Umzabalazo wenkululeko yomphakathi eMelika ukulandisa okuchaza umlando wezwe, ukunwetshwa okuqhubekayo kwenkululeko, ukuphinde iqiniswe okuye kwaguqula isivumelwano esingokomthetho nesomphakathi phakathi kwabantu nombuso. Kusukela emithetho-mthetho yakuqala yekoloni eyabonisa ukuzilawula kwempi yamanje yenkululeko yezobuchwepheshe nokuhlola, ukulwela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko akukaze kufinyelelwe. Lesihloko sihlola izenzakalo eziyinhloko ezingokomlando eziphawula loluhambo, zingahloli nje kuphela izinqubo zemithetho yesizwe nezokunqoba kokwahlulela kodwa futhi nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezizenza kube nokuhlola inqubo yomphakathi ezihambisana nohlelo lwezesayensi. Ukuqonda lezi zikhathi kunikeza umongo obalulekile womsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ezweni elihlala likhona.

Ukuthola Amadokhumende Nokuqala Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ikhothamo lefilosofi lenkululeko yaseMelika lisezimisweni zokuQongolela isizukulwane esisungulweyo. Nakuba iSimemezelo sokuzibusa (1776) samemezela ngesibindi ukuthi bonke abantu banikwe amalungelo angenakumukelwa ekuphileni, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo, ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwalezozimiso kwahlala kubuthakathaka kakhulu. UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala (1787) wadala uhlelo lwezimo zikahulumeni olulinganiselwe, kodwa ngokuphawulekayo lwalungenalo ilulomthetho lwenkululeko. Lokhu kuqinisekisa inkululeko yesizwe esinguMphathi wesizwe, ukwesaba igunya elinamandla, ugcizelela isivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye njengesimo sokukhubazeka. Ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yenkululeko. Umthetho wakuqala (1791), waphumela ekuvikelweni kweRod Revitionston (171), kanye nesembuquluya engekho isilinganiso esiwubufakazini esiphansi kwezimiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yaseMelika. Lokhu kuqinisekisa inkululeko enkulu, ukubusa kwenkolo, ukuncikelelwa kwenkululeko yenkolo, ukuncikelelwa kwenkululeko (ukuhleleka kwenkululeko ye-Esibili); ukuvikela nesimiso sokuvikela ekugcineni kwezikhali esi

  • Isimemezelo senkululeko (1776]: sahlanganisa amalungelo embulunga yonke ekuphileni, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo, sibeka indinganiso yethemba yenkululeko yomphakathi waseMelika.
  • Umthetho-sisekelo (1787): umise uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni olinganiselwe ngokwesakhiwo, ohlukanisa amagunya nokuhlolwa kanye nezilinganiso, kodwa walahla incwadi yamalungelo, ebangela impikiswano eshubile.
  • ISigqi Samalungelo (1791): Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zibala ngokucacile inkululeko, kuhlanganise nokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, inkolo, nesivikelo kubamangalelwa abaphangi. Yaba umbhalo wesisekelo wokuhlola inkululeko.
  • ISichibiyelo se 14 (1868): Nakuba senziwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, i-Claus yeNdlela yayo e-Iust Claus yasetshenziswa kamuva ukuze kusetshenziswe iMidlalo eminingi yamalungelo kuhulumeni (imfundiso ehlanganisayo), yandisa ukufinyelela kwabo ngokuphawulekayo.

Impi Yombango, Ukuvuselelwa, Nokwanda Kobuhlalo

IMpi Yomphakathi yayimelela umzabalazo wenhlekelele wokuxazulula ukuqalwa kokugqilazwa. Nakuba i-Emanciption Proclation (1863) yamemezela inkululeko yezigqila ezindaweni ezihlangene, kwakuyiSichibiyelo senguquko esasihloselwe ukuguqula unomphela isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo se 13 (1865) saqeda ubugqila nokungahloniphi, nakuba ukuvunyelwa kwemisebenzi ngempoqo njengesijeziso sobugebengu kamuva kwakuzosetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ukuze kubekwe isigwebo. ISiphendulo se 14 se-1868) sasimele ukwanda okungalungiseki kwenkululeko yomphakathi. Sachaza ukukhuphulwa kwenkululeko yesizwe, saqinisekisa "ukulingana kwemithetho," futhi sasidinga "ukuvunyelwa kwenqubo yomthetho" ngenxa yezentengo yesizwe, intengovuse yenye yeze yalekwayo yonke intengovu engekho ngokomthetho ezindaweni ezinhlolweni eziphansi kakhulu. [kuhlosweni zezezekhulu eliphansi] Intengovusekuhlosekuphe intengovuse yenyelwe kakhulu: [kubhiso yenyelwe kakhulu] Inteko

