Ziyini Izinhlansi Zokuphoqelela?

Ukuhlola kwemishwana kuyisubathi ekhohlisayo ebonakala njengendlela yokucwaninga okusemthethweni. Ngokungafani nokuhlola kwangempela okufuna ukulinganiswa komuzwa womphakathi, ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kuklanyelwa ukulolonga ngokusakaza ukwaziswa okubi noma okudukisayo. Okuvamile okuqhutshwa ngocingo noma ukuhlola kwemishwane, ukuphoqelela kuyobuza uchungechunge lwemibuzo ethwele i-okhensi elimazayo ekhanyayo, njengokuthi "Ungakuhle ube nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvota u-X uma wazi ukuthi wabekwa icala lokukhwaba?" Ngisho noma kungekho siqinisekiso esinjalo. Umgomo awukho ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kodwa ukutshala ukusikisela engqondweni evota. Inkulumo ethi "kuhlola okuyingozi" ihlelwe ngokwezindlela zokucwaninga ezihlukene. Nokho, i-Auntrountmentmentmentmentmentments "uniontion" esetshenziswa ngokuhlola okungokomthetho.[10] Izimiso zokucwaninga eziningi ze-ucwaningo ziyakhomba ngokuphamba.

Izindawo Eziyingqayizivele Zokwaziswa Zasemaphandleni Nasemadolobheni

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo kuthinta abantu abahlukahlukene kanjani, kubalulekile ukuhlola izindawo ezihlukene zezokuxhumana nezinhlangano zokuxhumana lapho abavoti basemaphandleni nabasemadolobheni besebenza khona.

Izinkampani Zasemaphandleni: Zilinganiselwe Izinhlobonhlobo Zemithombo Yezindaba Nezibopho Zendawo Eziqinile

Imiphakathi yasemaphandleni ivame ukuhlukana nezindawo zokusakaza imithombo yezindaba yendawo futhi ingenayo kakhulu imithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene. Izindawo eziningi zasemaphandleni zikhonzwa iphephandaba elilodwa, iziteshi zomsakazo ezimbalwa, futhi mhlawumbe i-panet eyodwa noma ezimbili ezisakazwayo. Ukungena kwe-nternet enkulisa emaphandleni amaningi, okulinganisela ukuchayeka ezindabeni zezwe nezezizwe ngezizwe, ukuhlola ulwazi lwezindaba, kanye nezinye izimo zezindaba. Lokhu kuswela kwemithombo yokwaziswa okuphakathi kusho ukuthi asemaphandleni athambekele ekuncikeni okukhulu emizini yasekhaya, imiphakathini, amaqembu ehlukene, amaqembu esonto, nezinhlangano zomphakathi, afaka izicelo zezombangazwe ezijwayelekile. Ithemba libekwa emaphikweni avamile. Uma ukuhlinza okufika ngocingo noma ngomyalezo, kungabhekwa njengokuhlola okusemthethweni ngenxa nje yokuncintisana kokwaziswa kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu basemaphandleni abasemaphandleni abasemaphandleni abambalwa abahlala emaphandleni abambalwa abahlala kuwo, bahlanganisa amabhizinisi amapulazini, futhi basebenza, ngokuvamile, amaqembu asebenza ngokunyelalelwa kakhulu, futhi amaqembu asebenza

Izinqolobane Zasedolobheni: Ukwaziswa Okuningi Kodwa Kwahlukana

Ngokungafani, abavoti base-Urban babhukuda benolwazi oluningi. Amadolobha amakhulu anamaphephandaba amaningi, iziteshi eziningi zomsakazo nethelevishini, ukuhlobisa okukhulu ngezindaba zekhebula, futhi izakhamuzi zase-Urban zigcwele imibono ebanzi yezombangazwe, izinhlangano zeqiniso, nemiyalezo yokuhlola ulwazi. Nokho, lokhu kukhulu kuvela ngokuhlukanisa. Abantu base-Urban bahluka kakhulu (ngokwamanani ahlukene), ngokwezomnotho, nangezombangazwe ($n) nezindawo ezingaphansi kwe-communionssssss ngokuvamile zidla imithombo yezindaba ehlukene kakhulu. Izikhulu zasedolobheni zingathola izindaba ezivela emithonjeni ye-New York Times noma NPR, nakuba imiphakathi ingenisa inzuzo ephansi kakhulu. Uma kusungulwa imithombo yezokuxhumana imithombo yezindaba ezindaweni zomphakathi, ingabangela ukukhomba ukukhomba okuncishwa kwezindawo ezisezindaweni ezikude kakhulu, noma ukukhomba ukukhomba kwezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo, kodwa eziphansi kakhulu.

