ISikhathi Somthetho - sisekelo SamaRaje Sabra Semiphakathi Engahlukani

IRaje Sabba, njengendlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya, inesikhundla esihlukile somthetho-sisekelo esiklanyelwe ukumelela izithakazelo zezindawo nezindawo ezihlangene. Ngokungafani neLok Sabhaha, enamalungu akhethwe ngokuqondile abantu, uRaje Sabha Sabhaha amalungu akhethwa ngemihlangano yesizwe yezomthetho futhi anqunywe nguMongameli ngenxa yobungcweti bawo emasimini anjengezincwadi, isayensi, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Lesakhiwo sakhiwe ngamabomu ukuze sinikeze i-um lapho amazwi esizwe nemiphakathi esizwe nembalwa kunezigaba ezimbalwa kunamazwa ngalé kwezibalo zendlu ephansi. Imithetho yomthetho yakwaRajiyabha yacabanga ukuthi i-Sabha njengesegumbini lokuhlala elinombono engcono, i-octiverometic proving, i-octivesstion i-mone.

ISiphakamiso 80 soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza amalungu ayizi-238 akhethiwe nangu-12 eRaje Sabha. Amalungu anezinyunyana ngokuvamile akhethwa phakathi kwabantu abaye bazihlukanisa ekuvikeleni isiko lesizwe, izilimi ezimbalwa, noma ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, leli lungiselelo liye lavumela abantu abanjengobashisekeli bezenhlalakahle abadumile, izazi zezomnotho, nabasemacaleni ukuba bafake izikhundla zotshani ngokuqondile ezingxabanweni zephalamende. Ngakho uRajeya Sabraha uba yinkundla egxeka lapho amalungelo esizwe nawomphakathi omncane engaxoxiwa khona kuphela kodwa ngokuvamile enziwa ngendlela yokulinganisela imigomo yentuthuko yesizwe nesivikelo esifanele izakhamuzi zaseNdiya ezisengozini kakhulu.

Okwenza I - Rajeya Sabha Ibaluleke Ngenxa Yomthetho Wezinhlanga Nowezincane

Ithonya leRaje Sabba ekwamalungelo esizwe nawabantu abambalwa alikho nje i-procedal; liyindawo ephansi. Ngenxa yokuthi indlu ayikwazi ukuncibilika, inikeza iziqondiso eziqhubekayo zokuhlola uhulumeni. Lokhu kuhlala njalo kuvumela ukuba yakhe inkumbulo ehlelelweyo ezindabeni ezifana namalungelo ezwe, ukufinyelela kwehlathi, ukulondolozwa kwempucuko, kanye nokuzilawula ngemfundo. Uma i-reverbe ibhekiswe ekomitini ekhethiwe noma emile ye-Rajiya Sabha, amalungu angabiza ofakazi, izifundo zezehlakalo, futhi aveze imibiko ephoqelela uhulumeni ukuba uphinde uphinde ucabangele amalungiselelo aphikisanayo. Imisebenzi eminingi engoko kumele i-Shedydy GabelbalFornivernsters nenye i-Friverstern Act, 2006, ne-National Comment of Active Actives, 1992, i-Act, i-Symody.

Inqubo Yomthetho Ne - Raje Sabha

Uhambo lomthetho lwemithetho eRaje Sabba lulandela izigaba ezifanayo njengesokuhloma kwe-Lok Sabha thola, impikiswano, ukucabangela isiqeshana-kashiwe, nokuvota (kodwa amandla angaphezulu endlu anezela izingqimba zokubukeza. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 109, uBill ngeke amezwe eRajiya Sabba; kodwa umthetho omningi othinta amalungelo esizwe nawedlana angewona iMali futhi kumelwe udlulise neziNdluthulo zombili. Uma iRajiya Sabha inqaba iziphazazo noma ihluleka ukudlula phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha, uMongameli angahlanganisa i-Agamentene yemali ehleli ndawonye, kodwa usongo lokulibala nokuhlola umphakathi luvame ukuphoqeshela uhulumeni ukuba uhlalise imfutho wendlu engaphezulu.