  • I-Emancip Proclation (1863): Isilinganiso sesikhathi sempi esachaza kabusha impi njengempi yokulwela inkululeko yomuntu futhi savula indlela yokuqedwa komthetho-sisekelo.
  • ISichibiyelo se 13 se-1865):[ uMthetho-sisekelo wabuqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okungenanjongo, kanye nenombolo ehlala njalo.
  • ISichibiyelo se 14 (1868): samisa ubuzibulo, isivikelo, nenqubo efanele; isisekelo senkululeko yanamuhla yomphakathi. Funda umbhalo ogcwele namanothi[.
  • ISichibiyelo se 15 se-1870): saveza ukucwaswa kokuvota okusekelwe ohlangeni, ilungelo eladinga ukuba i-Boning Rights Act ka-65] iphumelele.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi: Ukwakhiwa kabusha Kwesibili

I-NACP EGUENT I-Conficial Defense Fund, yabhekana nomkhankaso oqhubekayo, owenziwa ngaphambili kakhulu wokuhlukanisa isifundazwe nobandlululo lwesizwe, ngokuvamile olubizwa ngokuthi i-Second Reconstructon. Icebo elingokomthetho, elaholwa yiNaACP L Lokuvikela Izenkolo, lafeza ukunqoba kwalo okunciphekile brown v. Imfundo yemfundo yaseTopeka . [[FLT]] [isigaba se-FLT] [ikhulu leNka], i-P] Phovisiwer , imemezela ukuthi izindawo ezifundisayodwa zazingalingani futhi zaphula uvikelo olulinganayo lwezemthetho [[Foctive]. Le nqubo eqondile yokulwa nokwenza inqubo yezombangazwe. Inteko, i-Grose-ivreverss, i-ichrienter, i-" egcwele ubudlova, ka-Grosent.

Imithetho yokunqoba yalandela. i-Civil Rights Act ka-1944 yayiwumthetho ophawulayo owawunqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe emsebenzini, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni. ISivumelwano sama - Councing Rights sango-65 sahlela ngokuqondile imingcele yokulahla umthetho wodwa; ukumelana nomthetho kwaqhubeka, futhi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezasungulwa ngo-19646, ukunqatshelwa kokuhlola ukubhalisa nokunye ubandlululo nokufuna ukuphatha kwezwe ngokwabelwa kwemithetho yezomthetho. [Foct:] Zonke, lezi zenzo zaguqula umthetho nezenhlalo. Kodwa, zaveza imingcele yomthetho iyodwa; ukumelana nokumiswa kwemithetho ekwakhelwe ngo-196566, kuye kwabekwa inselele inselele ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi iNkakhulu yeNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkakhulu [F:0] eMbusweni ye-Countrount [R.[flverstl], i-oldivedment

  • [FLT][FOLT]n v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): ukuhlukanisa okususelwe esikoleni, imisa ukuthi ukuhlukanisa ingaphandle akulingani ngokwemvelo. [ umbono ogcwele ukhona kusukela kuNational Archives[.
  • Umthetho wamalungelo abantu (1964): wenqabela kakhulu ubandlululo emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomphakathi, nasezimisweni zikahulumeni; futhi wakhuluma ngobandlululo olungokobulili.
  • Umthetho ogunyaza amalungelo (1965): wahlasela ngokuqondile imingcele yokwakha ekuvoteni okumnyama, kanye nezimiso ezazifuna ukuqondisa kukahulumeni ezizweni ezithile.
  • uMartin Luther King Jr.’s "Nginephupho" Inkulumo (1963): yakha umbono wokuziphatha wokulingana kwezinhlanga nobulungisa phakathi noMatshi eWashington.
  • [[NT:0] USelma eMontgomery Marchs (1965):[[FT:1] wabangela ngokuqondile i-Voting Rights Act ngokuphazamisa ulaka lomphakathi ngokucindezelwa ngobudlova kwababhikishi abanokuthula.

Ukwandisa Imbulunga: Imfihlo, Ukungezwani Nezifo

Umfutho wonyaka ka-1960 nowama-1970 wanda wahlanganisa iziphakamiso eziningi zenkululeko yomphakathi. INkantolo yaqala ukuqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzifihla, ekuqaleni liqondiswe ku Griswold v. Connecticut[[[FL:1]], eyaqeda ukuvinjelwa kokuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo. Isinqumo sanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo [inkululeko yokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuzalwa kwezingane] [FLT:] [i] Roev. [[FLT] v.[FLT] [FFF:3]] [713]] [773], eyaqaphela ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ukukhishwa kwesisu ngaphansi kwe-Cectives Procect Claus. Isinqumo esiqhubekayo ekuncipheni kwezelweni kwezezombangazwe nangokomthetho wezenteko yezenteko yezenyu, nakuba kusekwenqanyuselwa kakhulu. Izimiso zezemfundo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezisekwenziswayo, i - hlelo elikhona, iphinde iphinde iphinde iphele kakhulu.[

AmaMelika anokuphazamiseka ayemele ukushintshwa komthetho ka-1990 ngendlela umphakathi okhubazeka ngayo. Yayenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile emsebenzini, izindawo zokulala zomphakathi, ezokuhamba, nezokuxhumana, ezifuna indawo yokuhlala ezifanele. Umthetho uye wasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukutholakala nokuhlanganyela. Ngokungazelelwe, ukulwa iLGBTQ+ amalungelo. [FLY:] LAWREN v. Texas[FF:] [2003], iNkanto ephakeme yemithetho ebulala ubugebengu obufanayo, ukugumbuqela [[FLT] i-efferight , ukuvingth syst synd syst, [FLD:2] i-owsstion, i-unteright, i-ognucestions, encindisiwe i-unterce, i-ult.[205] Ingunyuk.

