Ithonya Elihlala Njalo: Indlela Inqubo Yangaphandle Yase - Australia Ethonya Ngayo Ukuqina Kwezombangazwe EPapua New Guinea

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Australia ne-Papua New Guinea (PNG) bungenye yezici eziphambili ezilandelanayo kakhulu ze-binadal binadal e-Southwest Pacific. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu, izinqumo zemithetho yangaphandle yase-Australia ziye zawaguqula ngokuqondile amapulani e-PNG, izakhiwo zokwakha, izakhiwo zokwakha, kanye nethonya lezomnotho. Lelithonya aliyona nje umlando; liyaqhubeka ukuguqula, ngosizo ngalunye lwemali e-Australia, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokhuseleko lwesifunda, noma ukungenela kwezokuxhumana okunemiphumela emikhulu yokuzinziwa kwezombangazwe ePort Moresbysby nangalé. Ukuqonda lo mdlalo we-interliginey kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinselele namathuba abhekenendawo ePacific.

Isisekelo Somlando Sobuhlobo Bobufundisi

Ukusuka Ekubuseni Kwamazwe Angaphansi Kwamazwe Kuya Ekuzimeleni

Ukuthembisana kwe-Australia ne-Papua New Guinea kwaqala ngentshiseko phakathi nenkathi yamakoloni. Kusukela ngo - 1906, iAustralia yalawula i-Teriture of Papua, futhi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, yaba neNhlangano yeZizwe eyayinegunya phezu kweyangaphambili i-German New Guinea. Lokhu kuqondisa okumbaxambili kwadala ifa lezimiso zezimiso, izimiso ezingokomthetho, nezinhlangano zemfundo ezazibonisa kakhulu i-Australian. Inkathi eyalandela iMpi Yezwe II yaqala ukuthuthuka, nokho lobudlelwano baqhubeka ngokuyisisekelo.

Ukushintshela ekuzimeleni ngo-1975 akuzange kuvele kungazumangazekanga. I-Australia yalungiselela i-PNG ukuzilawula, inikeza ukuqeqesha nokusekela ngokwezimali. Nokho, ukusekela kwangemva kokuncika kuchazwa ngokuqhubeka kuncike kusizo lwase-Australia, usizo, nokusekela kwezokuvikela. Lokhu kuxhomekeka kwabangela amandla ayingqayizivele: nakuba i-PNG yazuza ubukhosi obuhleliwe, ukuqina kwayo kwezombangazwe kwaqhubeka kuhlangene kakhulu nezimiso zakwamanye amazwe ase-Australia.

Inkathi Yangemva Kokuncika Kwemali: Ukubambisana Nokucindezeleka

Ngemva kuka-1975, isimiso samazwe angaphandle ase-Australia ku-PNG saqondiswa izinjongo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: ukulondoloza ukuma kwesifunda, ukuvikela intuthuko yezwe lasenyakatho ye-Australia, nokuthuthukisa izomnotho. Lemigomo ngokuvamile yayivumelana nezithakazelo ze-PNG, kodwa futhi yabangela ukungezwani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphikelela kwe-Australia ekubuseni okuhle izigqebhezana zosizo ngezinye izikhathi kwakungqubuzana namaqiniso ezombangazwe ze-PNG, lapho izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezakhiwo zamandla zendawo kungavamile ukulingana khona nenhloso kaCanberra yokuqondisa okukhanyisa.

Izikhathi zokucindezeleka zavela ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezifana ne-Papua-Papua-Papua New Guinea, lapho ukusondela kokuqapha kobukhosi base-Indonesia e-Australia kungqubuzana khona nezindaba zokhuseleko ze-PNG kanye nezindawo zezindawo zasekhaya zezinhlangano ze-West Papuan eNtshonalanga. Ngokufanayo, ukusingatha kwe-Australia abafuni besivikelo ngaphansi kweSiphetho sePacific, kuhlanganise neManus Island Regional Proceting Centre, kwafaka khona isici esine se-impikiswano ebuhlotsheni bobungane. Lezizenzakalo zibonisa indlela inqubo ye-Australia yakwamanye amazwe, ngisho nalapho iklanyelwe ukuqina kwezifunda, okungokwezombangazwe e-PNG.