Abahlaseli Bekomiti Njengesivikelo Semiphakathi Engalawuleki

Elinye lamathuluzi kaRajiya Sabba anamandla kakhulu okuvikela izithakazelo zesizwe nezezinga elincane yikho ukubhekisela kwawo emakomitini ephalamende. Ikomiti yoMnyango Wezimo Yomphakathi ehlangene nePhalamende eKomitini yezisebenzi, i-Public Grievances, uMthetho, uMahluleli, la komiti, iye yazilungisa ngokusheshisa izigwebo ze-Stepped Castes ne-Shemed Collegendbation (Izikwenziwa Ngezimali). Ngokufanayo, iKomiti ye-Socialcial Justice and Macrement iye yahlola izikwele ezinhlanganweni zemfundo ezingezizemfundo ezincane. Lamakomiti amema ukuzithoba kwezinhlangano ezingezona zezifundazwe, imikhandlu yenkolo, nabaholi abambalwa, aqinisekisa ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwemiphakathi akulahleke enqulweni yemithetho yemithetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokudlula kweQeqesho lokuya kuFair Compensition and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Repasement Act, 2013, i-Raje Sabha Sabha ukuchotshelwa kwezindaba zekomiti kwaveza ukukhathazeka ngokususwa kwemikhaya yesizwe emazweni amahlathi. Ukususwa kwalokhu kwadinga imvume ebophekile egunjini le-sabhas ngaphambi kokuba noma isiphi isigqebhene ezindaweni ezibekwe e-Shedydated. Lelilungiselelo, elihlala liyitshe lensi lesivikelo lesizwe, lalolongwa ngokuqondile ngokuhlola indlu ephezulu.

Ithonya Ekwahlulelweni Kwamalungelo Esizwe: Izibonelo Ezintathu Eziyinqaba

IRaje Sabra iye yafeza indima ephawulekayo ezingxenyeni ezintathu eziyinhloko zemithetho yamalungelo esizwe: iForest Rights Act (FRA), 2006; amalungiselelo ePanchayats (Izikhundla Zokuhlela) Act (PESA), 1996; neLand Acquisition Act Amentmentments. Ngamunye ubonisa indlela indlu ephezulu eye yaqinisa ngayo izixwayiso zemiphakathi yezizwe.

UMthetho Wamalungelo Ehlathi, 2006

Lapho kusungulwa i-FRA, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kungaholela ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi okukhulu futhi kuncintisane. Ikomiti kaRaje Sabha yaqala ukuhlola okuphelele, ukuvakashela amadolobhana asehlathini eMaharashtra, i-Odhisha, neJarkand. Umbiko wabo waqokomisa ukuthi imiphakathi yezizwe ngokwesiko yayithembele ekusindeni kwamahlathi futhi ngaphandle kokuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwamalungelo ayo, yabhekana noshintsho oluyinhloko. Ikomiti yatusa ushintsho, kuhlanganise nokufakwa “kwabanye abahlala ehlathini lamahlathi akudala” abakwazi ukufakazela izizukulwane ezintathu, nokumiswa kwe-gram-sabhah ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi ilungile. Umthetho wokugcina, kusukela ekuzuzeni imikhaya engaba izigidi ezingu-4, uveza ukukhishwa kwenqubo ye-Sybyababrabrabarbar.

I - PESA Nomfanyana I - sabha

I-PISA SA SABHA yangonyaka ka-1996 yandisa amalungiselelo eSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo se-73 se-Shemedy e-Aquares, inikeza i-gram isabhas amandla phezu komhlaba, amanzi, nokukhiqizwa kwamahlathi amancane. Nokho, ukumiswa kwayo kwahlala kubuthakathaka iminyaka eminingi. Ngo-2013, iRapya Sabhaha yadlulisela isinqumo esikhuthaza uhulumeni ophethe ukuba anikeze iziqondiso ezibophakele. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kweMini yeNkonzo yeMicimbiso Yezindaba Yezindaba Yesizwe yePISA, eyachaza indima ye-gram sabhass evumayo nokuthola indawo yemisebenzi. I-Raybya Sabha ehambisana nokuqondisa iziqondiso eziqinisekisa ukuthi uPISA usuka emthethweni ongokomfanekiso ukuya ekwakhelweni lokusebenza kwezizwe ezingomeni ezingondle.

