Table of Contents

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni indlela izinhlelo zomphakathi ezakhiwa ngayo, ezixhaswa ngayo, ezinikezwa futhi zinikezwe izakhamuzi. Ukusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundoni kuya ezinkonzweni zezenhlalakahle, uhlelo lwenhlangano kahulumeni alunqumeli ukuthi yiziphi izinkonzo ezikhona kuphela kodwa futhi nendlela eziphumelela ngayo ukufinyelela abantu abazidingayo. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezakhiwo zikahulumeni kanye nezihlongozo zazo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izinhlelo zomphakathi zihlukahluka kakhulu kwezinye izindawo, amazwe, ngisho naphakathi kwesizwe esisodwa.

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni: Isisekelo Senkonzo Yomphakathi

Izakhiwo zokubusa ziyizakhiwo lapho amandla nengcebo kusakazwa futhi kuqondiswe khona phakathi kwezinhlangano noma imiphakathi, ngokuphawulekayo kulololonga ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo yomphakathi ngokuthonya indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela imithombo enikezwa ngayo, nendlela okugcinwa ngayo. Lezi zakhiwo zihlanganisa imithetho, izimiso, imithetho, namalungiselelo okuhlela anquma ukufaneleka nokutholakala kwezinkonzo zomphakathi.

Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bangahlukaniswa kakhulu ngezinhlobo eziningana zokwakha, ngayinye enezici ezihlukile ezithinta indlela abasebenza futhi bakhonze ngayo abantu babo. Izindawo ezintathu eziyinhloko yizimiso zikahulumeni, izimiso zobumbano, kanye nokuhlangana. Ngasinye salezizakhiwo sisakaza igunya ngokwehlukile, sidala izinzuzo nezinselele eziyingqayizivele zokunikezwa kwezinhlelo zomphakathi.

Izimiso Zokuxhumana: Ukusakaza Amandla Ngalé Kwamazinga Amaningi

Kuzokugunyaza, ohulumeni besifunda/isifunda bahlanganyela imibuso nohulumeni omkhulu njengabadlali abalinganayo ngomthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe, okudingeka imvume yabo bobabili ukuba benze ukulungisa. Lelilungiselelo lombuso olawulayo lidala isimiso esihloniphekile lapho igunya linikezwa khona ezingqimbeni eziningi zikahulumeni.

Indlela Izimiso Zomzimba Ezisebenza Ngayo

Isimiso sikahulumeni sihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifunda zomhlaba (izifundazwe, izifundazwe), inikeza ohulumeni bendawo igunya langempela ezintweni ezinjengemfundo, izinkonzo zezenhlalo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi intela. IUnited States iveza lesi sakhiwo, negunya lezombangazwe elihlukene phakathi kukahulumeni wombuso namazwe angamashumi amahlanu, ngalinye elithola igunya kuwo womabili uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kanye nemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yawo.

Phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni wohulumeni uhulumeni wesifunda uhlanganyela ubukhosi nohulumeni ophethe futhi uphethe ekugcineni ezindaweni eziningi zezimiso. Lokhu kuvikelwa kombuso wezwe lonke kuhlukanisa izimiso zikahulumeni kwezinye izakhiwo zikahulumeni futhi kwakha uhlelo lapho ohulumeni bezifunda bengabonisa khona ukuzibusa kwangempela ezifundeni ezithile.

Isizathu Sokuba Amazwe Akhethe Uhulumeni Ozimele

Izwe likhetha ubuzwe lapho lifuna ukunikeza izifunda inkululeko yangempela ukuze zikwazi ukulawula ukuhluka kwezinhlanga, izifunda, noma izomnotho. Lesi sakhiwo sibonakala sibaluleke kakhulu emazweni amakhulu, ahlukene lapho izifunda ezinezidingo ezihlukene, amasiko, noma izimo zezomnotho.

Amazwe anezimpawu eziningi zesizwe, noma isici sesizwe esithuthukiswe kancane, cishe asebenzisa indlela kahulumeni wombuso lapho umbuso usakazwa khona ngokwezwe phakathi kwezizwe eziningi, futhi ukufushaniswa kungasebenza kangcono uma izwe linezinhlanga eziningi noma izinhlanga eziningi ngokwemvelo. Kunokuba lihlukaniswe libe yizizwe ezihlukene, izimiso zikahulumeni zivumela amaqembu ahlukene ezinhlanga noma amasiko ukuba alondoloze izinga elithile lenkululeko yezombangazwe kuyilapho lihlala liyingxenye yenhlangano enkulu yezombangazwe.

Izinzuzo Zezimiso Zokuxhumana

Izakhiwo ezizimele zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezibalulekile ekudluliseleni uhlelo lomphakathi:

Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukusondeza uhulumeni nezakhamuzi, ukunciphisa ukucindezela kobandlululo ngokuthatha ama-cleavage, ukuvumela isimiso "izisebenzi" endaweni, nokulinganisela ukubekwa kwezwe. Lokhu kubekwa ngokuhlonipheka kwenza ohulumeni bezifunda bazame izindlela ezihlukene, bavulele amathuba okusungula nokufunda.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi nombuso kuletha ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yengcebo okuhle kakhulu, njengoba uhulumeni ophethe engagxila kakhulu ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke nakukuzivikela kwezwe, kuyilapho uhulumeni kahulumeni ekwazi ukusingatha izidingo zesifunda. Lokhu kubekwa kukhethekile kuvumela isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni ukuba sigxile ezindaweni zaso ezizuzisayo uma siqhathaniswa.

Uma amaqembu ezizwe zezifunda efuna ukukhuluma ulimi lwazo noma ukufundisa inkolo yazo ethile ezikoleni zendawo, uhulumeni omkhulu uvumela abantu bendawo ukuba benze lezo zinqumo.

Leli lungiselelo livumela ukuba kube nezidingo eziningi zendawo nokusabela ezidingweni zendawo, likhuthaza umuzwa wokuhlanganyela nokumelela abantu abahlukahlukene. Izakhamuzi ngokuvamile zizizwa zihlobene kakhulu nohulumeni lapho izinqumo zenziwa zisondelelene nekhaya, okungase kwandise ukuthembisana nokwaneliseka ngezinkonzo zomphakathi.

Izinselele Zezimiso Zomphakathi

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, izimiso zikahulumeni nazo ziletha izinselele ezihlukene:

Lapho amazinga amaningi kahulumeni ehlanganyela ekuhleleni izinhlelo, ukubambisana kuba yinkimbinkimbi, okungase kuholele ekusebenzeni kwemizamo, ezimisweni ezingqubuzanayo, noma emagedeni asemsebenzini.

Lesimiso sikahulumeni siyabiza ngoba kunabantu abaningi abakhethwa ehhovisi, kokubili esikhungweni nasesifundazweni. Isikhungo sokunakekela izingqimba eziningi zikahulumeni ezinezintambo ezihlukene zomthetho, zokuqondisa, nezokwahlulela singacindezela izimali zomphakathi.

Ivumela ukungafani kwezindawo njengezinto ezingokwemvelo, amathuba emisebenzi, njll., kuhlukile kuzo zonke izindawo noma izifundazwe. Uma amazwe noma izifundakazi zinenkululeko enkulu ngezinhlelo nangentela, ukuhluka kwengcebo nengcebo kungaholela ezingeni ezihlukene kakhulu zezinga lenkonzo ezifundeni.

Ukwenza isinqumo kuba nzima kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi. Isidingo sokuxoxa phakathi kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni singanciphisa ukumiswa kwezimiso futhi kwenze kube nzima ukusabela ngokushesha ezinkingeni ezivelayo.

Izimiso Zokuhlanganisa: Igunya Eliphakathi kanye nezinhlelo ze prognome

Isifundazwe esihlangene singumbuso ozimele obuswa njengenhlangano eyodwa lapho uhulumeni oyinhloko eyigunya eliphakeme khona. Kulesi sakhiwo, amandla agxile ezweni, futhi ohulumeni bendawo noma besifunda ngokuyinhloko basebenza njengezindawo zokuqondisa iziphathimandla eziyinhloko.

