizwe elinobuzwe elikhulu kakhulu eNyakatho ye-Ireland futhi langena kuhulumeni onamandla neqembu layo elaliyilwa noyizitha zayo.

Lokhu kuguqulwa kwaba nomphumela owehlayo ezimweni zesizwe. Ukuhlolwa kwe-ARK (Access Research Luzi) komsebenzi ka-2020 kwathola ukuthi u-80% wabashisekeli besizwe manje usekela isimiso sokulawula amandla futhi ukholelwa ukuthi izinhlangano ezasungulwa yi-Aspectal ziyinqubo engcono kakhulu yokulawula ukuhluka kwezombangazwe. Ukushintshwa kusuka ku "ubuzwe bemvelo" kuya "ubuzwe besizwe sobuzwelo" kuye kwaba omunye wemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo yokuthula. Ubuzwe manje bubonakaliswa ngokhetho, izihlalo zekomiti, nangamabhomu okukhonzayo, kunokuba kuboniswe ngezikhali namabhomu. Ukuzimisela kokuhlala kobunye eIreland kuhlala, kodwa kuphishelwa ngezindlela zentando yeningi kanye nokuthula, kuhlanganise nokuphumelela komngcele wenqubo yokuhlola ngaphansi kwe-Advision.

Ukuvuma Nempikiswano Eshintshayo Ngobunye

Isimiso sokuvuma sesivumelwano siye saphikisana kokubili futhi sasekela impikiswano ngobunye base-Ireland. Ngokusho ukuthi i-Ireland ehlangene idinga iningi ekuhloleni komngcele, isivumelwano sasusa ukwesaba ukuthi ubunye bungabekwa ngempoqo. Lokhu kwavumela abesizwe ukuba bakhuthaze ukuvuselelwa ngokukhululekile, ngaphandle kokubonwa njengosongo kumbuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, saphoqelela abesizwe ukuba bahileleke kumaqiniso asebenzayo alokho i-Ireland ehlangene ezokubukeka, kuhlanganise nezindaba zokunakekelwa kwempilo, intela, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinkonzo zomphakathi ezimbili ezihlukene kakhulu.

Kusukela i-Breexit, ingxoxo iye yakhula. I-Northern Ireland yavota ngeningi (56%) ukuba ihlale e-European Union, kodwa i-UK iyonke ivotelwe ukuba ihambe. Lokhu kuye kwadala amandla amasha, njengoba izazi zesizwe eziningi ziphikisa ukuthi i-Ireland ebumbene phakathi kwe-EU iyithemba elikhanga kakhulu kunokuhlala e-posini le-Brrixit UK. Ingxoxo yobunye yase-Ireland akusekho ngokuphelele okungokomzwelo noma okungokomlando; iya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya i-inyuka i-pragmatic nezomnotho. I-proviation Revent Avement's ye-setweal inikeza inqubo ebumbene, yentando yeningi yokuhlola lokhu, ebingeke icabange phakathi nezinkinga.

Imiqondo Yokuthi Inobunye Nenselele Yokuthi Iwumuntu Ongumuntu Oyinkululeko

Ukuze baqonde ngokugcwele ithonya lesivumelwano sobuzwe, kudingekile ukucabangela ukusabela kokuhlangana nokuvuselelwa kwemininingwane ngokulandelana kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Izinhlangano eziningi ekuqaleni zamelana nesivumelwano, zisibheka njengemvume yobuphekula netheku elibushelelezi elibheke ebunyeni base-Ireland. Iminyaka yokuqala yoMhlangano yaphawulwa ukusolana kwenyunyana nezinhlekelele zezikhathi ezithile, njengokuphikisana okuqhubekayo nge-IRAcommony nenguquko yenqubo. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isilinganiso esiphawulekayo senhlangano yenhlangano yamukela isivumelwano njengesimiso esingcono kakhulu sokugcina indawo yase-Northern Ireland etholakalayo eUK.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqashelwa kweSivumelwano sokuqashelwa kwabantu abaningi kuye kwakhuthaza ukukhula kwe-"Northern Ireland" edlula ukuhlukana okungokwesiko kwesizwe. Kusukela ngo-1998, isilinganiso sabantu eNyakatho Ireland abazichaza ngokuthi "Nyakatho ye-Irish" kuye kwanda kancane. Ngokwe-2021 Censureation eNorthern Ireland, 31.9% yababeze kuxoxa nayo ephawulwe ngokuthi "iBritish," 29.1% njenge-"Nyakatho ye-Irish," ne-22% njenge "Irish"""" isigaba "Nyakatho ye-Irish" asizange sibe khona njengendlela evelele ngaphambi kwenqubo yokuthula; iyingxube eqondile yombono yesivumelwano somphakathi esahlukene. Le nguquko ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nesifiso se-Progmist, isigaba esiphansi, inselelwa isigaba sesizwe, inselele nesigaba sobuzwezwe.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esizayo Nemithetho Yesivumelwano