Indlela Izinhlansi Ezicindezela Ngayo Ezisebenzisa Ngayo Ukukhubazeka

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kuyaphumelela ngoba kusebenzisa ubandlululo olubhalwe kahle lwengqondo. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani abavoti basemaphandleni nabasemadolobheni bengase basabele ngendlela ehlukile.

Ukuqinisekisa Umzimba Nokwehlukana Okubi

Ukuqinisekisa ubandlululo ukuthambekela kokufuna, ukuchaza, nokukhumbula ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo ezikhona. Ukuhlola kokufushanisa kusebenzisa lokhu ngokufaka inkulumo ephambene ngomphikisi ngendlela ehambisana nokuthambekela komvoti. Ngokwesibonelo, umvoti wasemaphandleni obambelele ekuqondweni angase athole ukuphendulelwa kokusikisela okusikisela ukuthi umxhakamfuli wentando yeningi usekela izimiso ezilimaza imiphakathi yezezolimo-"na noma okungelona iqiniso. Ukungathembi komunye umxhasi kuwenza avume ukuchaphaza okuphambene nokungakhohlazeki. Urban Rehootervey ibonisa ukuqinisekisa ukucwasana, kodwa ngokuvamile zichayeke ekutheni izinhlangano eziningi ezivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene, ezingalimaza ithonya kakhulu ithonya ithonya. Ukungathandeki kakhulu ukungathandi ukungana neqembu eliphikisana neqembu eliphikisanayo. Ngokuphakanyiswayo. Ngokuphaza okungaphakanyiswayo, umba omba omba ombangongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongoku. [Uption:[10]][9]]

Umphumela Wobuthongo Nomthombo Wokukhohlwa

Another psychological weapon used by push polls is the "sleeper effect." Over time, people tend to forget the source of information while retaining the information itself. A voter who hears a false accusation during a push poll may later forget the dubious source but remember the accusation as a fact. This is particularly dangerous in rural areas where there are fewer competing sources to counter the claim. In urban environments, the higher density of information sources and faster news cycle can sometimes "overwrite" the false memory, but if the push poll is targeted to a community with its own closed information loop (e.g., a specific ethnic social media group), the sleeper effect can still take hold. The sleeper effect is more pronounced when the message is repeated, and push poll scripts are often designed to repeat the accusatory question multiple times in slightly different forms.

Ubufakazi Obubonisa Ithonya Elihlukile

Nakuba ukuhlola okubanzi kwezwe okukhuthaza imiphumela yokuhlola ukuma kwezwe kuyivelakancane, imisebenzi eminingi yokucwaninga nezindlela zomlando kunikeza ukuqonda.

Ucwaningo Olubonisa Ukuthi Abantu Basemaphandleni Bayangamukeleki

Ukuhlola kwango2016 okwakhishwa Ukuxhumana okunentengo kwahlola ukuphumelela komkhankaso ophambene endaweni yemithombo yezindaba ehlukene. Kwathola ukuthi abavoti abasendaweni ephansi ye-information . okuyizinto ezivame ukuhlanganiswa nezindawo zasemaphandleni. Kwakuthonyelwa kakhulu izikhangiso zokuhlasela nokusunduza ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngokuhlola endaweni ephezulu. Abacwaningi baphetha ukuthi ezindaweni ezinemithombo yezindaba elinganiselwe, ukuthungakhiyo kunethonya elinamandla kakhulu, okusho ukuthi yenza izici ezithile noma izici ezingqondweni zovota. Okunye ukuhlola okubangelwa yi- Ukucwaninga okuphezulu [2001] [FLT] Ucwaningo oluphezulu [FLT] luthola ukuthi amaMelika ambalwa kakhulu ukuba athembeke futhi athole ulwazi olunamandla kakhulu kwezwe lonke, okusho ukuthi imithombo yezindaba ingathola imithombo yezelele ngokushesha ezindawo zendawo.