Izinsika Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wangaphandle Wase - Australia Ezithinta IPNG

Ukubambisana Nokulondeka Nobuhlobo Bokuzivikela

I-Australia ihlala ingumngane we-PNG obalulekile wokuzivikela. Isimemezelo se-Istet on Security Cooperation (esibuye savuselelwa ngo-202020) sinikeza uhlelo lokuhlola imikhumbi, ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi, kanye nemizamo yokumelana ne-computer. Izisebenzi ze-Australian Device Socier ziboshelwe ngaphakathi kwe-PNG, futhi imikhumbi yasolwandle iyasiza ekuqondiseni i-PNG i-patrole.

Nakuba lamalungiselelo e-PNG eqinisa ikhono lakhe lokusabela ezinsongweni zokulondeka, abangela futhi ukuba i-PNG incike emfuyo yase-Australia. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali yokuvikela i-PNG kulinganiselwe, futhi ikhono layo lokuzimela lixhomeke ekusekeleni kwe-Australia. Lokhu kunciphe kungenza ubukhosi basekhaya bungancishiswe, njengoba uhulumeni we-PNG engase abhekane nokucindezela kokuhlela izinqumo zokuphepha ngemishini ephambili yase-Australia. Ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa ase-Australia namasosha kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulawula kwangaphakathi kwebutho langaphandle.

Usizo Lwezomnotho Nosizo Lwentuthuko

I-Australia iyiminikelo emikhulu kakhulu ye-PNG, inikeza cishe izigidi ezingu-AUD ngonyaka ngaphansi kombuso . Lemali exhasayo iyikhokha impilo (ikakhulukazi impilo kamama nengane), imfundo, izisekelo, kanye nokulawula. Izinhlelo ze-Aid ziye zanezela ekuthuthukiseni okubonakalayo: ukuhlanganisa isitofu se-aid, ukuhlanganisa isikole kuye kwakhula, futhi ukuxhumana kokuthutha kuye kwathuthukiswa.

Nokho ukuthembela ekusizeni kunezimo zezombangazwe. Uma usizo lwe-Australia luboshelwe ezimweni − njengezinguquko ezimelene nokonakala noma iziyalo zemali − kungathathwa izazi zezombangazwe nezakhamuzi njengesephulwano kubukhosi. Ukuncishiswa kosizo olulandela ukunqamuka okucatshangelwayo, ngezikhathi ezithile, kuye kwabangela izinkinga zezombangazwe zangaphakathi, njengoba abaholi bendawo bemangalela uhulumeni wase-Australia wokungenela. Ngokuphambene, ukubonelela nosizo olungenamibandela kungaqinisa izimiso zezombangazwe ngokuvumela ukuhlelwa isikhathi eside. Ukulinganisa phakathi kwe-acreaged nobudlelwane kuyimbangela eyinhloko ebuhlotsheni.

Ukuhweba Nokutshala Imali

Ukuncika kwezomnotho kudlulela ngaphandle kosizo. I-Australia iyimakethe enkulu kakhulu ye-PNG ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe futhi iwumthombo omkhulu wezentengiselwano zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yegesi yemvelo encibilikisiwe. I-PNG LNG, esetshenziswa yi-Exxonmobil futhi isekelwa izinkampani zase-Australia, iye yaveza inzuzo enkulu kahulumeni kodwa futhi yadala izinselele zokubusa. Ukuthutheleka kwengcebo kungabangela izombangazwe eziphambili, ukuqasha, nokusakaza izinzuzo.

Isimiso sakwamanye amazwe ase-Australia sifuna ukunciphisa lezi zingozi ngezivumelwano zezohwebo nangezisekelo zokutshala imali ezikhuthaza ukubonakala nokuhlanganyela endaweni. Nokho, izinga elikhulu lokuhileleka kwenkampani e-Australia lisho ukuthi izenzo zamabhizinisi azimele cishe zingenakulawulwa ngokuqondile uhulumeni, cishe zingenamandla okulawula ukuqina kwezombangazwe. Izenzakalo lapho izifemu zase-Australia ziye zamangalelwa khona ngomonakalo wendawo ezungezile noma ukuxoxa okunganele komphakathi kuye kwabangela ukubhikisha nokungezwani kwezombangazwe, okudinga ukungenela kwezinhlangano zezombusazwe.

