Table of Contents

Indima Eyisisekelo Yezinqumo Zomthetho Ekubuseni Ngamanzi

Amanzi ayingxenye yegazi yezimiso zezinto eziphilayo, ezomnotho, nezindawo. Indlela ehlelwa ngayo, esetshenziswayo, nevikelwe ayinqunywa ngemvelo kuphela; ilolongwa kakhulu yizinqumo zomthetho. Imithetho, iziqondiso, iziqondiso, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo ezihlukene zenza ukuhlelwa okungokomthetho kwamalungelo amanzi nokulawulwa kwezimiso. Lezi zinqumo zithonya yonke into kusukela emandleni omlimi okunisela izitshalo ezingeni eliphezulu ezivikela impilo yomphakathi. Njengoba ukuncintisana ngenxa yokukhula kwezindawo zamanzi ahlanzekile ngenxa yesidingo sabezolimo, imfuno yezolimo, nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuqonda izakhiwo zokulawula amanzi kuba okubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, abenzi bemithetho, nabasekeli bezeluleksi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokuchaza ngayo amalungelo omthetho, ukuqondisa abaphathi bezimiso zomphakathi, nokubhekana nezinselele ezikhulayo ngekhulu lekhulu lamakhulu leminyaka lama-21.

Isisekelo Samalungelo Asemanzini: Izimfundiso Ezingokomthetho Zilolongwa Umthetho

Amalungelo amanzi awazuzwa njengefa; akhiwa futhi achazwe ngomthetho. Izici ezimbili ezivelele zomthetho `i-aripararian' namalungelo angaphambili'(imikhiqizo yomlando wezomthetho nencazelo yokwahlulela. Imibuso eminingi isebenzisa izimiso ezixubile ezihlanganisa lezimfundiso ngokuvumelana nezimo zendawo.

Amalungelo ERiparian

Kusungulwa umthetho ovamile wesiNgisi, amalungelo ancishisiwe anikeza abanikazi bendawo ukuba bangene emifuleni ehamba phakathi noma eseduze nendawo yabo. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, umnikazi ngamunye ophanga unelungelo lokusebenzisa amanzi ngendlela engalimazi ngokungenangqondo abanye abasebenzisi bomfula. Lendlela isebenza kahle ezindaweni ezinomswakama lapho amanzi egcwele khona, kodwa ilwisana khona ezimo-moyeni lapho ukuswelakala kwezikhathi zonyaka kubangela ukuxabana. I-Legistislative Reformation, enjenge-stactutary mvume yokuvumela izimfuneko nesivikelo esincane, iye yamiswa ukuba ihlambulule amalungelo abathengi futhi ivimbele ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile.

Ukufundwa Kwangaphambili: Okokuqala Ngesikhathi, Kuqala Kwesokudla

Entshonalanga ye-United States kanye nezinye izindawo eziningi ezisebenzisa amanzi, imfundiso yangaphambi kokukhishwa kwamanzi ibusa amalungelo amanzi. Iqaliswe ngomthetho wesilinganiso sikahulumeni, lesimiso sinikeza amadipoyidi amalungelo asekelwe ekukhuleni: umuntu wokuqala ophambukisa amanzi ukuze asetshenziswe ngendlela ezuzisayo ugcina izikhala zabasebenzisi besikhathi esizayo. Ngesomiso, abanikazi bamalungelo amancane banganqunywa ngokuphelele. Lolu hlelo olungokomthetho lukhuthaza ukutshala izakhiwo zamanzi kodwa lungavala ngokungasebenzi kahle nangengozi emvelweni yezinto ezizungezile. Izinguquko zanamuhla ze-Grouaymentation zizama ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlanganisa ukugeleza kwendawo ezungezile kanye nokuphatha amanzi enhlabathi.

Izimiso Zobuhlanya Nezimiso Zokunquma

Imibuso eminingi iye yadlula ngalé kwezimfundiso ezimsulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia iphethe isimiso esixubanisa amalungelo akhucululayo nawama-athonsi alawulayo, acwengisiwe nge-National Water Code nesinqumo sokwahlulela. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge-Oregon neWashington, ziye zasebenzisa imithetho ehlangeneyo edinga izinhlelo ezintsha zokuthola imvume yokulinganisela izidingo ezikhona nezokusizungezile. Emhlabeni wonke, amazwe anjenge-South Africa aguqula umthetho wamanzi nge-National Water Act ka-1998, ephatha amanzi njengempahla yomphakathi nemfunolwazi oluyisisekelo lwezemvelo esetshenziswa ngokwezomnotho.