Ukumelana Namadolobha Nezithako Eziphikisayo

Ukwenqaba kwabavoti base-Urban ukuphoqelela ukuphenya akuqinisekisiwe njalo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-University of Southern California okuye kwahlolwa kusunduza imibuzo yokuhlola efana neyovota emadolobheni nasedolobheni eLos Angeles County. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi nakuba abavoti basedolobheni babengenamathuba amancane okushintsha injongo yabo yokuvota, amaqembu athile angaphansi kwalawo achaza ukuthi amavoti anamandla noma ahlala ezindaweni ezihlukene zezinhlanga ezihlukene, kodwa ayesengozini yokuzifaka engozini nje njengabantu basemaphandleni. Ukuhlola kwaqokomisa ukuthi isihluthulelo asikona ukumagejiji nge-hea kodwa "intengi ye-intengiswa" ne "injini ye-injini" yezindawo ze-voti" nendawo yokwaziswa ephakathi ebanzi enziwa emadolobhethe nasemadolobheni. Izindawo ezihlala kuyo yonke indawo ezindaweni ezindezi nezokuxhumana ezigcwele. Kodwa emadolobheni zasemaphandleni "izi ezisebukweni amancane" intengamentene nezindawo zokuvoludingi ezindawo

Izibonelo Zangempela Zezinhlansi Eziphoqelelayo Nemiphumela Yazo

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa amandla okuhlola okuphoqelela nendlela eziye zathonya ngayo imiphumela yokukhetha kokubili emaphandleni nasemadolobheni.

IProfe ENingizimu Carolina Ka - 2000

Esinye sezenzakalo zokuhlola ezidume kakhulu ezenzeka phakathi kuka- 2000 South Carolina Republican enkulu phakathi kukaGeorge W. Bush noJohn McKain. McKain, owayewine i-New Hampshire eyinhloko, wayethola amandla. Ekuphenduleni, amasosha angaziwa aqhubele phambili ukuphenya ezweni lonke .Njengoba kungu-amadolobhana (ngokwase-Chain wazala umntwana omnyama ongekho emthethweni (McKaina watholwa eBangladesh). Ukuhlola okucindezela okusetshenziswayo kwakufana no-, "Ngaba kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi uvote uJohn McCaine uzoba nomntwana omnyama ngaphandle komshado"""'ukwazi ukuthi ukukhomba kwakhe kwasemaphandleni ngokulinganiselwe, futhi ukusekela kuka-Mckamende kuka-cconson, ikakhulukazi phakathi komhlophe. UCarjony wathola futhi wathola ukukhohlelwa okukhulu kwecala ngenxa yokukhohliswa kwecala. Lokhu kuboniswa ngocingo emaphandleni.

Uhlelo Lokwahlulela Nokuchasisa Kwamabhaktheriya Ngo - 2016

Kukhetho luka 2016, kusungulwa iziphetho, kuphoqelelwa ukuba kwenziwe izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukuhlola abaqambi bamanga" esetshenziselwa ukuhlohla ukuveza nokuvota ngokubuza imibuzo ephambili ngabazohlolwa. Lokhu kuhlola kwamanani ngokuvamile kwabhekiselwa emaphandleni ezindaweni ezihambayo njengeWisconsin, Michigan, nePennsylvania. Okuqukethwe yizikhalo zasemaphandleni ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngokudayisa ukudayisa, ukufuduka, nokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Umphumela waba ukuqiniswa kwemikhumbi eqinile eyasiza ukuphambukisa izingi ezinhlangothini ezimfansaneni. Emadolobheni, imicwana efana nezindawo ezingenisa imali yokuhlala noma inguquko, kodwa umphumela wancitshiswa yimincintiswa ukuncintiswa imithombo yezindaba ebanzi. Noma kunjalo, ezindaweni zokuhlola idemocromocracracking, kungase kunciswe ngokuncitshiswa ngenqubo ehleliweyo.