Ukulawula Ukufuduka Nokulawula Umngcele

Ifa lesikhungo sokuvalelwa kweManus Island lisaqhubeka nokuhlanganisa imibala ye-bilatenal. Nakuba lesi sikhungo savalwa ngo-2017, ukusebenza kwaso kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2017 kwabeka i-PNG esikhungweni sokulungisa i-Australia esinempikiswano. Ilungiselelo, elamiswa ngaphansi kwe-PNG-Australia Re Reparective Conficial Agement, laphazamisa isimiso somthetho se-PNG, labangela ukuvinjelwa kwezentengiselwano, futhi laholela ekubhikisheni. Ukuwa kwezombangazwe kwabangela izimpikiswano zasekhaya ePNG ngobukhosi nasezindleko zobuhlobo ne-Australia.

Izimiso zamanje zokufuduka azinakunyakazisa, kodwa ukugxila kwe-Australia ekuvimbeleni ukuvinjelwa nge-PNG futhi ibuye ibuye ibuye ithinteke. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela kwe-Australia ukulawulwa komngcele we-PNG kuthinta indlela iPort Moresby ephatha ngayo imingcele yezwe layo ne-Indonesia nemingcele yayo yasolwandle neSolomon Islands. Noma yikuphi ukungavumelani kwezimiso kungaveza ukungahleleki kwendawo, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezisemngceleni lapho amanani abantu ehamba khona kakhulu.

Izindlela Zokuthonya Ukuqina Kwezombangazwe

Ingabe Ziqinisa Izinhlangano Noma Ziyazenza Zibe Zibuthaka?

Isimiso sakwamanye amazwe ase-Australia sivame ukuhloselwe ukuqinisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni we-PNG ngosizo lobuchwepheshe, ukuqeqeshwa kokwahlulela, nezinhlelo zokuguqula izingxenye zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PNG-Australia Law and Justice Price Staniship iye yasekela ukuphatha kwenkantolo nobuchwepheshe bamaphoyisa. Le mizamo ingathuthukisa ikhono lombuso lokusingatha izingxabano, ukusekela umthetho, nokuhlela ngokhetho.

Nokho, ukuqiniswa kwezindawo kungaba nemiphumela engalindelekile. Uma abanikela ngezimali zangaphandle bedala izimiso ezihambisanayo noma bekhipha iziphiwo zendawo ukuze babe abaqaphi, bazifaka engozini yokunciphisa amandla abomdabu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izinguquko zithathwa njengokubekwa ngaphandle, bangase bangabi semthethweni futhi bahluleke ukugxila. Ukuhoxa kwezimali ze-Australia eMnyango Wezempilo we-PNG kazwelonke ngenxa yokungalawuleki kwezinkinga zabonisa ukuthi ukusiza imibandela kungaphazamisa kanjani izinkonzo zosizo kakade ezilula, okuholela ekuncipheni kwengcisweni komphakathi nokucindezela kwezombangazwe kuhulumeni.

Indima Yokukhishwa Kwemizimba Ehlukahlukene Nokukhishwa Kwemizimba

I-Australia ivame ukusebenza njengomlamuleli wobuzwe ezimpini zangaphakathi ze-PNG. Phakathi nenhlekelele ka-Bougainville ka-1988, izikhulu zase-Australia zafeza indima eyinhloko ekumiseni izingxoxo zokuthula, ekugcineni okwaholela e-Bougainville Peace Agument yoMthelelaniso wokuthula ne-aseaderum ekugcineni ngokuzibusa. Lempi yokuxhumana yayibalulekile ekuqedeni ukukhohlakala okubhubhisayo kwe-sececuisist eyasongela ngokuqondile ubuqotho bezwe lase-PNG.

Ngokufanayo, i-Australia iye yahileleka ekuthunyelelweni kokuhlola ukuvota, ukunqanda ukuphikisana ezindaweni eziphezulu, kanye nokusekela iMinisterial Reference Group ebudloveni bobuhlanga. Lezi zimo zezokungenela zezokuxhumana zingasusa izinhlekelele futhi zakhe ukwethembana phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo. Nokho umbono wokuthi i-Australia ithatha uhlangothi noma ithonya elingadingekile lingabangela ukucasuka. Inseleleka futhi ngaphandle kokusekela, nokusekela inqubo yesinqumo sempi ye-PNG eMelika esikhundleni sawo.