Izici Zezimiso Ezinobunye

Uhulumeni ophethe ungakha noma uqede ukuhlukana kokuphatha (izindawo ezingaphansi kwezwe noma ezingaphansi), futhi amaqembu anjalo asebenzisa amandla uhulumeni omkhulu akhetha ukuwaphathisa. Lomehluko oyisisekelo ezimisweni zikahulumeni usho ukuthi ohulumeni bezigodi bakhona ngokwentando yegunya eliyinhloko futhi bangakhulisa amandla abo, anciphe, noma asuswe ngomthetho ovamile.

Kulesici, ohulumeni bendawo bangase babe khona, kodwa ngokuyinhloko basebenza njengemithelela yegunya eliyinhloko, bekhipha izinqumo ezenziwa iphalamende lesizwe. Kunokuba babe nobukhosi obuvikelwe ngokomthetho - sisekelo, ohulumeni bendawo abanezinqubo zobumbano basebenza njengamanxusa aqondisayo afeza izimiso ezimisiwe.

Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni (87%) anezimiso zohulumeni ezihlanganisa amaqembu, ezinezibonelo ezihlanganisa iFrance, iGreat Britain, iJamaica, noma i-Italy. Ukwanda kwezimiso zobumbano kubonisa ukuthi zikulungele ukufaneleka kwezindawo eziningi zesizwe, ikakhulukazi amazwe amancane noma lawo anesizwe esiqinile.

Lapho Izimiso Zokusebenza Ezihlangene Zisebenza Kangcono

Ezindaweni ezinjengeGibithe, iFrance, neJapane, lapho imizwa yobuzwe inamandla khona, futhi ukubonakala kwesizwe sonke kwamukelwa kabanzi izakhamuzi, ngokuvamile kuvela isifundazwe esihlanganisayo, futhi izimiso zikahulumeni ezihlanganisayo ngokuvamile zisebenza kangcono lapho kungekho kuphikiswa okunamandla kokulawula okuyinhloko. Umthetho wempucuko futhi uyakwazi ukuphatha isizwe esisodwa ngokunciphisa imfuno yezifunda.

Ukulwa phakathi kukahulumeni omkhulu nohulumeni bendawo kuncane futhi amandla ohulumeni bendawo (bezentengiselwano) anamandla kakhulu ezimisweni zohlelo. Lempi enciphileyo ingangena ngamandla ekwenzeni izinqumo nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso, ivumele ukusabela okusheshayo ezinkingeni zesizwe.

Izinzuzo Zezimiso Ezihlanganisayo

Izakhiwo ezihlangene zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana zesimiso somphakathi:

Ohulumeni abahlangene babonisa ukuphumelela okukhulu njengoba kungekho amazinga amaningi kahulumeni okumelwe adlule uma kuziwa ekuthatheni izinqumo nasekusebenziseni izimiso. Inqubo yokwenza izinqumo elandelanayo ingasheshisa ukumiswa kwezimiso futhi inciphise ukubambeka kwemithetho.

Izimiso zobunye ngokuvamile azinzima kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ngokufanayo, njengoba zingeziningi izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka kuhulumeni njengakuFederalism, kulula kakhulu ukuba umphakathi uqonde futhi uhlanganyele nazo. Lokhu kulula kungathuthukisa ukuba sobala futhi kwenze kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi inhlangano kahulumeni enomthwalo wemfanelo ngezinkonzo ezithile.

Idala umuzwa wobunye njengoba zonke izakhamuzi zibekwe "esigabeni" futhi kumele zinamathele emithethweni nezimiso ezifanayo. Izinqubo ezifanayo kulo lonke izwe zingakhuthaza ukulingana futhi zivimbele ukuhlukana kwezindawo okuvela ngezinye izikhathi ezimisweni zikahulumeni.

Ngezikhathi zenhlekelele nesimo esiphuthumayo, uhulumeni ongasilawula kahle njengoba kungenawo amazinga ahlukahlukene okubambisana nawo.

Ngokugcina isilinganiso esisodwa esiyinhloko sikahulumeni onamandla agcwele okumisa imithetho neziphathimandla, izimiso zokuhlanganisa ziyakugwema ukwenza izakhiwo zokuphatha eziphawula izimiso zikahulumeni.

Izingozi Zezimiso Ezimbaxa - mbili

Izakhiwo eziphakathi nendawo nazo ziletha izinselele ezibalulekile:

Isimiso sohlelo asikufanelekeli amazwe amakhulu ngenxa yokuthi esimisweni sombuso ohlangene usemaphakathini kuphela futhi ngokunokwenzeka bangase bangangeni ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Ukusuka enhloko- dolobha kungadala amagebhu olwazi futhi kunciphise ikhono likahulumeni ophethe lokuqonda nokusabela ezimweni zendawo.

Central government may not have any knowledge about the problems and needs of the people living in rural areas. This disconnect between central policymakers and local realities can result in programs that are poorly suited to regional needs or circumstances.

Kunokuntuleka kwempumelelo njengoba uhulumeni oyinhloko ngokuvamile ethweswa imithwalo yemfanelo eminingi nemisebenzi. Uma zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile kumelwe zidlule phakathi kweziphathimandla eziphakathi, ama - boardenke angakwazi ukusungula, anciphise ukusetshenziswa kohlelo futhi anciphise ukusabela.

Ngaphansi kohlobo lukahulumeni oluhlanganisayo, izwe lingase libhekane nentuthuko nokwanda okungalingani, njengoba uhulumeni oyinhloko engakuthola kunzima kakhulu ukuthuthukisa zonke izingxenye zesizwe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphandle kwegunya namandla.

Izimiso Zokuhlanganisa: Ama - Alliance Axeclevation of Independent States

Izilinganiso zimelela indlela yesithathu yokwakha, nakuba zingavamile kakhulu kunezimiso zikahulumeni noma ze-unity ezweni lanamuhla. Ekuqaleni, i-United States yayihlelwe njengesivumelwano - iqembu elihlangene lamazwe azimele ahlangene emgomweni owodwa wokunqoba iBrithani. Kulesisakhiwo, imibuso ebusayo iyabambisana ngokuzithandela ngezinjongo ezithile kuyilapho igcina imibuso eminingi kahulumeni.

Ngokungafani nezimiso zikahulumeni lapho uhulumeni wezwe unegunya eliqondise izakhamuzi, ukuhlanganisa okusebenza ngokomthetho ngezifundazwe ezingamalungu. Igunya eliyinhloko lokuhlanganisa lixhomeke ezindaweni ezingamalungu ekusebenziseni izimiso futhi ngokuvamile lintula amandla okuphoqelela izinqumo ngokuqondile. Leligunya elinamandla elinamandla lenza ukuba isivumelwano sakuqala saseMelika singaphumeleli ukuqoqa izintela, ukwenza isimiso sangaphandle, noma ukumisa impi, ekugcineni kuholele ekuthatheni umthetho-sisekelo wamazwe.

Izibonelo zanamuhla zezakhiwo ezinjengezimo ezihlangene zingavamile, nakuba ezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge-European Union zibonisa izici ezithile zombuso, ezinamalungu alondoloza ubukhosi kuyilapho ebambisana ezindaweni ezithile ezimisiwe. Izinselele zokuhlela nokumisa izivumelwano ngaphandle kwegunya elinamandla zichaza ukuthi kungani ukuhlangana okumsulwa kuthathelwe indawo izakhiwo zikahulumeni noma ze-ocession.

Imidlalo Ehlaba Umxhwele Phakathi Kwe - Federal Ne - Unitary: Isimiso Se - Hybrid

Izimiso ze-freatl ne-unitial ziyizinhlobo ezingcono kakhulu, ezimelela izikhawu ze-secondal, futhi amazwe amaningi awela endaweni ethile phakathi kwezimo ezimbili ezeqisayo − amazwe angaba amaqoqo noma angaphansi kakhulu noma angaphansi. Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izakhiwo eziyingxube ehlanganisa izakhi zazo zombili izimiso ukuze zifanelane nezimo zawo.

Izimiso Ze - “semifederal ”

Amazwe abizwa ngokuthi "u-seferal" aphakathi, anezinga eliphakathi likahulumeni elingenazo izivikelo ezifanayo zobukhosi ezijatshulelwa yizifundazwe noma izifundazwe zemibuso kahulumeni. Lezi zimiso zinikeza ohulumeni bezifunda amandla athile kodwa zigcine ukulawula okuphakathi okuqinile kunezimiso zikahulumeni zeqiniso.