Imijaho Yasendaweni Nomphumela Ongasho lutho

Ukuhlola okuphenya ngokubhucungwa kuvame kakhulu emijahweni yendawo yemikhankaso yedolobha, yesikole, neyamazwe, lapho imithombo yezindaba ingekho khona. Emaphandleni, umkhankaso owodwa wokuhlola ungalawula ngokuphumelelayo ukuhanjiswa kokwaziswa amasonto amaningi. Emadolobheni anezindawo zokukhipha imithombo eminingi yezindaba, umphumela uvame ukuxazululwa ngokuhlola kwezindaba zendawo. Nokho, emadolobheni asemahlahlane amaphephandaba − izindawo lapho amaphephandaba avala khona noma anciphisa khona ukuhlolelwa kwezelelwa kwezesikole. I-Apixhunyusi yesikole i-2018 000 i-opera i-templateststing i-colustssss of areaced insttication e-Atlantactam, lapho iphephandaba lendawo lalinciphe kakhulu khona, ishiya khona u-cconson ezindaweni zomkhankasoni.

Ukucabangela Okungokomthetho Nokungokomthetho

Izinga lokuhlola okungokwezimiso nokungokomthetho lokuphoqelela ukuvocavoca kuyahlukahluka ngokwemingcele, futhi ukuntuleka kwemithetho engaguquki kuwukukhathalela ubuqotho bentando yeningi.

Imithetho yamanje

E-United States, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo kuvame ukuvikelwa njengenkulumo yezombangazwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa ezinye izifundazwe zinezimfuneko zokuveza. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho waseCalifornia ufuna ukuba noma ikuphi ukuhlola okwenziwa ngocingo kuphawule ukuthi i-Communications Commission (FC) ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamazwi amanga ekucindezeleni. Nokho, ukuphoqelela kuyabuthakathaka, futhi ukuphoqelela okuningi kusebenzisa izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ukusebenzisa amagobolondolo noma amashela asemaphethene ukuze kuphendulwe. I-Federal Communications (FC) i-mnetruptions Com (FC) ivimbela ukushayela izingcingo zangaphambili ngaphandle kwemvume, kodwa eziningi ziqhutshelwa ngemiyalezo, ziwela emgqonyeni wokuhlola. [[FOL:]

Izikhalo Zokushintsha

Amaqembu okuhlola, kuhlanganise ne-Common Cange and the League of Women Voters, aye aqhubela phambili izinguquko ezisemqoka zikahulumeni ezingenza ukuphenya kube okungekho emthethweni uma ziqukethe izinkulumo ezingamanga eziqinisekisiwe. Abanye baye basikisela ukuba kufune "iqiniso ekuvoteni" idiski. Inselele ukuthi ukusunduza imibhalo yokuhlola ngokuvamile kusebenzisa imibuzo esikiselayo kunokusebenzisa amanga aqondile, kuyenza iqine kakhulu ukuqulwa. ECanada, i-Ecostations Act inqabela noma ubani ukuba azi ukuthi uveza inkulumo engamanga ngenkathi yokhetho, futhi iphoqashela inseka ngempumelelo lapho. I-U. i-U.S. ingabheka phezulu, imikhankambiso yezokuxhumana ecindezela ngokukhethekile amaqhinga ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, [1][8] qhovie nokuqaphela lokhu ukuxhumana kwendawo. Ukuxhumana kwe-kashaye ye-omgamgam, njengendlela yokuhlola ye-kathofu ye-yokuhlela i-kamend.

Amasu Okuthuthukisa Izingozi Zezinhlansi Zokuphoqelela

Ukubhekana nosongo lokuhlola okuphoqelelwayo kudinga indlela ehlukahlukene ebangela ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo zabavoti basemaphandleni nabasemadolobheni.