Ithonya Ekuholeni Kwezombangazwe Nokushintsha Kwazo

Isimiso sangaphandle sase-Australia asivamile ukuzama ukukhetha abaholi be-PNG ngokuqondile, kodwa izimpawu zaso zibalulekile. Induduzo ye-Australia noma ukungakhululeki kwabantu abathile bezombangazwe, okuvezwa ngezinkulumo zomphakathi noma izinga lokuthembisana, kungakha izingqondo eziphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhulu zase-Australia zincoma uphenyo oluthile lwenkohlakalo noma zigxeka ukulibala kukahulumeni, zithumela imiyalezo ehambisana nezwe le-PNG.

Phakathi nezikhathi zokungantengi kwezombangazwe − njengaleyo misebenzi eminingi yokungathembi eyawiswa ohulumeni ngo-2010.Njengoba isimo sika-Australia singaqinisekisa izimakethe kanye nobudlelwane bezizwe ngezizwe noma ukungaqiniseki. Ukhetho lwango-2019, olwaholela ekubeni uJames Marape abe nguNdunankulu, lwabona ukusekela okuqaphile kwe-Australia okwasiza ekuqiniseni lolushintsho. Ngokuphambene, izenzakalo lapho abaphathi be-Australia beye bamangalelwa khona ngokuphazamisa → njengaphakathi nokhetho luka-2016 Bougainville lukamongameli we-jeneralius .[1]

Ukwakheka Kwesifunda Nezombangazwe

Amathonya Okuncintisana: IChina Namanye Amandla

Ukukhula kwe-China ePacific kuye kwaguqula futhi inkambiso ye-Australia yakwamanye amazwe e-PNG. I-Australia manje incintisana ne-China ngenxa yethonya ngezimali zezesisekelo, ukulondeka, nezinhlelo zosizo. I-Belt ne-Gratt inikeza i-PNG eminye imithombo yentuthuko, ngokuvamile enezimo zokubusa ezimbalwa kunosizo lwe-Australia. Nakuba lokhu kunganciphisa ukuncika kwe-PNG e-Australia, futhi kungenisa amandla amasha ezombangazwe: Imisebenzi yaseChina iye yagxekwa ngemisebenzi yezisebenzi, ukusekela izikweletuso, nokuveza izikwele.

Isimiso sakwamanye amazwe ase-Australia siye sasabela ngokundisa isisekelo saso sokwehlisa izimali esiyisisekelo − njenge AUD AUD Electriation Precionation Prefeneship (*) ye-Papua New Guinea (izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-300) futhi ngokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezimali ezibonisayo. Lomncintiswano ungandisa isikhundla se-PNG sokuhlela, kodwa futhi ufaka izingozi ekuguquleni i-PNG ibe inkundla yempi yezentengiselwano. Abadlali bezombangazwe basekhaya bangasebenzisa izithakazelo eziphikisanayo ukuze bazuze bona, futhi bangaphazamisa ukuvumelana okudingekayo ekutholeni imithetho engokwezimiso.

Umbuzo KaBougainville Nomthetho Wase - Australia

Inkululeko kaBougainville ekugcineni ilokhu ingenye yezindaba ezibucayi kakhulu ebuhlotsheni be-biladayo. I-arhenteum ka-2019 yavotela i-98% enkulu kakhulu yokuzimela, kodwa umphumela awukho ukubopha futhi udinga ukuqiniswa kwephalamende lezwe lase-PNG. Ukuma kwe-Australia kuye kwaqapha: kusekela umphumela wenqubo yokuhlola kodwa kugcizelela ukuthi noma iluphi ushintsho kumelwe lube nokuthula nomthetho.