Ngoba ohulumeni bezifunda ezifundazweni ezingaphansi kwezikhundla eziphansi kuphela ezibalwayo (futhi ngisho nalapha bangaphansi kwemibuso ephethe yeziphathimandla ezisenkabeni), indima yabo yangempela nethonya lezombangazwe phakathi kwesimiso ngokuyinhloko kuxhomeke ekuthambekeleni kukahulumeni omkhulu ekucindezeleni noma ekuvimbeleni ukuzibusa kwabo. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba balungise ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kweziphathimandla ezisenkabeni nakwezifunda lapho izimo zishintsha.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ezimisweni Ezihlanganisayo

Nakuba umbuso wezombangazwe ungaphathiswa ohulumeni bezifunda noma bendawo ngomthetho, uhulumeni ophethe ungawuguqula umthetho, ukuze uthathele phansi izinqumo zohulumeni abahluliwe noma wandise imibuso yabo. Inguquko ivumela izifunda ukuba zinikeze iziqu zesifunda inkululeko kuyilapho zilondoloza igunya eliyinhloko.

I-China inesimiso sokuhlanganisa, kodwa i-Hong Kong, isifundazwe, isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukile kunakwezinye izifundazwe eziseChina. Amalungiselelo anjalo avumela izifunda ukuba zikwazi ukuhlalisa izifunda ezihlukahlukene ngaphandle kokushintsha isizinda sazo. I-United Kingdom inikeza esinye isibonelo, esinemibuso emikhulu e-Scotland, Wales, ne-Northern Ireland kuyilapho ilondoloza ubukhosi bephalamende.

Indlela Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Ezizithinta Ngayo Izinhlelo Zokunakekelwa Kwempilo

Ukuhanjiswa kwezokunakekelwa kwezempilo kunikeza umfanekiso ocacile wendlela izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezithonya ngayo izinhlelo zomphakathi. Isimiso sikahulumeni sinquma ukuthi ubani owenza izinqumo zezimiso zokunakekela impilo, ukuthi izinhlelo zixhaswa kanjani, ukuthi zitholakala ngaziphi izinkonzo nokuthi kunakekelwa kanjani njalo ezifundeni.

Ukunakekela Impilo Ezimisweni Zomphakathi

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, imithwalo yemfanelo yezempilo ivame ukuhlanganyelwa phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nezifunda. Uhulumeni wesizwe ungamisa izimiso ezibanzi, izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe, noma imishini yokuxhasa imali, kuyilapho amazwe noma izifundazwe ziklama futhi zinikeza izinhlelo ezithile. Lengxenye yezisebenzi ingaholela ekutholeni okuhlukile okukhulu ekunakekeleni impilo nezinga eliphezulu ezindaweni zonke.

Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, uhulumeni unikeza iMedicare kwabakhulile futhi unikeza imali yokuxhasa uMedicaid, kodwa izifundazwe ngazinye zinokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi i-Medicaid eligial, izinzuzo, nokuphatha. Lokhu kuphumela emazingeni ahlukene kakhulu okuhlanganisa amazwe, kanye nokunikeza izinzuzo ezigcwele kubantu abathola imali ephansi kuyilapho abanye benikeza intengo encane. Izimiso ze-Frevel zivumela amazwe ukuba azame ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, cishe andise intengo yoMédicaid, adale intenekiso yemishuwalenselaniso kahulumeni, noma asungule ukuhlolwa okungokwemvelo okungazisa ukukhiqiniswa kwezimiso ezingokwemvelo okungazisa inqubo yenqubo.

Nokho, lokhu kuhluka futhi kudala ukungalingani. Ukukwazi komuntu ukungenela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kungaxhomeka kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isifundazwe abahlala kuso, futhi ukunyakaza kwezwe kungaphazamisa ukuhlanganisa. Izinselele zokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni nombuso zingadala ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokulawula, ukudideka kwabazuzayo, kanye nezikhala ezicazululwayo.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Ezimisweni Ezihlangene

Izimiso ezihlangene zinikeza izinhlelo ezihambelanayo zokunakekela impilo kuyo yonke indawo. Uhulumeni wezwe umisa isimiso sokunakekela impilo, ubeka izindinganiso, futhi ngokuvamile unikeza izinkonzo noma uqondisa ngokuseduze ukumiswa kwezindawo. Lokhu kubekwa kwesikhungo kungaqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukuthola izinkonzo ezifanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlalaphi.

I-United Kingdom’s National Health Service iveza ukuhanjiswa kwezempilo okuphakathi esimisweni sobungane (nendlela yokusuka kwenye ye-volution eScotland, eWales, nase-Northern Ireland). Uhulumeni wezwe umisa isimiso sokunakekela impilo, izinkonzo zezimali ngentela evamile, futhi uqinisekisa ukufinyelela okufanayo ezweni lonke. Lendlela ingathuthukisa ukuphatha okungahambelani nokulula, kodwa ingaba nesabela kancane ezinjwayezini zezindawo ezidinga impilo noma ezithandwayo.

IFrance, enye isifundazwe, iphethe isimiso somshuwalense wezwe wempilo onezinzuzo ezinqunyiwe nezinga lokukhokhelwa. Nakuba eminye imisebenzi yokuphatha inikezwa izinhlangano zezifunda, isakhiwo nezinzuzo eziyisisekelo zihlala zifana, ziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zaseFrance zikhomba njalo.

Izimiso Zemfundo Nezakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Imfundo ingenye indawo ebucayi lapho isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithinta khona kakhulu ukunikezwa kwezinhlelo, ukuxhaswa kwezimali, izifundo nezinga eliphezulu.

Imfundo Ezimisweni Ezizimele

Izimiso zombuso zinikeza ohulumeni bezifunda igunya eliqinile lemfundo. E-United States, imfundo ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nezwe, futhi uhulumeni uphethe indima elinganiselwe kodwa ekhulayo ngezinhlelo zezimali, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, nezindinganiso. Izwe ngalinye limisa ezalo izindinganiso zohlelo lwezifundo, izimfuneko zokufundisa, izimemezelo zesikole, nezimfuneko zokuphothula iziqu.

Lokhu kuhlonipheka kuvumela izifunda ukuba zivumelane nezindinganiso zendawo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ezinye izifundazwe zigcizelela imfundo yomsebenzi, ezinye zigxile ekulungiseleleni amakholiji, futhi zigxile ezihlokweni eziphikisanayo njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imfundo yobulili, noma umlando zihluka kakhulu. Ukulawula kwendawo kungandisa ukuthembisana komphakathi futhi kuvumele ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kodwa futhi kuveza ukuhluka okukhulu kwezinga lemfundo nemithombo.

Imali yesikole ezimisweni zikahulumeni ngokuvamile ixhomeke kakhulu ezintelani zendawo, ezingabangela ukungalingani phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Lapho ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni bezama ukuhlanganisa imali ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, izikhala ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka. Amathuba omfundi okufundisa angaxhomeke kakhulu ezikhonweni zabo ze-zip, kanye nokunikeza ezinye izifunda izifundo eziphambili, imisebenzi emikhulu yangemva kwesikole, nezakhiwo zanamuhla kuyilapho ezinye zilwa nemithombo eyisisekelo.

Imfundo Ezimisweni Ezihlangene

Izimiso ezihlangene zivame ukulawula imfundo, njengoba ohulumeni bezwe bemisa izindinganiso zemfundo, iziqu zothisha, nezinga lokuxhasa imali. Lendlela ingaqinisekisa izinga lemfundo elifanayo ezindaweni eziningi futhi inciphise ukuhluka okusekelwe engcebweni yendawo.

Isimiso semfundo saseFrance siyisibonelo sokulawula okuyinhloko, njengoba i-University of Education imisa izimfuneko zemfundo eziningiliziwe, iziqondiso zokufundisa, nezimiso zokuhlola. Othisha bayizisebenzi zesizwe, futhi abafundi kulo lonke izwe balandela izifundo ezifanayo ngokuyisisekelo futhi bathatha ukuhlola okufanayo kwesizwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umfundi emaphandleni eBrittany uthola imfundo efanayo neyodwa eParis.

