Isimiso somthetho singazizwa njengezwe langaphandle, elibuswa ulimi lwalo, amasiko, nezigxobo eziphakeme. Kunoma ubani ongena enkantolo − njengomphathi wenkantolo, umfundi, noma isakhamuzi esithembisiwe − ukuqonda umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nokuqulwa kwecala okubalulekile. Nakuba kokubili kuhilela ijaji, ijaji, nezimpikiswano ezivela ezinhlangothini eziphikisanayo, imigomo engaphansi kwezinqubo, imiphumela ehluke kakhulu. Lesiqondiso sinikeza umehluko omkhulu walokho okulindele kuzo zombili izindlela zokuqulwa kwecala, ukukhanyisa ngezindlela ezihlukene ezithathwa ngesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika futhi sikuhlobisa ngolwazi ukuze uhambe kule macala ngokuqiniseka.

Umehluko: Izimpikiswano zangasese ziphikisana. Amaphutha Omphakathi

Umehluko wokuqala nobaluleke kakhulu uxhomeke kubani oletha icala nesizathu. Icala lobugebengu lilethwa uhulumeni (ukumangalela) umuntu noma inhlangano (ummangalelwa) omangalelwe ngokwephula umthetho ochaza icala elithile. Umonakalo uthathwa njengobugebengu emphakathini njengomphakathi wonke, njengoba izenzo zobugebengu ziphazamisa ukuhleleka komphakathi nokuphepha. Umgomo kahulumeni ukujezisa ububi, ukuvimbela ubugebengu esikhathini esizayo, nokubuyisa isijeziso. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukweba, ukuhlasela, ukukhohlisa, nokushayela ngaphansi kwethonya.

Ngokuphambene, icala [[FLT: 0] liyimpikiswano engokomthetho elethwa yiqembu elithile elizimele (ummangalelwa). Icala elibonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uhlulekile ukufeza umsebenzi ongokomthetho, ukubangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa. Umgomo awukona ukujezisa, kodwa ukuxazulula impikiswano nokunikeza ikhambi lemali (ukukhokha) kweqembu elilimele. Lemisebenzi ingavela ezivumelwaneni, ezebhizinisi, noma ekuziphatheni okuvamile kwezenhlalo (okwaziwa ngokuthi i-torts). Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu engozini yemoto, emoyenzweni yokwelapha, nokunyundezwa.

Isenzo esisodwa singaholela kokubili eqenjini lezephulamthetho nasecaleni lomphakathi. Icala lobugebengu O.J. Simpson liyisibonelo esinamandla. Wakhululwa ekuqulweni icala lakhe lobugebengu ngokubulala kodwa kamuva watholakala enecala lokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni ngenxa yokufa okungalungi. Lokhu kufanekisela kahle izinjongo ezihlukene nezindinganiso zobufakazi emsebenzini: umthetho wobugebengu ufuna ukujezisa nokunqanda, kuyilapho umthetho wombango ufuna ukukhokha isisulu.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Lasembusweni: Ukufuna Isinqumo Nokuquliswa Kwecala

Izigxobo ngokuvamile zingokwezimali, nakuba iziyalezo zenkantolo zingadinga futhi ukuba kube neqembu elithatha noma eligwemayo ekwenzeni okuthile.

Izingxenye Nemigomo Yazo

  • Plaintiff:[[FLT 1] Iqembu elinomuzwa wokoniwa futhi liqale icala. Umgomo walo oyinhloko uwukuthola ikhambi, ngokuvamile ukulimala kwemali ukuze kukhokhelwe ukulahlekelwa kwalo noma umyalo wokunqanda ukuziphatha kommangalelwa.
  • [ I-defanti:[ Iqembu okuthiwa labangela umonakalo. Umgomo walo ukugwema noma ukunciphisa isilinganiso somonakalo okungase kudingeke balikhokhe.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Ukukhathalela Ubufakazi

Ecaleni lomphakathi, umkhohlisi uthwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa icala lakhe ukucabangela ubufakazi. Lokhu kusendinganisweni ephansi ngokuqhathaniswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ijaji noma umahluleli kumelwe liqiniseke ukuthi "kungenzeka kakhulu" (kunokuba u-50% wamathuba) ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala lokulimala. Uma ubeka isilinganiso sobulungisa, umkhohlisi udinga ukuwaphonsa kancane kakhulu ukuze anqobe. Lokhu kubonakalisa iqiniso lokuthi umphumela ukhona ngokwezimali, hhayi ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko. Ukucwila ngokujulile kuloluhlobo, [FLL] oluphakathi kwe-Information eCornect:[3]

Izinga Lokuqulwa Kwecala Lombango

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ilandela indlela ehlelwe kahle kusukela emshinini wokuqala kuya esinqumweni sokugcina.