Naphezu kokuphumelela kweSivumelwano, ithonya laso ekutholeni ukuzwaneni nobuzwe linempikiswano. Izinhlangano ezisekela amandla ziye zamiswa kaningana, muva nje kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2020 ngenxa yempikiswano ngolimi lwase-Ireland kanye nomshado ofanayo owelele ebuhlotsheni obufanayo. Ifa leZinkathazo lilokhu lincintisana kakhulu, nemibuzo engaxazululwanga ngokubuyisana, ubulungisa, nokuphatha izisulu. Abanye abantu bamazwe banomuzwa wokuthi iSivumelwano asizange sihambele kakhulu ekusingatheni ukungalungisi okudlule, njengokubulalana kwesonto lika-Iayingidi e-Iriyo noma ukubulawa kowangowangowangowango-1979 kukaPat Finuc. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isivumelwano sivame ukuba siqiniseke kakhulu izigwebo zezombangazwe eziphethwe yizisulu.

I-Brexit ibeke iSivumelwano ngaphansi kwempi engazange ibonwe. I-Northern Ireland Protocol, eklanyelwe ukugwema umngcele onzima esiqhingini sase-Ireland, yadala umngcele wezentengiselwano phakathi kweGreat Britain ne-Northern Ireland, okuthi amaqembu ahlanganisa i-Breepit abhikishe indawo yase-Northern Ireland e-UK. Ukungantengi kwezombangazwe okubangele ukuphakama kwempikiswano mayelana nokuzichaza nobukhosi. Kubantu abaningi besizwe, i-Protocommentalgiotics ibonise inani le-EU kanye nokubambisana kwemingcele; ngenxa yemiba amaqembu, kuye kwandisa ukwesaba ukudonselwa kancane kancane e-Ireland. Izimiso ezinzima zesivumelwano se-Irrivement ziyavivinywa, kodwa izimiso zayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-athonsi, ukulingana, ukulingana nokwethembana kwe-styty.

Isiphetho: Ithonya Elihlala Njalo

Isivumelwano se-Good Wearth Agreement asiyiqedanga impikiswano ngokuzichaza noma ubuzwe base-Ireland; sayiguqula. Ngokunikeza i-athognite esemthethweni yemikhondo eminingi, ukunikeza imikhondo yentando yeningi yezifiso zesizwe, nokungavumelani nesimiso sokuvumelana, i-Ayrish yasusa ubuzwe base-Ireland ebudloveni nasengxoxweni yezombangazwe. Yavumela ukuba i-Ireland ibonakale ngokukhululekile eNyakatho Ireland, ngokwesiko, futhi ngaphandle kokwesaba. Ngalesosikhathi, yadala indawo entsha ye-Crediums (ethiwarish"e"eyi-Northern Ireland"""", ukuphuma, yaphula i-froast facerces eyayichaze izimpi zamashumi eminyaka.

Iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuqhubeke, ithonya leSivumelwano libonakala ekuchumeni kwezikole zolimi lwase-Ireland, ukugujwa komphakathi okusakazekile kwempucuko yamaGaele, kanye nokukhula, uma ngezinye izikhathi kugcwele impikiswano yezombangazwe ngekusasa lesiqhingi. Ubuzwe base-Ireland namuhla buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, buqinisekile, futhi bunentando yeningi kunango-1998. I-Good Wear Agreement ayizange inikeze i-Ireland enobunye, kodwa yenza ukuphishekela lowo mgomo ongenzeka ngaphandle kwempi. Lokho kuyimpumelelo eyaqhubeka nokulolo hlobo lwezigidi zabantu ezweni lonke elase-Ireland naseBrithani.

ifunda ngokuphindaphindeneyo: Ukuhlaziya kabanzi umbhalo wesivumelwano, bheka inguquko ye- ye-UK . [[FLT]] Inqolobane] I-CAIN e-Ulster University inikeza iqoqo elibanzi lemibhalo nencazelo. Ukuhlola kwamanje ngesazi, kuhlola i-[ ku-Irland Life ne-Time Surevesss.