Isisekelo Segunya Likahulumeni Ezweni LaseMelika Elizimele

Umthetho-mthetho we-United States umisa isimiso sombuso lapho amandla ehlukaniswa ngamabomu phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Isichibiyeli se-10] sisebenza njengendawo yomthetho-sisekelo yegunya likahulumeni, igcinela ngokuqondile amazwe (noma kubantu) wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga ngokuqondile uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezwe. Lokhu kukhetha kokwakha, okuchazwe ngokudume ngoMahluleli uLouis Brandeis njengokwakha "izazi zentando yentando yeningi," kuvumela ukuzama ngezimiso ezihlukahlukene ezihambela abantu bawo abahlukene nezindawo ezizimele. Ukuqonda izinga lemibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni akubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ukubusa kwaseMelika okusebenza ngayo ngokoqobo, njengoba imithetho nezimiso zivame ukuhlolwa kwemithetho ekhona ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Imithetho elawula lezimiso zikahulumeni ezicushelwe kahle kuhlola imibuso ezindaweni zikahulumeni ezisezindaweni ezihlukene, ukulinganisa imithetho yezindawo ezisezindaweni ezisekugcinelwe kuzo izingane ezise izinhlangano zezindawo ezisemphakathini eziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zomphakathi ukuthi ziqiniseke ukuthi izikhulu.

Imfundo: Ukuhlela, Ukuxhasa Nokulawula Indawo

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esiqondile kakhulu samandla kahulumeni kahulumeni ukuqondisa imfundo yomphakathi. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza ukusekela nokuqondisa okunezengeziwe ngemithetho enjengethi Everse Students Foundations Act (ESSA), imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko yokuqhuba izikole zomphakathi yehlela ngokuqondeneyo kuhulumeni nasezindaweni. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso cishe ugunyaza ilungiselelo "lomsebenzi nelokusebenza" noma "uhlelo" lwezikole zomphakathi ezikhululekile.

I - Curicula Nezindinganiso Zokufundela Ubufundisi

Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya lokunquma ukuthi yini abafundi abafundiswayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa izindinganiso zemfundo ezisezifundweni eziyisisekelo njengezibalo, isiNgisi, isayensi, nezifundo zezenhlalo. Ikhomishane yokufundisa yase-United States [ inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngendlela uhulumeni ngamunye angena ngayo esimisweni esivamile nasekuhlolweni. Amazwe avumela futhi izincwadi nezincwadi zokufundisa, amandla angaba angcono kakhulu lapho kuvela izimpikiswano eziphathelene nezifundo zezifundo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Texas kanye ne-California, ngenxa yamandla awo amakhulu okuthenga, angathonya ngokuphawulekayo emakethengizimu kazwe.

Ukuxhasa Nokuqondisa Isikole

Ohulumeni bahulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa izifunda nokuhlela izakhiwo zabo zokubusa. Ngokudabukisa kakhulu, bahlela izinqubo zokukhokha izikole zomphakathi. Ukuthembela ezintela zempahla zendawo kuye kwaholela ekuhlukahlukahluka okukhulu ekusebenziseni imali phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu, kuphoqelele izinkantolo zezwe eziningi eziphakeme ukuba zingenele ezisekelweni ezizimele. Izishaya-mthetho kumelwe zilinganisele imali yemfundo, izimali zenkokhelo yothisha, izakhiwo zempahla, nezinhlelo zemfundo ezikhethekile.

Uthisha Ufaka Isiqinisekiso Nokusilungisa

Izwe limisa izimfanelo ezidingekayo kubafundisi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa izimfuneko zezinhlelo zokulungiselela uthisha, ukunikeza amalayisense okufundisa aqhubeke, nokuhlela imfundo eqhubekayo. Izinketho eziqondile zesiqinisekiso se-creding zihluka kakhulu, ziveza izinto eziza kuqala ezingokothisha, izindlela ezihlukile zokuya ekilasini, kanye nezimfuneko zokuhlola.