IJapane ngokufanayo ilondoloza ukulawula okunamandla kwemfundo, uMnyango wemfundo umisa iziqondiso zemfundo, izincwadi zokufundisa, kanye nokubeka izindinganiso. Nakuba kukhona ukuhlukahluka okuthile kwendawo, lesi simiso siqinisekisa izinga lemfundo elingaguquguquki ezweni lonke. Lokhu kubekwa kungathuthukisa ukulinganisela kodwa kunganciphisa ukuvumelana nezimo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zendawo noma kuvunyelwe ukusungula imfundo.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nezinhlelo Zenhlalakahle

Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalo — kuhlanganise nomshuwalense wokungasebenzi, izinzuzo zokukhubazeka, usizo lomkhaya, nosizo lobumpofu — zilolongwe kakhulu isakhiwo sikahulumeni.

Izinkonzo Zezenhlalo Ezimisweni Ezingokwezesayensi

Izimiso zesifunda ngokuvamile zihlukanisa umthwalo wemfanelo wezinkonzo zezenhlalo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nesifunda. uhulumeni wezwe ungase umise izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe noma unikeze izimali, kuyilapho amazwe noma izifundazwe enikeza izinhlelo futhi enquma izindinganiso ezithile zokuthola inzuzo nezinga elithile.

E-United States, izinhlelo ezifana ne-Morter Alters for Needy Families (TanF) zinikeza izimali kuhulumeni ezifundazweni, ezithi ziklame futhi zisebenzise izinhlelo zazo zezenhlalakahle phakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni ezibanzi. Lokhu kuphumela ekuhlukahlukani okukhulu kwe-(mazinga okungalinganiyo), izimfuneko zomsebenzi, isilinganiso sonyaka, nezimiso zokungalingani ezihluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile. Umkhaya wezwe elilodwa ungathola usizo lwemali oluningi nezinkonzo zokusekela, kuyilapho umkhaya ofanayo komunye uthola ukusekelwa okuncane.

Lokhu kuhluka kuvumela izifundazwe ukuba zizame izindlela ezihlukene nezisetshenziswa ezimakethe ezisendaweni ezisebenzela kuyo kanye nezindleko zokuphila. Nokho, futhi kudala ukungalingani futhi kungaholela "ekuthatheni indawo engezansi" imisebe lapho imibuso inciphisa khona izinzuzo zokugwema ukudonsa abafuduki abathola imali ephansi abavela kwezinye izifunda. Ubunkimbinkimbi bezimiso zikahulumeni ezihlukene zingadala futhi izithiyo zokuzuza, ikakhulukazi labo abahamba benqamule imigqa yombuso.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Ezimisweni Ezinobunye

Izimiso ezihlangene zinikeza izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezihambelanayo zezenhlalakahle kanye nezinga elinqunyiweyo elizinzile. Lengxenye ephakathi iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zithola ukusekelwa okufanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlalaphi futhi zigunyaza ukuphatha.

Amazwe aseScandinavia, asebenzisa izimiso ze-ocester, anikeza izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezibanzi zezenhlalakahle ezinikezwa ngokwesizwe noma ngokuqondisa okukhulu kwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iDenmark inikeza izinzuzo zokungasebenzi, imali yomkhaya, ukusekela komkhaya, kanye nezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi ezihlanganisa ukulingana kanye nezinga elizuzisayo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukulingana futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuwohloka kwezomnotho noma ushintsho lwenani labantu ezindaweni ezithile azikunciphisi isivikelo somphakathi.

Nokho, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle ezingase zingathathi hlangothi ekushintsheni kwenani lezindawo ekuphileni, emakethe ezisebenzi, noma ekukhetheni amasiko. Izinga lenzuzo elifanayo ezweni lingase libe likhulu ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezibizayo kodwa linganele ezikhungweni zasemadolobheni ezibizayo, noma ngokwezinye.

Intuthuko Kahulumeni

Izakhiwo ezihlanganisa izinto zokuthutha, izimiso zamanzi, imishini yokulawula amandla kagesi nezokuxhumana (izinto zokuthuthukisa izomnotho nezinga lokuphila) zibalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izomnotho. Izakhiwo zikahulumeni zithinta kakhulu indlela izakhiwo ezihlelwa ngayo, ezixhaswayo, nezinakekelwa ngayo.

Izakhiwo Eziyisisekelo Ezimisweni Ezizimele

Izimiso zezesisekelo zihlukanisa imisebenzi yezesisekelo phakathi kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni. Ohulumeni bezwe bavame ukuphatha imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwesifunda, izikhumulo ezinkulu, neziteshi zezwe, kuyilapho ohulumeni bezifunda belawula imigwaqo yendawo, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nokuthutha komphakathi. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kungadala izinselele zokubambisana kodwa kuvumela amakhambi avumelanayo ezidingweni zesifunda.

E-United States, uhulumeni unikeza izimali zemisebenzi emikhulu yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yasemasimini angaphandle, ehlela futhi ifeze imisebenzi. Izakhiwo nezindawo futhi iphatha ezinye izakhiwo eziningi. Le simiso sivumela izifunda ukuba zihlele imisebenzi esekelwe ezidingweni zendawo, kanti enye ingayisebenzisela kakhulu ekuthutheni umphakathi kuyilapho enye igxile ekunyusweni komgwaqo omkhulu.

Imishini yokuxhasa izinhlelo zikahulumeni ivame ukuhlanganisa ukudluliswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezindawo zikahulumeni, izimfuneko ezihambelanayo, kanye nezingxoxo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Imisebenzi emikhulu yezemisebenzi ingadinga ukuhlanganiswa kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nombuso, nezindawo zendawo, ngasinye esineziza kuqala ezingafani nezingalawuleki. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungabambezela imisebenzi kodwa futhi kuqinisekise ukuba abafakeli bezimo eziningi babe nento ehilelekile ezinqumweni.

Izakhiwo Eziyisisekelo Zezimiso Ezimbaxa - mbili

Izimiso ezihlangene zingahlanganisa kalula ukuthuthuka kwezesisekelo kuyo yonke indawo yabo. Ohulumeni bezwe bangahlela izinhlangano ezihlangene, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yengcebo, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi imigaqo eqinile. Lendlela ephakathi ingaphumelela kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo, njengemibhoshongo yesitimela ephezulu noma imisebe yamandla.

I-flanethi ye-flanethi ephezulu enezintambo eziphezulu (TGV) iyisibonelo sokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo ezisenkabeni. Uhulumeni wezwe wahlela futhi waxhasa i-nethiwekhi ehlanganisa amadolobha amakhulu ezweni lonke, iqinisekisa izindinganiso ezingaguquki nenkonzo ehlangene. Lendlela ephakathi yenza ukuba ukuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sesizwe esiphumelelayo okungase kube nzima ukufinyelela ngokwenza izinqumo ezihloniphekile.

Nokho, uhlelo lwezesisekelo olusemqoka lungase lungasabeli phambili kakhulu ezintweni eziza kuqala zendawo. Ohulumeni bezwe bangahlela imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu nge-oral kuyilapho bedebeselela izidingo zezakhiwo zendawo. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ezisezindaweni ezizimele zingathola imali encane kunezindawo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni, okungase kubangele ukungalingani kwezifunda.

Isimiso Sokusebenzela Imali: Indlela Imali Egeleza Ngayo Ngezakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Ubuhlobo obungokwezimali phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni − ngokuvamile bubizwa ngokuthi i-fiscal unistism − system ihlela indlela izinhlelo ezixhaswe ngayo futhi zidluliselwe ngayo. Ukuqonda la malungiselelo angokomlando kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithinta kanjani izinkonzo zomphakathi.

Imithombo Yemali Negunya Lentela

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sinquma ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elingakhokha intela. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, kokubili ohulumeni bezwe nabezifundazwe ngokuvamile banegunya lokukhokha intela ezimele. Uhulumeni wezwe ungathembela ngokuyinhloko ezintelani zemali nemisebenzi yamasiko, kuyilapho amazwe noma izifundazwe zisebenzisa izintela zokuthengisa, izintela zempahla, noma intela yazo. Lenhlangano ivumela isilinganiso ngasinye sikahulumeni ukuba sinyuse imali ngaphandle kwemvume kodwa singadala ukucuphana nokuncintisana ngentela phakathi kwemibuso.

Ezimisweni ezilandelanayo, uhulumeni wezwe ulawula imithombo emikhulu yemali, njengoba ohulumeni bendawo bethembele ezintelani zempahla, intela yomsebenzisi, noma ukuthunyelwa kuhulumeni omkhulu. Lokhu kubekwa kungalula ukukhokha intela futhi kunciphise izindleko zokukhokha intela kodwa kulinganisela ukuzibusa kwendawo.