Isimiso sakwamanye amazwe ase-Australia sithonya umbango weBougainville ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, ngezinhlelo zosizo ezisekela ukubuyisana nokubusa eBougainville, i-Australia ingasiza ekuvimbeleni ukubuyela ezimpini. Okwesibili, ngokuphawula ukusekela okuqhubekayo kobuqotho be-PNG yendawo, i-Australia iqinisa ukuma kukahulumeni ePort Moresby. Okwesithathu, ukubopha kwe-Australia abaholi abazimele kunikeza umkhondo wokuxhumana. Ukuzinziswa kwezombangazwe i-PNG kuhlangene ngendlela eqondile nendlela impikiswano ye-Bougainville exazululwa ngayo; umphumela obhekwa njengongekho emthethweni yiliphi iqembu elikhulu elingabangela ukubhidlizwa kwanoma iliphi iqembu.

Izinselele Ebuhlotsheni BasebuJudeni

Ukukhathalela Ubukhosi Nokubhekana Nezingxabano Zasekhaya

Inselele engapheli ingumqondo wokuthi isimiso sangaphandle sase-Australia siphatha i-PNG njengezwe likahulumeni wekhasimende. Abagxeki base-PNG nasemphakathini womphakathi bavame ukuzwakalisa izikhalo “ngobuthangazwe.” Lemizwa ingasetshenziswa abezombangazwe abafuna ukuchezukisa ukuhluleka kwemikhaya. Uma ukuhambela kwamanxusa ase-Australia kuba izikhathi zokugxekwa komphakathi, kuveza ukuwohloka ebuhlotsheni obungakhuthaza ukuqamba uhulumeni.

Ukulawula imibandela yombuso kudinga abenzi bezimiso base-Australia ukuba badlulele ngalé kwengqondo ethengiselwayo. Ubudlelwane beqiniso busho ukulalela izinto eziza kuqala ku-PNG, ukuhlonipha izinqubo zakhe zokwenza izinqumo, nokuvuma ukuthi ukuqina kwezombangazwe ze-PNG akuyona nje injongo yase-Australia kodwa umzabalazo owenziwe nge-PNG. Izinhlelo eziqinisa ubunikazi bendawo − njengesibonelo esihloniphekile esiqondiswe yiKokoda Initinetic , faka phambili indlela.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nezilwane Nekhono Lokuziqonda

Ikhono le-PNG lokusebenzisa usizo lwase-Australia ngokuphumelelayo lithiywa amandla aphansi okulawula, intela ephansi, kanye nezindawo ezibalulekile. Imali yosizo ingasaphazwa noma isetshenziswe kabi uma izimiso zezezimali zomphakathi ze-PNG zingakwazi ukulandelela imali. Ukuqubuka kwesimungumungwane sango-2018, okuhlobene nokuhluleka kwemijovo egciniwe naphezu kwemali ye-Australia, kwaqokomisa lezinkinga zekhono lokusebenza.

Uma usizo lwe-Australia luhluleka ukuveza imiphumela ebonakalayo, lululaza ukuthembela komphakathi kokubili esimisweni sosizo nohulumeni we-PNG. Lokhu kungaholela ekuntengantengisweni kwezombangazwe njengoba izakhamuzi zisola abaholi bazo ngokungeneliseki noma ukonakala. Ukuvimbela ukusingatha amakhono kudinga ukufakwa kwesikhathi eside enkonzweni yomphakathi we-PNG, into okuye kwazanywa isimiso sangaphandle sase-Australia ngosizo lobuchwepheshe kodwa esahlala siyinselele.

Ukulondeka Kwendawo Ezungezile Nokuma Kwezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusongela ukuqina kwezombangazwe e-PNG. Ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle, ukunyuka kwesiphepho, nokushintsha kwezindlela zemvula kuthinta ukulondeka kokudla nokushelela. Inqubo yangaphandle yase-Australia ngokuqapha ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, iqala ngaphansi kokucindezelwa amazwe ePacific kodwa isabhekene nokugxekwa okuvela emazweni akhona ngenxa yokungakwenzi okwanele. Uhulumeni we-PNG, oncike ekutholeni imithombo yemithombo yemali, ubanjwa phakathi kwezifiso zokuthuthuka kanye nezidingo zokuzinzisa kwesimo sezulu.