Izinto Zokuhamba: Ukulawula Ukuqedwa Kwezakhiwo Nokuphazanyiswa Kwezixuku

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni bangabaklami abayinhloko nabagcini besimiso sezokuhamba sezwe. Nakuba imigwaqo emikhulu yase-interstate yayiyisiqalo sikahulumeni, umthwalo oqhubekayo wemigwaqo eminingi, amabhuloho, nezimiso zokuthutha uxhomeke kuMnyango wezothutho kahulumeni (DOT). Amandla okulawula izimoto, abashayeli belayisense, kanye nemisebenzi yezezezisekelo zezezimali anikeza amandla amakhulu okulawula ukunyakaza kwezentengiselwano.

Ukwakhiwa Komgwaqo Ophakeme Nokunakekelwa Kwawo

I-DOTs ilawula izigidi zezindlela ezihambayo zemigwaqo emikhulu nemigwaqo, kuhlanganise nezimiso zikahulumeni eziyingozi ezidla i-computer yesizwe. Izwe linomthwalo wobunjiniyela, ukwakha, ukunakekela, nokuhlola ukuphepha. Umthombo oyinhloko wezimali zalo msebenzi intela kagesi kahulumeni (intela yegesi), esho ukuthi intengo yentengo yegesi ngenxa yezimoto ezingasebenzi kahle ishukumisele amazwe amaningi ukuba azame ezinye izindlela zokuxhasa imali, njengemali yemoto kagesi noma intela yomsebenzi esekelwe kumandla emalini.

Ukushintsha Kwezimoto Nokuphepha

Amandla okumisa imithetho yezimoto ayisibonelo esivelele samandla kahulumeni. Izwe libeka isilinganiso sesivinini, limisa imithetho yomgwaqo, futhi lifaka izimfuneko zokuphepha njengemithetho yesihlalo esisongwe ngesithuthuthu. Izwe futhi lilawula izinhlelo zokulungisa umshayeli, libeka izindinganiso zokusebenzisa imoto. Isilinganiso esingokomthetho sotshwala obusegazini (BAC), nakuba buthonywe yizisusa zikahulumeni, siqiniswa ezingeni likahulumeni.

Ukuhanjiswa Komphakathi Nokukhishwa Kwemikhumbi

Ohulumeni bavame ukwengamela noma ukuxhasa izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, kuhlanganise amabhasi, izitimela ezihamba ngezinyawo, nemigwaqo ehamba ngaphansi komhlaba. Balawula futhi izindiza zezindiza ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba futhi balawule izikhumulo zezindiza eziningi zesifunda. Imidlalo ephakathi kwemali kahulumeni nekahulumeni ibalulekile emikhankasweni emikhulu yokuthutha umphakathi, kodwa isinqumo sokutshala imali ekuthutheni imoto ehambisana nokwanda komgwaqo omkhulu siseyilungelo elinamandla elinguhulumeni.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Umqondo "wamandla amaphoyisa" ubalulekile ekubuseni kwezwe. Leligunya elikhulu livumela imibuso ukuba inqumele impilo, ukuphepha, nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zayo. Inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho salo lonke umthetho wokwahlulela, izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho, kanye nezakhiwo zokuphatha isimo esiphuthumayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nemithetho Yesigebengu

Ohulumeni bamisa amaphoyisa noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezigadayo ngezindlela ezihamba ngezindawo eziphethe kulo lonke izwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu, izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zichaza ukuziphatha kobugebengu. IzEnzo ezinjengokubulala, ukweba, ukuhlasela, nokukhwabanisa zichazwa ngemithetho kahulumeni, hhayi umthetho kahulumeni. Nakuba kuhlangene nobugebengu bukahulumeni (njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa noma ukuphanga ibhange), izigebengu eziningi zivela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho wombuso. Amazwe amisa futhi anqume ukuthi iziqondiso zokuzinqumela, ukunquma ukuthi ziyini izakhi zomuntu siqu, futhi amise imithetho yezobufakazi nenqubo.

Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo Konogada Besizwe

Abalawuli basebenza njengabakhuzi-nhloko be-National Guard yabo. Leligunya livumela abaqondisi bakahulumeni ukuba bathumele amabutho agadayo ngenxa yezimo eziphuthumayo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinhlekelele zemvelo (i-hurricans, izikhukhula, imililo yemlilo, iziphazamiso zomphakathi). Igadali lisebenza ngaphansi komyalo kahulumeni (isihloko 32) lapho lisenza imisebenzi yezwe, ihluke endima yalo engokomthetho (Isihloko 10). Lesimo esikabili siyisici esikhethekile sokwakha uhulumeni waseMelika, ukunikeza amabutho alungele izimo eziphuthumayo zekhaya ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa kukahulumeni.