Ukudluliswa Kwamandla Kahulumeni

Izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni zihilela ukudluliswa kwezimali ezinele phakathi kwezinga likahulumeni. Lokhu kuthutha kufeza izinjongo eziningi: ukulingana kwemali ezifundeni zonke, ukuxhasa izinhlelo zezwe ngenzuzo kodwa ukuthunyelwa kwendawo, nokuthonya inqubo yezwe ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ohulumeni bezwe ngokuvamile banikeza izintela ezizweni noma ezifundeni ngezinjongo ezithile (izipho ezinikezwa abantu) noma ukusekela okuvamile (iziphakamiso). Lokhu kuthunyelwa kungavela ngezimo(izifundazwe ezifuna ukuhambelana nezimali zikahulumeni, ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile, noma ukusebenzisa izimiso ezithile. "Le mibuso yesikhwama" ivumela ohulumeni bezwe ukuba bathonye izindawo zenkambiso ngokusho ukuthi zingaphansi kokulawulwa nguhulumeni.

Ukudluliswa kwentela elinganayo kuzama ukunciphisa umehluko phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezimpofu. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lweCanada lokulingana, ludlulisela imali kuhulumeni kahulumeni ezifundazweni ezicebile kancane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zinganikeza izinkonzo ezilinganayo ngamazinga entela alinganayo. Lokhu kuthutha kukhuthaza ukulingana kodwa kungadala ukuncika nokunciphisa izisusa zokuthuthukisa izomnotho.

Ikhono Lokusebenza Ezindaweni Ezikude Nenkonzo

Ikhono lokukhokha izimali ezihlukene zikahulumeni .Imali yabo yokukhuphula izimali ezihambisana nezindleko zabo ezihlobene nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo. − kuvela ukuthi ezimisweni zikahulumeni, amandla emali ahluka kakhulu emazweni noma ezifundazweni ezisekelwe kwezomnotho, inani labantu, nentela. Izifunda ezicebile zinganikeza izinkonzo zokukhokha izintela ezithengwa ngokusesilinganisweni, kuyilapho izifunda ezimpofu kumelwe zikhethe phakathi kwentela ephakeme noma izinkonzo ezinganele.

Lokhu kuhlukana kwezentengiselwano kuthinta cishe zonke izinqubo zomphakathi. Izifunda noma izifundazwe ezicebile zingakhokha izikole ezingcono, ukunakekelwa kwempilo okubanzi, izakhiwo ezingcono, nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezingcono kakhulu. Izifunda ezimpofu zizama ukunikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo, okungabangela izisusa zokufuduka eziqhubeka zikhuphula isisekelo sazo.

Izimiso ezihlangene zingasakaza kalula ingcebo evela ezindaweni ezicebile kuya kwezimpofu ngentela ephakathi kanye nemali echithwayo. Ngokuqoqa inzuzo esekelwe ekusweleni kwezwe kunokuyihlela endaweni, izimiso zohlelo zingathuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo elinganayo. Nokho, lokhu kunikeza kungadala izingxabano zezombangazwe phakathi kwezindawo ezinikela ngenetha kanye nabanikaziwayo.

Igunya Lomthetho Nemithetho Ehlukahlukene

Isimiso sikahulumeni sinquma ukuthi ubani onegunya lokulawula imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, kusukela ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile kuya ekuqashweni okungochwepheshe kuya ekulondekeni kwabathengi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwesimiso Sezokuxhumana

Ohulumeni bezwe ngokuvamile balawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe, ezohwebo zamazwe nezindaba ezidinga izindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo, kuyilapho amazwe noma izifundazwe zilawula ibhizinisi lendawo, ukugunyaza izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo nezinye izindaba ezithinta ngokuyinhloko indawo.

Le ngxenye iveza amathuba okuhlola izimiso nokuhlukahluka. Izwe lingasebenza njenge "imishini yentando yeningi," ukuhlola izindlela ezihlukene zokuqondisa ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, ukuvikela kwabathengi, izindinganiso zezisebenzi, noma ezinye izindaba. Ukusungula okuphumelelayo kungasakazekela kwezinye izifunda noma kuthathwe ngokwesizwe, kuyilapho ukuhlola kuhlulekile ukugcinwa endaweni.

Nokho, ukuhlukana kwezimiso kudala izinselele. Amabhizinisi asebenza ezingxenyeni zikahulumeni kumelwe asebenzise izimfuneko ezihlukene ezindaweni ezihlukene, izindleko ezandayo zokulalela. Izakhamuzi zingajabulela izivikelo eziqinile kwesinye isifunda kodwa ezincane kwesinye. Umncintiswano wokuqondisa ungaholela "ekugcineni phansi" njengoba amazwe enciphisa izindinganiso zokudonsa ukutshala ibhizinisi.

Imithetho yendawo ezungezile ifanekisela lemisebenzi enamandla. Eminye imibuso yaseU.S. iye yamukela izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile eziqinile kakhulu izimfuneko zikahulumeni, kuyilapho eminye igcina iziqondiso ezincane.

Ukuphinde Usebenze Ezimisweni Ezihlanganisayo

Izimiso ezihlanganisayo zivame ukugcina igunya elisemqoka lokulawula, ohulumeni bezwe bemisa izindinganiso ezifanayo kulo lonke izwe. Le nqubo iqinisekisa isivikelo esiqinile kuzo zonke izakhamuzi futhi ivumela ukuvunyelwa kwamabhizinisi asebenza ngokwesizwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, iFrance ilondoloza ukulawula okunamandla ezindabeni eziningi ezilawulayo, kusukela ezindinganisweni zendawo ezungezile kuya ezimfanelweni zobuchwepheshe kuya ekuvikeleni abathengi.

Nokho, imithetho ebekwe phakathi ingase ingasabeli kakhulu ezimweni zezifunda ezihlukene, ezithandekayo, noma eziza kuqala. Umthetho ofanele izindawo zasemadolobheni ezinabantu abaningi ungaba umthwalo ngokungadingekile ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, noma ngokuphambene. Izimiso eziphakathi zingathatha kancane futhi ukuguqula, njengoba izinguquko ezilawulayo zidinga isenzo sobuzwe kunokuba zihlolwe izifunda ngazinye.

Ukulandisa Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithinta indlela izikhulu ezibheka ngayo isibopho sokulandisa futhi zihlanganyele ngayo ekwenzeni izinqumo ngezinhlelo zomphakathi. Ukusakazwa kwegunya emazingeni kahulumeni kuhlela amathuba okubopha ngentando yeningi nokucaca komthwalo wemfanelo wezombangazwe.

Ukulandisa Ezimisweni Zomphakathi

Izimiso ze-Foderal zakha amaphuzu amaningi okulandisa ngentando yeningi, izakhamuzi ezikhetha izikhulu zesizwe, zesifunda, nezendawo. Lentando yeningi yamazinga amaningi ingathuthukisa ukuhlanganyela ngokusondeza uhulumeni nezakhamuzi futhi zinikeze amathuba engeziwe okuthembisana.

Nokho, iziphathimandla ezihlukene zingafihla ukulandisa. Uma amazinga amaningi kahulumeni ehlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo wohlelo, izakhamuzi zingase zilwele ukuthola ukuthi ubani onecala ngezinkinga noma impumelelo. Uma izikole zingaphumeleli, ingabe kuyiphutha lezindawo ezisezikoleni, iminyango yemfundo kahulumeni, noma izimiso zikahulumeni? Lokhu kungakwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukuba bagcine izikhulu zinecala ngokhetho.

Izimiso ze-Federal zidala futhi amathuba okubekwa icala phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Izikhulu zezwe zingasola imibuso ngokuhluleka ukufezeka, kuyilapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhomba ekubekeni izimali ezilinganiselwe zikahulumeni noma izibopho zikahulumeni ezivimbelayo. Lokhu kubekwa umunwe kungakhungathekisa izakhamuzi futhi kunciphise ukulandisa kwentando yeningi.

Ukulandisa Ezimisweni Ezinobunye

Izimiso ezihlangene zinikeza imikhondo ecacile yokulandisa, uhulumeni wezwe onomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wezinhlelo eziningi. Izakhamuzi zingabona kalula ukuthi iziphi izikhulu ezinecala ngezinqumo ezingokomthetho futhi zizenze zilandise ngokhetho.