  • Ukumangalela kuqala ngokomthetho lapho amaface amangalelwe [[FLT:] aqala ngokusemthethweni agxeka kanye nenkantolo futhi ayisebenzise kummangalelwa. Isikhalo sichaza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokumangalela nekhambi elifunwayo. Ummangalelwa uphendula uphendula nge-[FLT], ukuvuma noma ukuphika izinsolo, futhi angaphika ama-steam.
  • [[FLT: 0] Incazelo: Lena isigaba eside nesibiza kakhulu. Bobabili abachaphazeleneyo bashintshanisa ulwazi nobufakazi ukuze bafunde ngendaba yolunye uhlangothi. Umgomo ukuqeda izimangaliso ezimangazayo ekuzameni nokuthuthukisa izindawo zokuhlala. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa:
    • izifektha:[[[FLT:]]] Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
    • [ Izimo:[ Ubufakazi bomlomo obunikezwa ngaphansi kwesifungo, obubhalwe yintatheli yasenkantolo, lapho abameli bangabuza khona ofakazi namaqembu.
    • [[Umthetho:0] Izicelo zokuveza: Izicelo zamabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izithombe, kanye nobufakazi obungokoqobo.
    • [ Izimemo zokugunyaza: izinkulumo omunye okumelwe avume noma aphike ukuvala izimpikiswano.
  • Intshukumo-yokufingqa:[ Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bangathatha amafayela ukuze baxazulule ombango noma bacishe icala. Ukunyakaza okuvamile yisimo sokwahlulela okufingqiwe [, lapho iqembu liphikisa ukuthi amaqiniso aphikiswa futhi afanelwe ukwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho ngaphandle kokudinga ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • : [[FT:2] [[FT:3]] Ukukhetha Ukukhetha (Umsinga): Ama-Atmor nonke angathi amajaji angakhomba ubandlululo futhi akhethe i-facer ne-camp.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo: Izinhlangothi zonke zinikeza ibalazwe lomgwaqo lobufakazi eziceba ukubunikeza. I-plattiff ihamba kuqala.
  • Ikhasethi eliyikhokhayithi: I-paltiff inikeza ubufakazi babo (ofakazi, imibhalo, ubufakazi obungochwepheshe). Isivikelo sinelungelo lokunqamleza i-examine ufakazi ngamunye. Isivikelo siveza icala laso kumphathi.
  • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Ama-Attorney afingqa ubufakazi futhi aphikisa ngokuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele bathole ukuthi bayathanda.
  • I-vict and Justice: Ijaji libuye libuyisele isinqumo ku-paltiff noma ummangalelwa. Uma ummangalelwa ewina, ukwahlulela kuyafakwa ngenxa yenani lemali ekhokhelweyo. Post-triat, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingathatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo esisha noma ukudlulisa isinqumo.

    • Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamacala Angaphakathi

    Umthetho womphakathi uhlanganisa uhide olubanzi lwezingxabano. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa umthetho ohloniphekile (i-gligence, imikhiqizo, ukunyundelwa), i-contract nomthetho wemindeni[ [ukuthatha izivumelwano], [[FLT]]] umthetho ofanele [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [uhlu] [ok-od revocedmentstion [iirights], [iiindlela yokuhlala] [[FLT]] [oct:7] [imvume, isihlalo sezingane, isihlalo sezingane]. Eziningi zalezimomo ezinquliwe ngokwezi noma ukuphikisa okungezwayo (ADRR], okungangenwa kakhulu kwenani elibiza isambayokuviciwezwe]

    Ukuqulwa Kwecala Lobugebengu: Icala Lombuso Lobulungisa Nokulandisa

    Kuqulwa amacala ezigebengu ukuze kubonwe ukuthi ummangalelwa uye wenza ubugebengu, futhi uma kunjalo, isijeziso okufanele sibe yiso.

    Imikhosi Yawo Nezikhwama Zawo

    • Ukuhlelwa kwecala: kumelela uhulumeni (isifunda, isifunda, noma ummeli wesigodi). Umsebenzi womshushisi akukona nje ukuzuza isiqinisekiso kodwa ukufuna ubulungisa. Banquma ukuthi yiliphi icala abamangalelwa abazolifaka phansi futhi babe nokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekuncenga.
    • Inqaba: Umuntu omangalelwayo, obhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala. Izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa inkululeko, amafashini asindayo, nomlando wobugebengu ohlala njalo. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza ummangalelwa isivikelo esikhulu, kuhlanganise nelungelo kummeli, ilungelo lokuthula, nelungelo lokuhlala enqunyweni ngokushesha. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, kumelwe anikezwe yizwe nguhulumeni.

    Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Naphezu Kokungabaza Okunengqondo

    Lena indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Ukushushisa kumelwe kufakazele zonke izici zobugebengu kuze kube seqophelweni lapho kungenakungabaza okunengqondo [ engqondweni yejaji elinengqondo. Lokhu akusho "ukuqiniseka," kodwa kunalokho ukuthi ubufakazi buqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu onengqondo angazizwa eqiniseka ekwenzeni isinqumo ngecala lommangalelwa. Uma ijaji linokungabaza okunengqondo, kumelwe lithole ummangalelwa engenacala. Lendinganiso ophakeme iyisivikelo samabomu ezinkolelweni ezingalungile. Inhlangano yomthetho yeSimemezelo [FLT] [FLT] [FFLT]

    Izinga Lokuqulwa Kwecala Lesigebengu

    Inqubo yobugebengu ihilela izinyathelo eziningana ezibucayi zangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ezihlukile emacaleni omphakathi.

    • Ukuthatha nokubonakala kokuqala: Ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa uyiswa phambi komahluleli ukuze avele kuqala. Umahluleli uyamazisa ummangalelwa ngamacala, uyaluleka ngamalungelo abo, futhi ubeke ibheyili.
    • Imposiso yokulalela / Grand Jury: Ukumangalela, ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala kubanjwa ukuze kubonwe ukuthi kukhona yini [ imbangela engaxazululwayo[ ukukholelwa ummangalelwa owenze ubugebengu. Okanye, grand count [iqembu elihlukene lezakhamuzi] lingase lizwe ubufakazi obuvela enkantolo nasemkhanseni wecala.
    • Icala:[ Ummangalelwa ufunda izikhalo ngokusemthethweni futhi acelwe ukungena isicelo. Izicelo ezivamile zihlanganisa icala, hhayi icala, akukho mncintiswano (nolo imateriere), noma ukuma eme (okuphumela ekucelweni kokungabi nacala).
    • Icala elifihlwayo nele-Plea Barganing: Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi. Umshushisi unomthwalo womthetho-sisekelo wokuhlanganyela noma ibuphi ubufakazi obuvumelana nommangalelwa (ubufakazi bokudlulisa). Inqwaba yamacala obugebengu (angaphezu kuka-90%) ixazululwe i-plea athene no[[], lapho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalelwa ukuba amangalelwe icala elincane noma athathe isigwebo esincishisiwe ukuze ashintshele ilungelo labo lokuqulwa icala.
    • Intshukumo-yokuhamba: Ukunyakaza okubucayi [[[FTL:2] ukushukuma kokucindezela, lapho isivikelo siphikisa khona ukuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokungemthetho (umk., ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni) futhi kufanele kukhishwe ekuvinjweni.
    • : [[FT:2] [[FT:3]] Ukukhetha: [[FLT:] Ukuvikela nokushumayeza kukhetha ijaji. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elingathi sína.
    • Izinkulumo ezivulayo: Umshushisi uhamba kuqala, usho icala labo.
    • Ikhasethi-in-Chief:[ Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi bawo. Isivikelo singanqamulene-examine. Ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba anikeze ubufakazi (isivikelo seSiphendu sesi-Fith Siphendulo). Uma befakaza, bangaba bancintshwe.
    • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Zombili izinhlangothi zifingqa ubufakazi bejaji.
    • Imiyalo: Umahluleli uyala abahluleli-jaji ngomthetho ohlobene nendaba okumelwe usetshenziswe emaqinisweni.
    • I-Deliberation and Verdict: Abasizi bamajaji ngasese ukuze bafinyelele isinqumo. Ezizweni eziningi, isinqumo sobugebengu obukhulu kumelwe sihlangane. Uma bengenakuvuma, "ijaji elingenangqondo," futhi abashushisi bangakhetha ukulihlola icala.
  • Isivumelwano: Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala, isigwebo esihlukile sibekwa. Umahluleli ucabangela ubuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, kanye nezinkulumo zezisulu zokunquma isijeziso (ijele, ukugcinwa kwecala, amahhala, inkonzo yomphakathi).
  • Appal:[ Ngokungafani ezicaleni zomphakathi, umbuso awukwazi ukudlulisa isinqumo sokungabi nacala. Ummangalelwa angadlulisa isiqinisekiso esisekelwe emaphutheni angokomthetho enziwe phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

    • Isihluthulelo Sokungafani Kwezinto Ezincane

    Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zihlose ubulungisa, izimiso zazo eziyisisekelo kanye namakhenika zihlukile. Nakhu umehluko obucayi owophukile.