Ukulungiswa Nokubuyiselwa Endleleni

Izwe lisebenzisa izimiso zamajele eziningi ezilahlwe amafensi e-United States. Iminyango yokulungisa yoMbuso iyakwazi ukuboshwa, ukukhishwa kwesigwebo, nezimiso zokulingwa. Inani elandayo lemibuso iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo ukulungisa izimiso zomthetho zobugebengu, idlulisa "ibhokisi", inciphisa imiqathango ebophekayo, futhi yandisa ezinye izindlela zokugqunywa ejele. [FEDAL Eme Managemental Management Agency [[FLM:1]] ihlanganisa ukusekela kukahulumeni ukusabela kwenhlekelele, kodwa ukusabela kokuqala nokululama okuqhubekayo kuyimithwalo yemfanelo yombuso.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezabantu

Ohulumeni bombuso babalulekile ekuqondiseni ukunakekelwa kwempilo nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle. Ukuhlukaniswa komthwalo wemfanelo phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni kulendawo kuyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile kuhilela ukusekelana kwezimali kanye nokuphathana, kodwa amazwe ayaqhubeka ekwazi ukubhekana namagunya aphawulekayo.

IMedicaid Nempilo Yomphakathi

I-Medicaid iwuhlelo oluhlangene lwezwe oluhlanganisa impilo enikeza abantu abahola imali encane nemikhaya. Izwe lisebenzisa izinhlelo zalo ze-Medicaid ngaphakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni, okusho ukuthi linegunya eliqinile emazingeni okungangeni, izinzuzo ezivalelwe, namazinga okukhokhela. Ukwanda kweMedicaid ngaphansi komthetho we-Affordcable Care Act (ACA) kwaba yisinqumo esinemiphumela ebanzi yesimiso, namanye amazwe andisa futhi anqaba. Lokhu kukhetha kuye kwaba nemiphumela enteleni engakholeki nezimali. Iminyango yezempilo yezempilo ibuye ibe yi-affordive Careal Act yomphakathi, ukuhlola izifo, ukuhlasela, ukuvimbela, nokuvimbela izifo okungapheli.

Ukuthola Amasimu Ochwepheshe Bezokunakekelwa Kwempilo

Amandla okulawula futhi agunyaze imvume yodokotela, abahlengikazi, osokhemisi, nezinye izazi zezokwelapha zikhona kumabhodi ezokwelapha kahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano ezifaka imishayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokunakekela kodwa futhi kudala isithiyo sokuhlanganisa izifundazwe, iphuzu lokuphikisana okuye kwaqala ukudingida ama-interstate Medical Licensive Compation (njenge-Interstate Medical Licensive Convention).

Izinkonzo Zenhlalakahle Nezomphakathi

Izwe lisebenzisa izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zikahulumeni njenge-Server Alternation for Needy Families (TANF) ne-Someral Nutrition Applition Program (SNAP, izitembu zokudla ngaphambili). I-United States inoshintsho oluphawulekayo ekuklameni izinhlelo ze-TANF, kuhlanganise nokumisa izimfuneko zomsebenzi, amazinga azuzisayo, nemingcele yesikhathi. Izinhlangano zezwe ezivikela izingane (CPS) zinomthwalo wokuhlola ukumangalelwa kokuxhashazwa kwezingane nokunganakwa, ukulawula izimiso zokunakekela izingane zokutholwa, kanye nokuzinakekela.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nemithombo Yemvelo

Ohulumeni bahulumeni basebenzisa igunya elikhulu endaweni ezungezile, imithombo yemvelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo. Nakuba i-guvernet Environal Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izindinganiso zesizwe ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Ceac Air Act ne-Celean Water Act, izifunda zinecala ngokuyinhloko ekusebenziseni nasekubekeni lezi zindinganiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo ingamukela imithetho yendawo eqinile kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni.