Ukuthola Izwe Nokulungisa Izwe

I-Land Acquision Act ka-2013 yakhulula ekuqaleni imisebenzi ethile yezesisekelo sesizwe kumalungiselelo ayo. Ikomiti ekhethiwe kaRaje Sabha, eqondiswa yilungu elivela esifundeni esinesizwe esikhulu, yacindezela ukususwa kwale nkululeko. Umbiko wekomiti wahlanganisa ukulandisa okuhlasimulisayo kwemikhaya yesizwe e-Odisha eyaye yafuduswa ngaphandle kokukhokhwa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Act yokugcina yagunyaza ukuba indawo ebekwe eTempleon Arearess ngaphansi kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi, imvume ye-gram-sabba (noma umhlangano wayo yonke imikhaya ethintekile) ifanele itholakale. Leli lungiselelo liphawulwe ezinqumweni eziningi zeNkanto ePhakakhulu ezichitha izwe ngaphandle kwemvume yomphakathi.

Ithonya Ekwakheni Imithetho Yamalungelo Amancane

Umthetho wamalungelo amancane eNdiya uhlanganisa amaSulumane, amaSikh, amaBuddha, amaJain namaParsis. Ithonya likaRajiya Sabha liye labonakala ngokukhethekile lapho kusungulwa izindikimba ezingokomthetho, ukuqondiswa kwezinhlangano zemfundo ezincane, nokuvikelwa kwefa lezempucuko.

IKhomishane Yesizwe YeMinonaliti Act, 1992

I-Act yokuqala ka-1992 yamisa umsebenzi wokuhlola izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle eziyingcosana nokuhlola ukuphulwa. Nokho, ikhomishane yayingenawo amandla okuqinisekisa. Ngo-2004, i-Raje Sabha'’s Department Staliary Committee on Home Affairs yahlola i-Act futhi yatusa ukuba le khomishane inikwe “amandla enkantolo yesizwe” okubiza ofakazi nokufuna izincwadi ezigunyaziwe. Uhulumeni waqale wamelana nomthetho we-Rajapya Sabra, kodwa umphumela ophikelelayo ka-Raj Sabra phakathi nehora le-Probaclat iphononosss iphoqe ukuba ile ukuletha ukubuyiselwa komthetho ngo- 2006. Namuhla, i- National Commission of Minetic Affances of the Moritivement ingabonisa ukuthi isaziso futhi inegunya lokubopha umbiko wendlu engenhla.

UWaqf Boards NeRaje Sabha

IWaqf Act, 1995, esebenzelana nokuphatha ama-partime enkolo amaSulumane, yalungiswa ngo-2013 ngemva kwenkulumo - mpikiswano enkulu eRaje Sabba. Amalungu aveza ukuthi izakhiwo eziningi zeWaqf, ezihlanganisa izinkulungwane zamahektare ezwe kulo lonke elaseNdiya, zazisetshenziswa ngokungemthetho noma zithengiswe. Ikomiti kaRajiya Sabba yahlo ukudala iSigungu sase-Central Waqf esinamandla abaphathi ababophekile kanye nokubhaliswa kwezakhiwo zeWaqf ngemithetho yezwe phakathi neminyaka emithathu. I-andrendment, eyadlula ngo-2013, futhi yadinga ukuthi okungenani ingxenye eyodwa yamalungu ezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zaba u-Lobhha wafaka isilinganiso esiphawulekayo ukuthi i-Sabhahha yazihlanganisa nesilinganiso esinesibopho sezenkolo esincane. I-Sjanha yahlanganisa ukubusa kwesigaba esincane sezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezwe.