Imishini Engokomthetho Yokuphathwa Kwamanzi

Izimiso zokulawula amanzi zisetshenziswa ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene okulawula. Inqubo ngayinye iklanyelwe ukusingatha izici ezithile zobuningi bamanzi, kusukela ekukhuleni kuya ekuphileni kwemvelo.

Izindinganiso Ezinhle Zamanzi

Imithetho enjenge-Celean Water Act in the United States, i-Water Framework Directive in the European Union, kanye noMthetho Wamanzi ezindaweni eziningi zezwe ubeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokungcolisa, ukushisa okungena emoyeni, nezimo zendawo yokuhlala. Umthetho ugunyaza izinhlangano ezilawulayo ukuba zikhiphe imvume, zibophe imingcele yokulawula ukuhamba kwezezimboni nezolimo, futhi zifune ukugadelwa. Lemithetho iye yanciphisa kakhulu ukungcola okubangelwa yimithombo engekhona nemithombo enjengendawo yokuhamba kwezolimo, ehlala iyimbangela eyinhloko yokukhubazeka kwamanzi.

Ukuthuthwa Kwamanzi Nemvume

Izindikimba ezilawula umthetho zidala izimiso ezivumela ukususwa kwamanzi emifuleni, emachibini, nasezindaweni zamanzi ezingaphansi komhlaba. Imvume isho ukuthi umthombo, inani, isikhathi, nenjongo yokusetshenziswa. Kwezinye izindawo, imvume iklanyelwe ukubuye ibuye isetshenziswe noma ikwazi ukubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ivumela ukulawulwa kwezimo ushintsho. Inselele ukuthi imvume eziningi zakhishwa ngaphambi kokuba ukucatshangelwa kwendawo ezungezile kwanamuhla kuqinisekiswe, kwakha ifa lezindawo umthetho okumelwe uthenge ngazo manje, izimfuneko zokuhamba ezincane, noma iziyalezo zesikhashana.

Ukulondolozwa Kwemvelo Nokusebenza Kahle Kwayo

Izizwe nezizwe ziye zamisa imithetho efuna amapulani okulondolozwa kwamanzi, izindinganiso ezisebenzayo zemishini, nesimiso sokunisela ngenkasa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Energy Policy Act ka-1992 yabeka izinga lokusebenza kwamanzi ezindawo zangasese nasemaphandleni e-United States, inciphisa amanzi asekhaya asetshenziswa ngokuphawulekayo. Umthetho wamuva kakhulu, njengomthetho we-California’s Globabledhwater Management Act (SGMA), ugunyaza izinhlangano zendawo ukuba zithuthukise amapulani abangela ukulingana kwezindawo zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngo-2040. Lemithetho ivame ukudayisa ihlanganisa imishini esekela izimali, usizo, nokuqondisa izinhlelo.

Emfudlaneni Kunomfula Oyisivikelo

Impilo yemvelo ixhomeke ekulondolozeni amanzi anele emifuleni nasemifuleni. Umthetho ungamisa izimfuneko ezinciphileyo, ukubekela izinhlanzi nezilwane amanzi, noma ukwakha amalungelo okuhamba emifuleni abaluleke kakhulu kunemisebenzi esetshenziswayo. Umbuso we-Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan eTexas, ogunyazwe yiKhomishane yasedolobheni, isilinganiso samanzi asezintabeni esinenhla nezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini. Ngokufanayo, i-Resource Management Act yaseNew Zealand idinga ukuba imikhandlu yesifunda imise futhi iphoqe ukuba i-mouse.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokujula: Indlela Ukushaya Imithetho Okushintsha Ngayo Imiphumela

Ukuhlola izenzo ezingokomthetho eziwuphawu lunikeza ukuqonda okubucayi ngendlela umthetho oholela ngayo ekuqondiseni amanzi asemhlabeni.

Isinyathelo Samanzi Ahlanzekile: Iminyaka Engamashumi Amane Yokulawula Ukungcola

Ngo-1972, i-CWA) yaguqula indlela yaseMelika yokuthola nokugcina ukuqina kwamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba, kanye nokwakheka kwamanzi esizwe asungulwe ngo-1972, i-Develoption Developection Act (NPES), i-moduled yamanzi ewumbuso, futhi i-Ditem-404 ivumela ukuncitshiswa nokugcwaliswa kwemisebenzi. I-CWA ngokuphumelelayo inciphisa ukungcoliswa kwezemboni nezindawo ze-masipala futhi isize ukuvuselelwa kwezindikimba eziningi ezingcolisiwe. Nokho, izikhala zemithetho yokulawula i-National Pollisantion Direvolution Developectionation Sy System (NPES), zincishisiwe kakhulu, futhi incazelo “yokungamanzi aseMelika” ifaka imingcele ezindaweni ezinzinyana. Ukubusa okunjalo, [ngendlela engaphezulu] [i-Fock.[23]