    Imiphumela Yesayensi Yezolimi Nezimo

    Ulimi olusetshenziswa esimisweni ngasinye luhlukile. Endabeni yomphakathi, ummangalelwa utholakala [ enecala elifanele noma olungafaneleki[. Owecala lobugebengu, ummangalelwa uthola u-' unecala [[FLT:] noma unecala . [umthetho wokwahlulela]. [FTTT] [FLT: 8]] uthola ubusheshiqela [[FLT] ummangalelwa, kuyilapho umshushicileli [FLT:] [FLD] [FLT] [FFFF:]] [FLD] [FFF]]] [11] [FLT]] [ult:[F]

    Ilungelo Lokuthola I - Athoryney

    Lona umehluko oyisisekelo. Kumacala obugebengu, iSichibiyelo seSihlanu seSiphakamiso siqinisekisa ilungelo lokweluleka, futhi uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, kumelwe anikezwe (umvikeli womphakathi). Ekuqulweni kwesizwe, akukho lungelo elizenzekelayo lokukhulula izimpawu ezingokomthetho. Nakuba unelungelo lokuqasha ummeli wasese, umbuso awunikezi muntu oyedwa, udala isithiyo esiphawulekayo sokuthola abantu abaphansi. Uma udinga usizo olungokomthetho, imithombo enjenge [[FLT: 0].GOV ingasiza ekutholeni ukhotho olungokomthetho noma izinkonzo eziphansi.

    Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

    Abamangalelwa becala bavikelwe yiqoqo elinamandla lamalungelo elingasebenzi emacaleni omphakathi. Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuthula (umshushisi akanakukuphoqelela ukuba ufakaze), ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, nelungelo lokuthola ubufakazi obungatholakali uma butholakala ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni.

    Indima Eyingqayizivele Yezinsana

    I Juries ifeza indima ehluke kancane esimisweni ngasinye. Ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, abahluleli (ngokuvamile abangu-12 abantu) kumelwe banqume uma umshushisi eye wathola icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Isinqumo sabo kumelwe sihlangane cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Ekuqulweni kwezenhlalakahle, amajaji angamancane (kakhulu abantu abayisithupha) futhi angase angadingi ukuvumelana (amazwe athile avumela isinqumo esingu 5/6). Okunye ukuhlukanisa okuyinhloko yijaji elikhulu [ ijaji elikhulu , okuyisiciso esiyingqayizivele sesimiso sobugebengu. Ijaji elikhulu alinqumeli icala; esikhundleni sawo ukuthi, lizwa ubufakazi obuvela kumshushicileli ukuba anqume uma kungenzeka ukuba kubangele ukumangalelwa nokumangalelwa omunye umuntu ngecala elingathi sína.

    Isiqondiso se-American Bar Association mayelana nendlela iCourts Work sinikeza indlela enhle kakhulu, eningiliziwe phakathi kwalezi zinqubo zokwahlulela.

    Amagama Angokomthetho Abalulekile Ayaduma

    Ukuqonda ulimi lwenkantolo kuyingxenye eyinhloko yokulawula isimiso somthetho.

    Plaintiff
    The party who initiates a civil lawsuit.
    Defendant
    The party being sued or charged with a crime.
    Prosecution
    The government attorney who brings criminal charges against a defendant.
    Burden of Proof
    The obligation to prove one's assertions at trial. In criminal law, it is "beyond a reasonable doubt." In civil law, it is a "preponderance of the evidence."
    Discovery
    The pre-trial phase where parties exchange information and evidence.
    Deposition
    Sworn testimony taken outside of court, used to gather information for trial.
    Indictment
    A formal charge of a crime issued by a grand jury.
    Arraignment
    The court hearing where a defendant is formally charged and enters a plea.
    Verdict
    The decision made by a judge or jury at the end of a trial.
    Tort
    A civil wrong (not arising from a contract) that causes harm, such as negligence or defamation.
    Injunction
    A court order requiring a party to do or stop doing a specific action.
    Subpoena
    A legal document ordering someone to appear in court or produce evidence.

    Isiphetho

    Ukuqonda izindlela ezihlukene zokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nobugebengu kwenza ukuba inqubo engokomthetho ingasebenzi futhi kunike abantu amandla okuhlanganyela kuyo ngokuphumelelayo. Noma ungumsizi ohlola ubufakazi ngaphansi kwendinganiso ephakeme "ngaphazanyiswa ukungabaza okunengqondo," noma ummeli ofuna isinxephezelo sokulimala komuntu siqu, ukwazi imithetho, imithwalo, nezigxobo zohlobo oluthile lokuqulwa kwecala kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiholela esifanelekile. Nakuba lesi siqondiso sinikeza isakhiwo esibanzi, icala ngalinye liyingqayizivele. Ukuxhumana nommeli ofanelekayo kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthatha isinyathelo esithile sokunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho noma lapho ubhekenezinkinga zovivinyo lwezwe lwangempela.