  • [FLT]] ROE v. [[FLT] waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwelungelo lokuba wedwa; walawula ngo-2022, ukubuyisela umagazini ezifundazweni.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka (1990): ayenqabela kakhulu ukucwasa futhi ayedinga indawo yokuhlala ekuphileni komphakathi.
  • [FLT]Lawrence v. Texas [2003] Imithetho ye-sodoma futhi iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuziphatha kwangasese.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) (2015): waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo emshadweni ofanayo. Funda umbono weNkantolo Ephakeme[.
  • Inhlonipho ngomthelela womshado (202): yanikeza izivumelwano zikahulumeni zesivikelo semishado efanayo ehlanganisa ubulili nezinhlanga.

Imingcele Yanamuhla: Ukuguqulwa Kwezimfihlo Zezinombolo, Ukukhishwa Kwamalungelo, Nobulungisa Bobugebengu

Kulelikhulu lama-21, ukulwela inkululeko yomphakathi kuye kwakhula kwaba yizindawo ezintsha. Ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana buye bashintsha indlela esixhumana ngayo, umsebenzi, futhi siphila ngayo, kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana nokungafihli muntu nokuhlolwa. I-USA PATRIOTTT, eyamiswa ngemva kokuhlasela kwekhulu leshumi, amandla okuhlola kahulumeni anwetshiwe, aholela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokulondeka kwesizwe nokunye. Izambubhiso zomthetho ziye zaholela ezinjwayelweni ezithile zenguquko, kuhlanganise ne-USA Freedom Act (20), eyaqeda iqoqo elikhulu le-metameter metameter metation. [[FTLT:0]] Courtenter v. [208], yakhipha umthetho obonisa ukugcinwa kwe-cellphne, izimpawu zokuvikelwa kwe-Genethstingsting.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme siyaqhubeka siyindawo ebanzi. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 Selby County v v. Umphathi wachitha uhlelo lwangaphambili lwe-Voting Rights Act, oluholela ekubekeni imingcele emisha yezwe esha. Imithetho ye-Grandsting Regreement Act, ebizwa ngokuthi i-John Lewis Regrect, ebizwa ngokuthi i-comporance Congment, eqalwe i-Congress Congress Congress Congressbource ukuba ilungise isivikelo se-Act. Inguquko yeze yamacala eCrevolustration, ngemizamo yokubulala i-bitarcerve, ukuvimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho ye-oct, nokuqulunt, ukukhushulwa kwemithetho yeze i-Rhoval, i-omist, i-oms provicent, i-'igneticss. komiti emishanist, i-eqeqeqeqe

  • [FLT] Shelby County v. Hoker (2013): Inqaba yendlela yokuhlanganisa esetshenziswayo ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amagunya adinga ukuqondisa kwezwe ngaphansi koMthetho we-Voting Rights.
  • [FLT]] Amaqophana 'umqambi-' v. United States [2018]]: Kudingeka isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando ngendawo yengqamuzana, umthetho wemfihlo wezinombolo.
  • I-Black Live Matter Movement (203-presenters): Umzabalazo ohloniphekile okhuluma ngobandlululo lwesimiso sobuhlanga, ubudlova bamaphoyisa, kanye nezinhlobo ezibanzi zokungalungi kohlanga.
  • [[I-FLT:0] I-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act (igunyazwe): Imithetho yokukhuluma nokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo, nokusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso ze-octive.

Isiphetho: Indaba Engahlosiwe Yenkululeko YaseMelika

Izenzakalo ezingokomlando ekulweleni inkululeko yomphakathi eMelika zembula indlela yentuthuko efinyelelwe ngokulwa, ukumelana nokuzidela. Isizukulwane ngasinye siye sazuza ifa lamalungelo asungulwa abanduleli ukuba bawamise, futhi ngasinye siye sabhekana nenselele yokuvikela nokunyusela lawomalungelo ekubhekaneni nezinsongo ezintsha nezishintsha izimo. Ukusukela ekulweni kwelungelo lomphakathi kuze kufikele ekulweni kwezindaba zobumpohlo, ukuqashelwa kwezindaba zobuchwepheshe zanamuhla, ukuhlangana kwenkululeko yomphakathi akunakungenakugwenywa; kwenziwa abashisekeli benkululeko, izigebengu, izigebengu, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezifuna ukuba isizwe siphile ngokuvumelana nezinhloso zaso ezintsha. Izimpi eziqhubekayo ngenxa yokuthola amalungelo okuvota, ukuveza ukuqamba, ukuqashelwa, nokulingana ngaphansi komthetho kubonisa ukuthi indaba ayipheli. Ukuqonda lokhu kunikeza izenzakalo ezingoko ezingoko eziqhubekayo ukuze zihlanganezele emsebenzini owenziwa emphakathini oqhubekayo futhi ziqhubekele umphakathi.