ISivumelwano Somfula WaseColorado: Ukunakekela Ukukhathalela Okulinganayo Ngaphansi Kwesomiso

IColorado River ikhonza abantu abayizigidi ezingu-40 futhi inisela izigidi zamahektare eningizimu-ntshona ye-United States ne-Mexico. Ibhukwana lesisekelo se-wigional iColorado Cancon River Centre ka-1928, isivumelwano sesizwe esahlula amanzi phakathi kwe-Upper Basin Sisain (Utah, i-Whoming, i-New Mexico), ne-Lowester Basin (i-Navada, i-California). Isivumelwano sesisekelo se-Boulder Canyon Project (1928) ne-Colorado River Basin Project (1968), igunyaza amada nezimiso zokuthutha. Emashumi eminyaka, i-rodomenti yasebenza ngenxa yokuthi ilingani nesilinganiso esikhona esimisiwe. Kodwa lesisimo sezulu nesomiso esiqhubekayo siye sanciphisa ukugeleza komfula ngaphezu kwe-20% kusukela ngo-20, ukuvuzwa kwe-uthonsi ye-ox.

I - European Union Fome Workive Edume: Indlela Engaqondakali

I-Water Frame Working Directive (WFD) igunyaza ukulawulwa kwezindawo ezihlangene zomfula kuzo zonke izifundazwe ze-EU. Ibeka izinhloso zendawo ezungezile yazo zonke izindikimba zamanzi(/i-surface, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nama-patl(i-(i-pane)(i-Pice) futhi ifuna ukuphuhliswa kweMikhathi yoMfula iBasin, okunezekelelayo. I-WFD iphawuleka ngemfuneko yayo engokomthetho yokufinyelela “ukuma okuhle” kuwo wonke amanzi ngezikhathi ezibophakeleyo, esekelwa yizimiso ezisekelwe eziminyangweni ze-Europe Courtment of Justice. Ilmentation ayilingani; amanye amazwe ayizinga alwa ukuhlanekeliswa kwemizwa kwemithetho kanye nokushintsha i-hymody. Noma kunjalo, umthetho uye waqhutshelwa ukuba khona komphakathi, ukuhlelwa kwawo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemisebe kweminye imithetho yamazwe yanamuhla.

UMthetho Wamanzi Wase - Australia Ka - 2007 noMfula iMurray-Darling Basin Plan

I-Murray-Darling Basin ingenye yezimiso zemifula ezilawulwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Amashumi eminyaka okuthutha ngokudlulela kwenye indawo aholela ekungcoleni okukhulu kwendawo ezungezile nasebunzimeni bamanzi. Ukuphendula kwe-Australia, iPhalamende ladlula i-Water Act 2007, eyamisa i-Murray-Darling Basin Authority futhi yadinga ukusungulwa kwe-Basin Plan. Icebo lihlela imingcele eqinile (i-SSL) futhi lihlanganisa inqubo yokuthola amanzi emvelweni ngezentengo nangezintengo zamanzi. Naphezu kokungezwana kwezombangazwe nokuxabana okuqhubekayo, ukwakheka kwemithetho yezindawo kuthuthukisa ukuhlalisa amanzi, futhi kunikeze ipesenti lokulawula indawo ezungezile ngenxa yokungaqiniseki. I-Australia igcizelela ukuthi umthetho wamanzi kumelwe uhlanganise izigwebo ezingokwesayensi, ukunciphisa imingcele elawulayo, imingcele elawula izikhali.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nomthetho Wamanzi

Ngisho nemithetho yamanzi efakwe kahle kakhulu ibhekene nezingcindezi ezikhulayo ezivivinya ukuphumelela nokulunga kwabo. Abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe balwisane namaqiniso amasha akhona angaklanyelwanga ukuwasingatha.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokushintshashintsha Kwamanzi

Izinqumo ezingokwemithetho zisekelwe kakhulu ekwazini okungokomlando okungasabikezeli izimo zesikhathi esizayo. Ukuncishiswa kweqhwa, ukuqhuma kwangaphambili, ukukhuphuka kwesomiso, nokukhula kwezikhukhula ezivamile kudinga imithetho evumelanayo nevumelanayo. Izinqumo zendabuko “zokuqala” ziba yingozi uma abantu abadala abanamalungelo aphezulu beqhubeka besebenzisa amanzi ezitshalweni ezinenani eliphansi kuyilapho amadolobha nezindawo eziphilayo zihlupheka. Umthetho ofana namacebo esomiso, imishini yokuvala amathumbuku, nezimiso zokudayisa amanzi zidingeka. Kodwa, ukudluliswa kwemithetho enjalo kudinga ukumelana nezithakazelo ezisemgangathweni eziqinile.