Ukusekela ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu kungaqinisa imiphakathi esengozini, kodwa uma ibhekwa njengenganele noma njengeyikho, ibangela ukungezwani. I-Australia-PNG Climate Change Action horneship, esayiniwe ngo-201, ifuna ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana, kodwa ukuhlola kusekufezekeni. Ukuzinziswa kwezombangazwe lapho kubhekene nesimo sezulu kuncike kakhulu ekuxhaphakeni kwendlela ezisebenza ngayo.

Amathuba Okuqinisa Isibopho

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Obulingana Kakhulu

Umqondo wobuhlobo be- “Vuvale” (umkhaya), obukhuthazwa yibo bobabili ohulumeni, unikeza uhlelo lokuhloniphana. Kunokuba kube nobudlelwane obuqinile, isimiso sangaphandle sase-Australia singagcizelela ukuba yingxenye eyodwa yezinhlelo. Ukuqhubekela ezindleleni zomkhakha kunokusetshenziswa kwemali ngeprojekthi kuvumela i-PNG ukuba ibeke izinto eziza kuqala ezweni kuyilapho i-Australia inikeza ukusekela okuqinisekile. Lokhu kunciphisa umbono wokuphazamisa futhi kuqinise ukufaneleka kwezinhlangano ze-PNG ngokwayo.

Ukuphenya IziQhingi ZasePacific Nokwakhiwa Kwesifunda

I-Australia ingasebenzisa ama-proneral ahlukahlukene ukuze ikhulise izwi le-PNG futhi ihlanganyele umthwalo wokuletha ukuzinza. I-Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) inikeza itheku lokuqinisekisa ukulondeka kweqembu, ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho, nokuxoxa kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Biketawa Declaration ivumela ukungenela kwesifunda ezimweni ezibucayi, ngokuvumelana okufanelekile. Ukusekela kwe-Australia izimiso ze-PIF kuqinisekisa ukuthi imizamo yokuzinzisa ayibonakali iqhutshwa yi-Canberra kuphela.

Ukuzibekela Ukulondeka Komuntu

Ukuzinza kwezombangazwe e-PNG ekugcineni kusekelwe enhlalakahleni yabantu bayo. Isimiso sangaphandle sase-Australia singashintsha ukugxila ekunciphiseni izinxushunxushu zezokuxhumana eziphezulu kushintshele ekulondekeni kwabantu: ukufinyelela empilweni, emfundweni, ekulungeni, nasemathubeni ezomnotho. Izinhlelo ezigcizelela amandla abesifazane, umsebenzi wobusha, namaphoyisa asekelwe emphakathini zibonise isithembiso sokunciphisa izingxabano. [PNNG-Australia Health internaship[ ‘ Ukugxila empilweni yasemaphandleni kuyisibonelo sendlela yokunganciphisa ngayo ukuntengantenga okungantengiswa kwezimali okubangelwa ukuntenga.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sangaphandle sase-Australia sigxile kakhulu emfucumfucwini yezombangazwe yase-Papua New Guinea. Kusukela kwifa lamakoloni kuya kwizinhlelo zosizo zamanje, ukubambisana kwezokuvikela, nokuxhumana kwe-adminion, ukukhetha kwe-Australia kunemiphumela eqondile nehlala njalo ekuzinziseni kwezombangazwe ze-PNG. Lobu buhlobo abusizi futhi abulimazanga ngokuphelele. Kunzima, kuncintisana, futhi kuhlala kukhona. Ingozi enkulu kakhulu ikhona uma kuphathwa i-PNG njengomsizi wenkampane ye-Australia kunokuba ithathelwe i-mfazankosi yayo kanye nezifiso zayo.

Ukuze kubekezelelwe ukuqina kwezombangazwe, inqubo yangaphandle yase-Australia kumelwe isebenzise ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwethonya nokuphazamisa. Kumelwe ihloniphe ubukhosi buka-PNG kuyilapho inikeza ukusekela okukhulu; kumelwe iqaphele ukulinganiselwa kokungenela kwangaphandle kuyilapho ithatha amathuba okubambisana okuqotho. Njengoba indawo yase-Pacific idlula ngokushesha ekushintsheni kwezezombangazwe nendawo ezungezile, amandla obuhlobo be-Australia-PNG ayovivinywa [1] kodwa futhi anamandla okumisa isibonelo sokubambisana okuhlonipha okuthuthukisa ukuqina nokuchuma kwazo zombili izizwe.