Amalungelo Emfundo Namasiko Ezinganeni

ISiphakamiso 30 soMthetho-sisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi i-Programme inelungelo elincane lokumisa nokuqondisa izikhungo zemfundo. Lapho uhulumeni uzama ukuletha wonke amakholiji amancane ngaphandle ngaphansi kovavanyo lwe-Common Entance (CTE) ngo-2016, i-Rajiya Sabhaha’’s Committee on Minority Affairs yaveza umbiko ophikisayo wokuthi ukuthatha okunjalo kwephula isiqinisekiso somthetho-mfantu. Umbiko wekomiti, ufakwe phansi kwendlu, uholele ku-mbhishobhisi, futhi ekugcineni uhulumeni usisusa lesi siphakamiso. I-Rajiya Sabba uye waba yithuluzi lokuvuselela ukuxhaswa kweMaulana Azad Educade Foundation ukuxhasa kwemfundo yezemfundo yezezemfuyo.

Izinselele Ezibhekene NeRaje Sabra Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Esizwe Nawobuncane

Naphezu kweminikelo yayo, iRaje Sabha ibhekene nezinselele zokwakha nezombangazwe ezinciphisa ukuphumelela kwayo ekulondolozeni amalungelo esizwe nawobuncane.

Inkinga Yokumelela Okwezombangazwe

Njengoba amalungu eRaje Sabra ekhethwa ngemihlangano yesizwe yezomthetho, ukwakhiwa kwendlu ephezulu kuvame ukuveza ukubusa kwesifundazwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, umfelandawo obusayo uye wathola iningi eRajiya Sabhaha, unciphisa ikhono lawo lokusebenza njengegumbi lokulungisa iqiniso. Uma uhulumeni ephethe iningi elithokomele, ukuhlola kwendlu ephezulu kuba yi-adversarial, futhi ukuvumelana okuhlolwayo kuhlolwa amalungu aphikisayo kuhlanganisa labo abasekela i-Rajiya Sabha ezindaweni zesizwe noma ezincane. Lokhu kulungisa kwezombangazwe kuye kwalulaza i-jaya Sabha kaningi ukusebenza komthetho okuthinta imiphakathi esengozini.

Amandla Alinganiselwe Emalini

Uhlelo loMthetho-sisekelo lweMiyalo njengeMali Bills ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 110 luyisusa ngokuphumelelayo iRaje Sabha kunoma iziphi izilinganiso zezimali. Njengoba amaqhinga amaningi ezenhlalakahle yezizwe zokwenza inhlalakahle yesizwe (njengeSicelo Esikhethekile se-Cental Uncedo ku-Sub-Schemes nezinhlelo zomfundaze kubafundi abambalwa .) luxhaswa ngemali ngezikweletu zemali, i-Rajiya Sabba ayinakulibazisa noma ilungise lezindawo ezinikeziwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi indlu ephezulu ayinakuthonya izimali ezinikezelwe ekwakhekeni lesizwe nesemiphakathi, kuphela i-procedial plane.

Ukumelelwa Kwezindawo Ze - Union Neminee Okunamandla

Amasimu e-Union anabantu abambalwa nangenaso isishaya-mthetho somthetho-mthetho — njengawe-Lakshadseae noChandigarh , anamalungu agcwele amalungu angazijwayele kakhulu izinkathazo zesizwe sendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungu kaMongameli ahloselwe ukuhlanganisa amakhono, ngezinye izikhathi aye akhethelwa ukwethembeka kwezombangazwe kunokukhetha ukuba alwele izenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkulumo yeSikhawulo seMithetho yezentengiselwano samashumi amabili namashumi amabili, amalungu amaningana angasazi kahle asekela uhulumeni, kanti i-Rajiya Sabhaha wadlulisa i-mthetho naphezu kokukhathalela okudlangalele amaqembu amancane. Abagxekii

Amathemba Esikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa I - Raje Sabha Yokubusa Okuphelele

Izihlongozo zenguquko zokuthuthukisa indima kaRaje Sabha emthethweni wamalungelo esizwe nawomncane zigxile ezicini ezintathu: izakhiwo zabameleli, ukusebenza kwamakomiti nokubonakala kwamalungelo.