Nokho, izimiso ezisenkabeni zinganikeza amathuba ambalwa okuhlanganyela ekwakheni izinqumo. Uma kwenziwa izinqumo ezinkulu enhloko - dolobha, izakhamuzi ezisezindaweni ezikude zingaba nekhono elilinganiselwe lokuthonya izimiso ezithinta imiphakathi yazo. Izinkinga zendawo zingathola ukunakekela okuncane kubenzi bemithetho egxile kakhulu ezindabeni ezibanzi.

Ibanga phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabenzi besinqumo ezimisweni ezihlangene linganciphisa ukubophana kwezakhamuzi nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Uma ohulumeni bendawo benegunya elilinganiselwe, izakhamuzi zingabona iphuzu elincane lokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe zendawo, okungase kunciphise impucuko yentando yeningi kanye nokubopha umphakathi.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nokuzivumelanisa Nesimiso

Ikhono lezimiso zikahulumeni lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo nokushintsha kwenqubo liyahluka uma kuhlelwa. Izimiso zikahulumeni no-uniotary zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukene zokuthuthukisa nokuzivumelanisa.

Ukubuyiselwa Ezimisweni Zomphakathi

Izimiso zomphakathi ziphumelela kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezimiso kanye nokusungulwa kwezimiso. Uma amazwe noma izifundazwe zinegunya lokuklama izinhlelo zazo, zingahlola izindlela ezihlukene zezinkinga ezivamile. Ukusungula okuphumelelayo kungasakazeka ngokukhipha inqubo njengoba eminye imithetho ithola amakhambi aqinisekisiwe, kuyilapho ukwehluleka kuhlala kusendaweni.

Izimiso eziningi eziphawulekayo e-United States zaqala e-odolini ngaphambi kokuba zithathwe njengesizwe. Umshuwalense wokungabikho komsebenzi, isinxephezelo sezisebenzi, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezinguquko zezempilo zasungulwa yizifundazwe ngazinye ngaphambi kokuba zibe izinhlelo zesizwe. Lokhu kuhlola kuvumela ukufunda nokulungisa ngaphambi kokuhlelwa kwezimiso ngokwesizwe.

Nokho, izimiso zikahulumeni zingathatha kancane futhi ukwamukela izinguquko ngokwesizwe. Ngisho noma izinqubo ezintsha zibonakala ziphumelela kwezinye izifunda, izithiyo zezombangazwe, ukuncintisana kwezwe, noma izithiyo zomthetho-sisekelo zingavimbela ukutholwa kwesizwe. Umphumela kungaba ukuhluka okuqhubekayo kwenqubo kwezinye izindawo ezijabulela izinhlelo ezintsha kuyilapho ezinye zisemuva.

Ukubuyiselwa Ezimisweni Ze - Unitary

Izimiso ezihlangene zingasebenzisa isimiso sokushintsha ngokushesha futhi ngokufanayo lapho kwenziwa izinqumo. Uma uhulumeni wezwe amukela inguquko, ingasetshenziswa kulo lonke izwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuqinisekiswe izinzuzo ezingapheli futhi kuvinjelwe inqubo yokuziguqula kancane kancane kwezimiso zikahulumeni.

Nokho, izimiso ezisemqoka zingaba nengozi kakhulu ekusunguleni kwenqubo. Uma izinguquko kumelwe zithathwe ngokwesizwe kunokuba zihlolwe ezindaweni ngazinye, izigxobo ziphakeme futhi izombangazwe zingaba izithiyo ezinkulu. Ukuhlolwa okuhlulekile kuthinta lonke izwe kunezifunda ngazinye, okwenza abakhi bemithetho baqaphe ngokwengeziwe.

Ezinye izimiso ezihlanganisayo zisingatha lenselele ngezinhlelo zokuhlola intuthuko ezindaweni ezithile ngaphambi kokuba izwe lithathe imvume. Lendlela izama ukuthatha izinzuzo zobuzwe kuyilapho ilawula kahle futhi ikwazi ukusebenzisa izinguquko eziphumelelayo ngendlela efanayo.

Inkonzo Yokuhambisa Imishini Ngaphesheya Kwezakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Ngaphandle kombuzo oyisisekelo wokuthi isilinganiso sikahulumeni esinemithwalo yemfanelo siyini, isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithinta nendlela izinkonzo ezinikezwa ngayo izakhamuzi.

Ilungiselelo Likahulumeni Eliqondile

Uhulumeni ulawula yonke inqubo, kusukela ekuxhaseni imali kuya ekubulaweni. Lo mfanekiso ongokwesiko wokunikezelwa kwenkonzo yomphakathi uhilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa izisebenzi nezindawo ezisebenzayo ukuze zinikeze izinkonzo. Izinga likahulumeni onomthwalo wemfanelo wokulungiselela ilungiselelo eliqondile liyahluka-hluka ngezimiso zikahulumeni − ezisezinhlelweni zikahulumeni, izinkonzo zinganikezwa yizinhlangano zesizwe, zikahulumeni, noma zendawo ezixhomeke esimisweni, kuyilapho izimiso ze-unicatary zihlanganisa izinhlangano zesizwe noma amagatsha azo endawo.

Ukuxuba Nokuzinza

Kulesibonelo, uhulumeni uqasha inkampani ezimele noma inhlangano engazuzisi ukuze ilungiselele inkonzo yayo. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithinta ukuthatha izindlela, nezimiso zikahulumeni ezingahlanganisa izivumelwano ezisezingeni elihlukene likahulumeni nezimiso zobumbani ezivame ukuhlobisa ukuthengwa.

Ingxenye enkulu yezinkonzo zomphakathi eqinisweni inikezwa izinkampani ezizimele ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zikahulumeni, uhulumeni kuphela obika cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 745 ezibophweni zesivumelwano ngonyaka ka - 2025. Izinga lokutholana lihlukahluka ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ezinye izimiso zithembele kakhulu ekuthwalweni kwabantu ngabanye kuyilapho ezinye zilondoloza ilungiselelo elilungiselelwe umphakathi ngokuyinhloko.

Umngane Womphakathi

Ama-PPP angamalungiselelo amade, abambisana phakathi kukahulumeni nezinkampani ezizimele, ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa imisebenzi emikhulu yezemisebenzi, njengokwakha umgwaqo omkhulu, ibhuloho, noma isikhumulo sezindiza, lapho umngane ozimele ngokuvamile eyoklama khona, akhe, asebenze izimali, futhi asebenzise lomsebenzi wesikhathi esithile. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithinta ukufaneleka nokubusa kwePPPP, nezimiso zikahulumeni ezingahlanganisa ubuhlobo obubodwa emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni nezimiso zobumbano ezihlanganisa izikhulu ze-organ.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni

Izimiso zezesifunda ziveza amathuba okubambisana kohulumeni ekuthuthweni kwenkonzo, nezinga elihlukene likahulumeni noma amagunya ahlukene ngesilinganiso esifanayo abambisana ekunikezeni izinkonzo ngokuphumelelayo. Amazwe angabambisana ezindabeni zezifunda ezinjengokuthutha noma isivikelo sendawo, noma ohulumeni bendawo bangahlanganyela izinkonzo ezinjengezinkonzo eziphuthumayo noma ukuphathwa kwemfucumfucu.

Izimiso zokubambisana zingase zingabi nasidingo sokubambisana okuqondile phakathi kwemibuso ehlangene njengoba uhulumeni wezwe ungahlela ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo, kodwa kungase kuhileleke ubuhlobo phakathi kweziphathimandla zezwe nezindawo ekusetshenzisweni kwayo.

Uhulumeni Wamanani Nokuthwala Inkonzo

Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini kuye kwayiguqula kakhulu indlela izinkonzo zomphakathi eziqhutshwa ngayo, nokusebenzelana okuningi okwake kwadinga uhambo lokuya ehhovisi likahulumeni manje elisekuyi - Internet, kusukela ekuvuseleleni imvume yokushayela ukuze ifake izicelo zezinzuzo noma ukukhokha izintela, ukwenza izinkonzo zibe ezingcono, eziphumelelayo, nezifinyelelekayo, kuthinta ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo yemishini ngezindlela ezibalulekile.