Imfundo Yokufunda Nokubhala Engosini Yezindaba

Imikhankaso yemfundo kufanele ivumelane nezimiso zezokuxhumana ezisebenza. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, imizamo yokufunda nokubhala ingahlanganiswa nezenzakalo zomphakathi, izimemezelo zesonto, nezinhlelo zomsakazo wendawo. Umgomo ukufundisa abavoti ukubona izikhombo zokuhlola okuphoqelelwe: ukusetshenziswa kolimi olulayishwayo, ukuntula umxoxi walabo abaphila bebuza imibuzo engathathi hlangothi, nokwenqaba ukunikeza abaxhasi bokuhlola. Emadolobheni, ukuhlangana nezikole nemitapo nemitapo yezincwadi kungasiza, kodwa izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe kufanele zikhulume nezinhlelo ezincane zokuphoqelela izicelo zezokuxosha ngemithombo yezokuxhumana. I-Newsplaiblective Project inikeza imithombo ekwazi ukuguqula izimo zombili.

Ukusabela Okusheshayo Nokuhlola Iqiniso

Izimiso zokuhlola izinhlangano ezinjenge-Politifact ne-Cercock.org zinezindlela zokuqondisa imikhankaso yokuhlola, kodwa zivame ukuthembela emalini evela kubavoti. Ukwenza inombolo elula yokukhumbula noma yokubhala inombolo yetekisi yokubika izingcingo ezisolekayo kungasheshisa izikhathi zokusabela. Izikhangiso zezindaba zendawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, zingaqeqeshelwa ukuhlola ukusunduza imikhankaso yokuhlola nokukhipha izijeziso. Ukuhlola kweYunivesithi yaseMichigan kwabonisa ukuthi ukuphenya ngokushesha iqiniso emahoreni angu-24 ngemva komkhankaso wokuphoqa umkhankaso wokuphenya kunciphisa imiphumela yayo ethonyayo ngezikhathi ezingamashumi amane%. Izindawo zasemadolobheni, ezihlangene ukusabela okushesha kungasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthatha izigwebo ezisethi ezisezingeni elina.

Izindinganiso Ezingcolisayo Eziqinisayo

Abahloli bezincwadi abasemthethweni banesithakazelo sokuzihlukanisa nezindawo eziphoqelelwe. Izinhlangano zezemisebenzi njenge AAPOR ne-National Council on Public Polls (NCPP) zingathuthukisa "ukuvuma" ukuthi ukuhlolwa okungokomthetho kungabonisa. Izifunda zingafaka isibopho sokufuna ukuba noma ikuphi ukuhlola kwezombangazwe okuthi kuyi-procession kumelwe kubhaliswe nebhodi lokhetho lombuso. Uma umvoti emukela ucingo olungenazo zinto ezinjalo, kufanele asolwe ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathweli bocingo namapulatifomu okuthumela imiyalezo angasiza ngokususa noma ukuvimbela izinombolo zokuhlola ezaziwayo ukuthi izingcingo ze-Similareatem ze-tem. Ubuchwepheshe bukhona; ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kuyadingeka ukuba kusetshenziswe.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Ukwaziswa Kwesinqumo Sokwenziwa Kwezinti

Ukuhlola kokucindezela kuseyimpicabadala eMelika eyingozi ngoba kuxhaphaza kokubili ukuncintisana kokwakheka kwezimiso zezindaba kanye nobandlululo olungokwengqondo lwabavoti. Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi abavoti basemaphandleni basengozini kakhulu ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwezindawo zokwaziswa ezihlukene nokuncishwa kakhulu emizileni ethembekile kodwa enciphile. Nokho, abavoti basedolobheni abavikelekile, ikakhulukazi uma behlolwa emiphakathini ehlukene noma ehlahlane yezindaba. Ucingo oluvamile luyintengo yokwaziswa noma ukuncishwa kwemininingwane yezindaba (hmogenety) lapho abavoti bentula ukufinyelela entengweni eqinile yamaqiniso kanye nokuncintisana, basunduza ukuhlobisa imibono ephazamisayo ngenkululeko ephazamisayo. Ukuvikela ubuqotho bezinqubo zedemo-democracracking kudinga umzamo wokuvala le zindawo zokwaziswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokulungisa izinhlelo zezokuxhumana, ukuhlola ulwazi, ukuphenyanisa ulwazi, noma ukuphenyanisa, noma ukuqondisa kwezezobuchwepheshe. Lapho siqinisekisa khona ukuqondisa ukuhloma kwezente, ukuthi zikhona, lapho zikhona, lapho zi