Ukumelela Okuqondile Nezinqumo Eziqondile

Izazi eziningi zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ziye zasikisela ukususwa ekukhethweni okungaqondile ukuze zikhethe ngokuqondile amalungu kaRajeya Sabba, noma okungenani zifake ukumelelwa kwezishaya-mthetho ezilinganayo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi amaqembu amancane amele izithakazelo zesizwe nezimbalwa avikelekile. I-National Commission of Review the Working of the Constitution (2002) itusa ukuba uRajiya Sabba amalungu ezwe anezizwe ezinezimo ezinkulu akhethwe ezigcinelwe iShemented Communication phakathi kwengqungquthela yomthetho kahulumeni. Nakuba lesi siphakamiso singakathwanga, kungamiswanga amazwi esizwe endlini ephezulu.

Imibiko Yekomiti Enikeza Amandla

Okwamanje, imibiko yekomiti kuyiRaje Sabha i-advisory futhi ayibophi. Inguquko eyenza kube isibopho ukuba uhulumeni aphendule ngokubhala ekutusa ngakunye phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha futhi abhale impendulo, futhi andise impendulo. I-Rajiya Sabhaha ingamukela futhi isimiso “iphepha eliluhlaza” elisetshenziswa yi-UK House of Lords, lapho umthetho wokwenza imishini ukhishwa khona ngaphambi kokusungulwa okungokomthetho, ukuvumela amaqembu esizwe nawedlalwayo ukuba anikeze ubufakazi ngenqubo ehleliwe. Isimiso esinjalo singanikeza isihlalo esisetafuleni ngaphambi kokuba kuqale impi yezombangazwe.

Ukutholakala Ngokubona Kahle Nokungena Komphakathi

Imicimbi kaRaje Sabra kakade isiqashelwe futhi igcinwe kuyi-intanethi, kodwa ukuqulwa kwezindaba kwamakomiti akuvamile ukufinyelelwa emphakathini. Ukulandelana kwayo yonke imihlangano yamakomiti ephathelene namalungelo esizwe nawomancane, phela kwenziwa yiPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika-. lokhu kungaqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi ingabona inqubo yomthetho-mthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Rajiya Sabba Secretariat ingasakaza “i-Legistative Impact Report” eqokomisa indlela iziphendulo zayo eziye zaguqula ngayo imithetho ethinta iPromagellans kanye neMithonothi. Lokhu ngeke kufundise umphakathi kuphela kodwa futhi kwakha umlando ogciniwe weminikelo yendlu ephezulu.

Isiphetho

I-Raje Sabra ifaka ngokungaguquki ukubaluleka kwayo njengenhlangano efuna ukugcinwa ehlola umthetho wezwe ngokuphamazela futhi ihlanganisa imibono ehlukene yemithetho ethinta imiphakathi yezizwe nemincane. Ukusukela kwi-Forest Rights Act kuya kwi-National Commission for Minorties, ithonya layo libonakala ekuvikeleni okuqashelwe eqenjini elingokomthetho laseNdiya. Nokho, amandla ayo avinjelwa kakhulu yizimo ezinkulu zezombangazwe, amandla alinganiselwe ezimali, kanye nemingcele emeleli. Ukugcwalisa isithembiso sayo somthetho, i-Raja Syaha Kumelwe ibhethezele − − ukuguqula amakomiti e-procledrual enzile okunikeza amandla okubona, ukucaca, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi emiphakathini ezwe elingenazisulu kakhulu ezombangazwe ezinkulu. Kungakho ukuqhubeka kuphela ukukhonza njengezingameleli esizwe namalungelo amancane esizwe.

Ukufundwa okwengeziwe ngendima yomthetho-sisekelo kaRajiya Sabba, kubhekisela ku- Isivumelwano se-Indiya – Izihloko 80 kuya ku 88 kanye i-Rajiya Sabhaya Sabha]. Imiphumela ye-FLT Rights Act iningiliziwe [[[FLT:]] ku-[FLT:] [4] u-Mistry of Triumal Affary Affaion 202222-2] kanye . Imiqondo emalunga emalungelo amancane emfundo ixoxwa emibiko emincane [FLT] [FLD] [FLD].[FLT]]