Ukudilizwa Kwamanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba Negebe Esovalweni Olungokomthetho

Ezindaweni eziningi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aye alawulwa ngokungenamandla kakhulu kunamanzi angaphezulu. Leligebe elingokomthetho liye lavumela ukuhlelwa okukhulu kwezindawo ezihlala phansi, okubangela ukuncipha kwenhlabathi, ukungena kwamanzi anosawoti, nokuncipha kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwe-fulls. I-United States enjenge California idlulise i-Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (2014, ukuze ifune izinhlangano zendawo ukuba zenze izinhlangano ezisekela amanzi angaphansi komhlaba (GS) futhi zibhale amapulani. I-almon isaqhubeka ivuleka, futhi i-gastivation iyaqhubeka ingundalth . Inguquko kumelwe yandise ukumboza wonke amanzi aphuma emhlabeni, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezisezindaweni ezithile zokulandisa ukuthi angakwazi ukuphuma emanzini.

Amalungelo Amanzi Nezokubuyisana Kwabo Bakhona

Ngokomlando, umthetho uvame ukuthatha abantu bomdabu ukuba bangene emanzini futhi benze izinqumo. Emazweni amaningi, amalungelo amanzi ahlala engekho mthethweni. ISimemezelo seZizwe Ezihlangene samaLungelo Abantu Abahlala Ezweni (UNDRIP) siyaliqaphela ilungelo lokuba nalo, lokusebenzisa, nokuphatha imithombo yamanzi, kodwa amazwe ambalwa kuphela angenise lomthetho wasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, iNew Zealand iqaphele ukuba ngokomthetho kwabantu abahlala eWhanauni River, iyinika amalungelo nokumisa ipulani ehlanganisa nabameleli be-Māori. EUnited States, ebekelwe amalungelo amanzi, ngokuvamile ahlanga, aqalayo ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano. Umthetho wanamuhla kumelwe uqaphele amalungelo eWordston kanye ne-congolver ezinqumweni zokuphatha.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwamanzi Nokuvuselelwa Kwemvelo

Izinqumo ezingokomthetho zibheka amanzi njengenzuzo engokomnotho ngokwandayo, zivula umnyango wokuhlanganisa izimiso zamanzi nokubekwa kwezindawo ezisekelwe emakethe. Nakuba izimakethe zamanzi zingathuthukisa ukusebenza ngokuvumela ukuthunyelwa ngokuzithandela, ziphakamisa futhi izikhalo ezizimele. Imiphakathi engakwazi ukuthenga amanani aphakeme ingalahlekelwa ukutholakala, futhi ukuqongelelwa kokuqamba okungalindelekile kungavela. Umthetho kumelwe usungule izivikelo: ukuthemba umphakathi, izifiso ezithengwayo, nokuvinjelwa kwamanzi amaningi athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Imithetho yeChile inikeza amalungelo amanzi ahlala njalo, angenawo awethuntuthu, aphumela ekulawuleni okungalawuleki, okuholela ekuthuthukiseni inguquko yomthetho. Abaphathi bemithetho kwezinye izindawo kufanele bahlole lokhu okuhlangenwe phambi kokuba kusungulwe izikethi zezentengo eziqinile.

Ukubusa Kwamanzi Okushintshashintsha

Imifula nama-aquifer adlula imingcele yezombangazwe, efuna ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho phakathi kwamazwe, izifundazwe, noma izifundazwe. Izivumelwano ezihlangeneyo ziwuhlobo lomthetho.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Imithetho Yamanzi Elandelayo Yesizukulwane

Ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zesikhathi esizayo, izinqumo zomthetho kumelwe zishintshe ngendlela engenakushintsha.