Izimiso ze-Federal zibhekene nezinselele ekuqondiseni izinkonzo ze-odigic ezisezindaweni ezihlukene. Isifundazwe ngasinye noma isifundazwe singasungula izimiso zaso, okungadala okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi okuguquguqukayo nokulinganisela ukwaziswa. Nokho, lokhu kuhleleka kuvumela futhi ukusungulwa, ngezindlela ezihlukene ukuhlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe.

Izimiso ezihlanganisayo zingasebenzisa iziteshi zemishini ezifanayo ezitholakalayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezweni lonke. Izakhiwo eziphakathi zinganikeza izinga lenkonzo elingaguquki nolwazi lomsebenzi, kodwa zingashintsha kancane ekuhlaliseni izindawo ezihlukahlukene noma ezithandwayo.

Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwemitapo kuveza izinselele, ngoba "ukwehlukana kwemitapo" kusho ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu okwaziyo ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi noma amakhono okusebenzisa izinkonzo ze-inthanethi, futhi ohulumeni kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izinkonzo zobuchwepheshe zisebenza ngomsebenzisi, zilondekile, nokuthi izindlela ezingahlangani ezikhona zikhona kulabo abazidingayo. Kokubili izimiso zomthetho no-uniocella Kumelwe zixazulule lezizinto ezidinga ukulingana, nakuba izindlela zabo zingahluka.

Ukusabela Okunzima Nokulawulwa Kwezinto Ngokuphuthuma

Isimiso sikahulumeni siyithinta ngokuphawulekayo indlela izimiso eziphumelelayo ezisabela ngayo ezinkingeni, kusukela ezinkingeni zemvelo kuya ezifweni eziwubhadane kuya ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezomnotho.

Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo Ezimisweni Eziwumphakathi

Izimiso ze-Federal zihilela amazinga kahulumeni amaningi lapho kusabela esimweni esiphuthumayo, lapho ohulumeni bendawo benikeza ukusabela kokuqala, uhulumeni wezwe noma wezifunda eziqondisa imizamo yezifunda, futhi ohulumeni bezwe benikeza imithombo yezentengiselwano nokusekela izinhlekelele ezinkulu. Lendlela yamanani amaningi ingasebenzisa ulwazi lwasendaweni kanye nokusabela okusheshayo lapho beletha imithombo eyengeziwe ngokwesidingo.

Nokho, izinselele zokubambisana zingabangela ukusabela okuphuthumayo ezimisweni zikahulumeni. Amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni angase abe nezinto eziza kuqala ezingqubuzanayo, izinkinga zokuxhumana, noma imikhakha engacacile yegunya. Umqedazwe weCOVID-19 waveza lezinselele ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni, ezinombuso, nohulumeni bendawo ngezinye izikhathi abasebenzisa izimiso eziphikisanayo noma abancintisanayo ngemithombo yengcebo.

Izimiso zikahulumeni zingase futhi zibhekane nezinselele ekusebenziseni izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezifanayo lapho kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo, esihlelekile. Uma amazwe noma izifundazwe zinegunya eliyinhloko kwezempilo yomphakathi noma ekuqondiseni isimo esiphuthumayo, ohulumeni bezwe bangase balwele kanzima ukumisa izimiso ezingaguquki kulo lonke izwe.

Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo Ezimisweni Ezimbaxa - mbili

Izimiso ezihlangene zingaqoqa imithombo futhi zisebenzise izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha kakhulu ngomyalo ophakathi nomthetho. Ohulumeni bezwe bangasebenzisa imithombo yemali kulo lonke izwe, basebenzise izimiso ezifanayo, futhi bahlele imizamo yokusabela ngaphandle kokuxoxa neziphathimandla eziningi zendawo.

Lendlela eyisisekelo ingaphumelela ngokukhethekile ezimweni eziphuthumayo ezidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, esihlangene nesizwe. Nokho, kungase kungasabeli kahle ezimweni zendawo noma kuphuze ukunikeza ukusabela kokuqala uma iziphathimandla zendawo zinemithombo elinganiselwe noma igunya.

Ukuphumelela kwenqubo ephuthumayo akuxhomekile nje kuphela ekwakheni uhulumeni kodwa nasebukhulwini, ezindaweni, emikhiqizweni nasebuholweni.

Isimo Esiqondile Sokuphumelela Nendlela Yokutholakala Kwesimiso

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni ngokuyisisekelo sithinta ukuthi ubani ongathola izinhlelo zomphakathi nangaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Izinga likahulumeni elinomthwalo wokumisa ukufaneleka kobuntu luhlela uhlelo oluhlanganisa abantu futhi olunobulungisa.

Ukuphumelela Ezimisweni Ezizimele

Uma izifundazwe noma izifunda-funda zisungula izinhlelo ezivumela izinhlelo, ukushintsha okuphawulekayo kungaba khona. Ezinye izifundazwe zingamisa izinhlelo ezenza izinhlelo zitholakale kubantu abaningi, kuyilapho ezinye zibeka izimfuneko ezivimbela ukutholakala. Lokhu ukuhlukahluka kusho ukuthi ukungezwani kwezinhlelo ezifanayo kungaxhomeka kakhulu ekutheni umuntu uhlalaphi.

Ngokwesibonelo, iMedicaid eligbibility e-United States ihluka kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlanganisa abantu abadala ngeholo elifinyelela ku-88% yezinga lobumpofu likahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye zilinganisela inzuzo etholakalayo kumazinga aphansi kakhulu emali eholwayo noma izigaba ezithile njengabesifazane abakhulelwe noma abantu abakhubazekile. Lokhu kuveza ukuhlukahluka okukhulu ekutholeni isilinganiso sempilo esisekelwe ezweni lakubo.

Izimiso ze-Federal zingase zizame ukunciphisa ukuhlukahluka okukhona ngezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe noma ngemali elinganiselwe, kodwa umehluko omkhulu uyaqhubeka. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokufana kwesizwe nokuvumelana kombuso ekuzimiseleni kobunkomfa kuhlala kulokhu kuyizingxabano eziphikelelayo ezimisweni zikahulumeni.

Ukuphumelela Ezimisweni Ezinobunye

Izimiso ezihlangene zisungula izimpawu ezifanayo ngokwesizwe, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezisezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ziyakwazi ukuthola izinhlelo ezifanayo. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuphatha ngokulinganayo nokuhlobisa, njengoba abafaka izikhankaso bebhekene nezimfuneko ezingaguquki kungakhathaliseki indawo.

Nokho, izimpawu ezifanayo zingase zingaveli ezinhlobonhlobo zenani lezindawo ezikhona ezibizayo, izimo zezomnotho, noma izici zamanani abantu. Izindawo ezifikayo ezifanele izindawo zasemaphandleni eziphansi zingaba nemingcele kakhulu ezikhungweni zasemadolobheni ezibizayo, noma ngokuphambene. Ukuzimisela kokungasabeli kahle komphakathi kungase kungasabeli ezimweni zendawo noma ezimweni ezikhethekile.

Umphumela Wezakhiwo Zikahulumeni Eziphumele Embusweni

Ekugcineni, umbuzo wokuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zithinta kanjani izinhlelo zomphakathi kumelwe uhlolwe ngokusekelwe kwemiphumela [1] Izinhlelo zifeza izinjongo zazo ezihloselwe ukufezeka futhi zithuthukise ukuphila kwezakhamuzi? Ukucwaninga ngalemibuzo kuveza okutholakele okuyinkimbinkimbi okungavumelani nokungakhonzi.

Uchungechunge lokuhlola okunqamule amazwe amaningi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka yemiphumela yezimiso zobumbano eziphawuleka ngezimpawu zezombangazwe, zezomnotho nezesizwe luthole ukuthi ezimweni eziningi, ubuhlobo obunamandla phakathi kobunye nokubusa okuhle butholaka, futhi ngezinga lezi zimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezenza umehluko, izimiso zobumbano zibonakala zinezinzuzo ezihlukile kunezombuso. Lokhu kucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi izimiso ezisemzimbeni zingaletha imiphumela engcono engcono ngokwesilinganiso.

Nokho, le miphumela etholiwe ifihla ukuhluka okuphawulekayo. Ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni ziveza imiphumela emihle kakhulu kuyilapho ezinye izimiso ze-unitial zenza kahle, kanti ezinye zingasebenzi kahle. Ukuphumelela kwesimiso sikahulumeni kuxhomeke kakhulu emongweni wezwe, kuhlanganise nobungako, ukuhlukahluka, izinga lezakhiwo, kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe.

Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukulingana, nokuphumelela kwezinkonzo zomphakathi, njengokunakekela impilo, imfundo, nesisekelo, kanjalo kuthinte inhlalakahle yabantu bonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhiwo zikahulumeni noma zobumba zithuthukisa ukubusa okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ekutheni zifanelana kahle kangakanani nezimo ezithile nezinselele zezwe.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithinta Izinga Lesimiso Ngaphesheya Kwezakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimiso singohulumeni noma sihlangene, izici eziningana zilokhu zithinta izinga lezinhlelo zomphakathi:

  • Ukwabiwa kwemali eyanele nokungaguquguquki kwenani: kuyadingeka ukuze kube nezinga lohlelo. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithinta indlela izimali eziphakanyiswa futhi zabelwe ngayo, kodwa ingqikithi yemali enikezelwe ezimisweni nokuthi zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelela kangakanani kunesakhiwo kuphela.
  • Umthetho wezimiso: Izindinganiso ezicacile, ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo, nokulandisa kusiza ekuqinisekiseni izinhlelo zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Zombili izimiso ze-conomist ne-unicatary zingamisa izisekelo eziqinile zokuqondisa, nakuba izindlela zazo zihlukene.
  • Izindlela zokuhambisa ze-'FLT': Indlela izinkonzo ezinikezwa ngayo izakhamuzi ("ingaba ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izakha, noma izibopho) (izinga eliphezulu nokuphumelela. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithonya kodwa asinqumi inqubo yokuhambisa.
  • Izimiso zokungakholeki: Ongafinyelela izinhlelo zingathinta ithonya lazo ngokuyisisekelo. Ukukwazi ukuhlanganisa i-eligition kukhuthaza ukuhleleka, kuyilapho imingcele evimbelayo ingalinganisela uhlelo oluphumelelayo kungakhathaliseki isakhiwo sikahulumeni.
  • Umthamo [[FLT: 0] wobuphathi: Izisebenzi ezinekhono, izimiso zokuphatha eziphumelelayo, kanye nezimiso ezanele zemisebenzi zibalulekile ukuze kuphumelele uhlelo. Zombili izimiso zezwe ne-ocetary zidinga amandla aqinile okuqondisa emazingeni kahulumeni okuthwalisa uhlelo.
  • Isibopho sezombangazwe esiqinile:[ ukusekela kwezombangazwe ezimisweni kuthinta ukuxhasa kwabo imali, umklamo, nokumisa. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni simisa amandla ezombangazwe kodwa asiqinisekisi ukuzimisela ezinhlelweni eziphumelelayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuthembisana ngokufinyelelwa: Amathuba ezakhamuzi okuhlanganyela ekuklameni nasekuqondiseni kungathuthukisa ukusabela nokulandisa. Izimiso ze-Federal zinganikeza amathuba amaningi okuhlanganyela ngamazinga amaningi kahulumeni, kodwa izimiso zingadala futhi izinhlelo eziphumelelayo zokuthembisana.

Izimo Ezimweni Zohulumeni Nezinhlelo Zomphakathi

I-Decentralliation, kungenzeka ukuthi, ukuthambekela okuvelele kwezombangazwe esikhathini sethu, okunezinguquko ezinkulu zegunya kusukela ezweni kuya emazingeni ezwe lonke eyenzeka e-Afrika (umz. Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana), i-Asia (umz., iBangladesh, iNdiya), iYurophu (umz., iBelgium, iFrance, i-Italy, ne-Latin America), kanye ne-Latin America (umz., i-Argentina, i-Colombia, ne-Mexico). Lokhu kuthambekele embulungeni yonke ekuhlonipheni i-tratratration kubonisa ukuqaphela izinzuzo ezingasehlela uhulumeni eduze nezakhamuzi.

Ngisho nezimiso ezingokwesiko ezingokwesiko ziye zanciphisa kakhulu igunya lohulumeni bezifunda noma bendawo. I-United Kingdom iye yanikeza imibuso ephawulekayo eScotland, eWales, naseNyakatho Ireland. IFrance iye yaqinisa ohulumeni besifunda. i-Spain iye yakha imiphakathi ezimele ngegunya elikhulu. Lenguquko izama ukuthatha izinzuzo zokuhlaziywa kuyilapho inakekela izakhiwo zomphakathi.

Nokho, ukuthotshiswa kwesimilo akuyona into ekhona emhlabeni wonke noma engenakulungiseka. Amanye amazwe asanda kubekwa igunya lokusabela ezinkingeni zokubambisana, ezinkingeni zezezimali, noma ezinhlotsheni zezombangazwe. Ukulinganisela okungcono phakathi kokubekwa kwesikhundla phakathi komphakathi nokuthotshiswa kwemithetho kuyaqhubeka kushintsha njengoba amazwe ezama ngamalungiselelo ahlukile.

Ukwenza Izakhamuzi Zisebenze Ngokuhlelwa Uhulumeni

Azikho izimiso ezingokombuso noma zohlelo olungcono kakhulu ngokwemvelo ekudluliseleni izinhlelo zomphakathi. Isakhiwo ngasinye sinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile futhi sibhekene nezinselele ezithile. Ukuphumelela kwesimiso sikahulumeni kuxhomeke ekutheni sifanelana kahle kangakanani nezimo zezwe nokuthi sisebenza kanjani ngobuciko.

Izimiso ze-Federal ziphumelela kakhulu ekuhlaliseni izinhlobonhlobo, ukwenza ukuhlola, nokusondeza uhulumeni nezakhamuzi. Zisebenza kangcono kakhulu emazweni amakhulu, ahlukene lapho ukungefani kwezifunda kubaluleke khona futhi lapho izinselele zokubambisana zingalawulwa ngokuphumelelayo. Nokho, zidinga izinqubo eziqinile zokubambisana kweze-othom, ukulingana, nokugcina izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zesizwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhluka okukhulu kwezinga lezinhlelo.

Izimiso ezihlangene ziphumelela ekuqinisekiseni ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo efanayo, ukuhlelwa kwezenzo zesizwe, nokukhuthazwa kokulingana ezifundeni. Zisebenza kangcono kakhulu emazweni amancane, afanayo noma lapho ubunye besizwe nezindinganiso ezingaguquki ziza kuqala khona. Nokho, zidinga izinqubo zokusebenza endaweni, ukusabela ekushintsheni kwezindawo, futhi zivimbela ukuhlukanisa kakhulu lokho kuvela kuhulumeni kusuka ezakhamuzini.

Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izindlela ezixubile ezihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izimiso, ezama ukuthatha izinzuzo zazo ngayinye kuyilapho enciphisa ubuthakathaka bawo. Izimiso zeUnitary ezincishisiwe, amalungiselelo angemihle, nezimiso zikahulumeni ezinezindinganiso eziqinile zesizwe konke kumelela imizamo yokuthola ukulinganisela okungcono phakathi kokuzinza nokuzinza.

Kubantu abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izinhlelo zihluka kwezinye izindawo noma zisekela intuthuko, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinomthwalo wemfanelo wezinhlelo ezithile, indlela izimali ezigeleza ngayo phakathi kwalesi simiso, nokuthi kuphi igunya lokwenza izinqumo lapho kungenza ukubophelana kwenqubo yezombangazwe kuphumelele ngokwengeziwe.

Njengoba uhlola izinhlelo zomphakathi, noma ungena ezinhlanganweni zezokunakekela impilo yomphakathi, ubhalisela izingane esikoleni, ufaka izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, noma usebenzisa isisekelo somphakathi . Isakhiwo sikahulumeni silolonga ulwazi lwakho ngezindlela eziningi. Izinga, ukutholakala, nokutholakala kwalezi zinhlelo akubonisi nje kuphela izinqumo zezimiso kodwa futhi nendlela eyinhloko yokuhlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo. Ngokuqonda lezi zakhiwo, ungaqonda kangcono izinhlelo ozisebenzisayo futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekuzilolongeniseni ukuze ufeze izidingo zomphakathi wakho.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni nangabaphathi bomphakathi, vakashela i-USA.gov i-portal[ noma imithombo yokucwaninga evela ku- United Nations [ ezimisweni zokubusa ezilinganayo emhlabeni wonke.