OCelas Abaqondisayo

Imithetho yamanzi engaphambili ebhekela phambili ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okubukeza ngezikhathi ezithile, izinsuku zokushona kwelanga, kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa izakhiwo ezisekelwe ekuhloleni ukwaziswa. I-Murray-Darling Basin Plan ihlanganisa imfuneko yokubukeza imingcele eqinile njalo eminyakeni eyishumi esekelwe ekuhlolweni okusha kwezimfuneko zamanzi endawo ezungezile. Imisho enjalo evumelanayo ivumela umthetho ukuba uthathe ukushintsha isimo sezulu nezindinganiso zomphakathi ngaphandle kokufuna imithetho emisha ngokuphelele isikhathi ngasinye.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithombo Yamanzi Exutshiwe (IWRM) EMthethweni

Amazwe amaningi anezi zimiso ze-inshrine IWRM ezisemthethweni wesizwe wamanzi, ezifuna ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwezingxenye namazinga. Lokhu kusho ukuhlanganisa uhlelo lomhlaba, isimiso sokulima, kanye nokulondolozwa kwendawo yezinto eziphilayo nezinqumo zokuhlela amanzi. Umthetho we-National Water Water Act waseNingizimu Afrika ne-EU Water Framed Directive izibonelo eziphambili. Ulimi lwe-Legislative kumele lugunyaze ukuhlanganisa isigaba seqembu le-iphaligi, ukuboshela i-pal essss joiniant, kanye nesimo sesayensi.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukwaziswa, Nokuphoqelelwa

Umthetho wamanzi wanamuhla ukhuliswa kakhulu. Imithetho ingadinga ukuthatha amamitha aphezulu, i-telmetria, kanye nokubika ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulanda kwamanzi. I-SGMA yaseCalifornia ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi ziqaphele futhi zibike ukwaziswa. Umthetho ungagunyaza nokusetshenziswa kolwazi olukude, ulwazi lwesatellite, nezibonelo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho. Isizukulwane esilandelayo semithetho yamanzi kufanele sihlanganise amalungiselelo okwaziswa, isivikelo somuntu siqu, kanye nokusekela isisekelo sezehlolo.

Amalungelo Emvelo Nomthetho Emiphakathi Yamanzi

Ukusungulwa kwendlela esemthethweni ehlukile kunikeza amalungelo angokomthetho emifula, amachibi, kanye nama-aquifer. Lokhu kuphakamisa imvelo ngokwayo njengento engokomthetho ehambisana nokukhonzwa. UMfula i-Whananui eNew Zealand, umfula i-Ganga ne-Yamuna eNdiya (nakuba kamuva iphendulwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya ephethe izifundazwe), futhi iMagpie eCanada iye yaqashelwa njengelungu elingokomthetho. Isivumelwano esimisa amabhodi abaphathi abaqaphi abaklanywe nguhulumeni, i-Ibali, nezithunywa zomphakathi zingawasebenzisa lamalungelo. Nakuba kuseyivela kancane, lesi siqondiso sidlulisela ukushintshela imithetho ephethe leyo ndawo ebheka amanzi njengendawo ephilayo kunokuba ikwazi ukudliwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nobulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile

Umthetho wesikhathi esizayo kumelwe usungulwe ulwenze izivumelwano ezihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwesinqumo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxhasa ngemali ukuze imiphakathi egciniwe ihlanganyele emihlanganweni yamabhodi amanzi, izimfuneko zokubonana namazwe esizwe, nokuyala ukuba kwenziwe ukuhlola ngokulinganayo ngaphambi kokuvumela imisebenzi yamanzi emisha. Izimiso zomthetho wendawo ezungezile kufanele zibhakwe ukuze zivunyelwe amanzi, izintambo zokuxhasa imali, nokuqondisa izinto eziza kuqala. Ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye eMthethweni Wamanzi (202) limemezela ukuthi unelungelo lokuthola amanzi ahlanzekile, anele, anele, futhi afinyelelekayo, isibopho somthetho wokulawula imvelo okufanele siqondise isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo.

Isiphetho

Izinqumo ezingokomthetho akuyona imithetho ehleliwe ebekwe ematsheni; zingamathuluzi aphilayo abonisa izinto eziza kuqala ezingokwenhlalo futhi alolonge ikusasa lokhuseleko lwamanzi. Kusukela ezimfundisweni zamalungelo anciphiswayo zaseNgilandi empompiswaneni kuya ezimisweni zangaphambili ze-Melika yogwadule lwaseNtshonalanga, kusukela ezihlelwayo ezihambelanayo ze-European Water Framed Idectived Yorkive kuya ezindaweni ezibucayi zoMfula iColorado, ukukhetha komthetho kunquma ukuthi ubani othola amanzi, ukuthi kungakanani, futhi kuyini imiphumela yemvelo. Njengoba abafundisi nabafundi behlola isimiso samanzi, kufanele bahlole ngokuhluza indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo nezomnotho, ngokomthetho, nezindawo ezizungezile. Izahluko ezilandelayo zamanzi ezibusayo ziyobhalwa ezingqungqubeni nasenkantolo, lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo eziningi ezingakhonjwanga, kodwa ngemigqozo kanye nangezimali ezindaweni zokusindayo, kodwa, nangezingabulungisa emhlabeni.