Umoya Namanzi Asezingeni Elihle

Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zikahulumeni zivumela ukukhishwa kwegesi yezezimboni, ukuphoqelelwa kwezindinganiso zomoya ezisezingeni eliphezulu, nokuhlelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zikahulumeni ukuze kufinyelelwe izinjongo ze-semo-moyeni kahulumeni. Isibonelo esiyinhloko samandla kahulumeni yi-California igunya eliyingqayizivele ngaphansi kwe-Ceaoc Air Act ukuba ifune i-oparter errect e-EPA ukuze ibeke isilinganiso sayo, isilinganiso semoto esiqinile sokukhipha amanzi. Amanye amazwe angakhetha ukusebenzisa noma izindinganiso ze-California noma i-oralgateds. Ngamanzi, alawula izinga le-onqanda i-National Pollifictivetion Indection Indection Sy System, noma iNPDES, ukuqondisa izimiso zokukhishwa kwamanzi, nokugwetshwa kwamanzi nokusetshenziswa kwayo, okunzima kakhulu emazweni asomisozwe asentshonalanga lapho amanzi engomile noma ezindaweni eziwumbuso.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokuzingela

Amandla okulawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo awumsebenzi wombuso nohulumeni wendawo kuphela. Amazwe amisa imisebenzi yokwenza ukuhlelwa kwezindawo nokuhlelwa kwezindawo ukuba zihlanganiswe. Ohulumeni boMbuso bamisa imithetho ngokuphathelene nomthetho wokwahlukanisa, imithetho yokwakha, kanye nemiphumela yendawo ezungezile. Amazwe futhi aphatha izindawo ezinkulu zamazwe omphakathi (ngokuphambene nombuso wezwe njengeNational Forests ne Parks) kanye nokulawula izimayini, ukugawulwa kwamafutha, nokukhiqizwa kwegesi emazweni angawodwa nawawo.

Ukuphathwa Kwamahlathi Nokulondolozwa Kwawo

Amazwe alawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eqinile neyingozi, aqondisa izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezindawo ezingcolile, futhi alungise izinhlelo zokuhlambulula izindawo ezingcolile.

Ukuthuthukisa Izomnotho Nezentengiselwano

Amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano emikhawulweni kahulumeni anamandla ayisisekelo kahulumeni, ahlukile emandleni kahulumeni ebhizinisi lamazwe aphakathi.

Ukuhlelwa Kwebhizinisi Nokuhlelwa Kwemali

Cishe wonke amabhizinisi e-United States asungulwa ngaphansi komthetho wezwe. I-United States imisa imithetho yokwakha izinkampani, izinkampani ezilinganiselayo ezibopha izikweletu, ubudlelwane, nezinye izinhlangano zamabhizinisi. Izwe lifuna amabhizinisi nochwepheshe ukuba bathole amalayisense nemvume yokusebenza ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke imitapo yemisebenzi yamandla kagesi nezazi zendawo yonke ukuze ivumele izitolo zokudlela kanye nezinhlangano zokwakha. Izimfuneko zokudambisa amathengitha zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe, eziye zaholela ekuxabaniseni ngezintambo ezisemfazaneni zezincwadi zezezezezemali.

Umsebenzi Nomthetho Womsebenzi

Izwe lisebenza ngokuqondisa umsebenzi. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni emisa iholo eliphansi, imibuso eminingi iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo ukumisa iholo eliphansi kakhulu eliwumbuso. Imibuso futhi imisa imithetho elawula ukusebenza isikhathi esengeziwe, ukudla nokuphumula, isinxephezelo somsebenzi, umshuwalense wezisebenzi. Indawo ephawulekayo yamandla kahulumeni ukumiswa kwemiholo elinganayo "ukuya emsebenzini ophansi" imithetho evimbela izivumelwano zenyunyana, noma imisha ekhokhelwayo nezinhlelo zokushiya ezokwelapha, uhulumeni ophethe owenqabayo. U.S. Umnyango wezisebenzi zezisebenzi uvumela imiholo elinganayo ehlukeneyo enqamula imigqa yombuso, isho uchungechunge lwezimiso zezenkambiso zomnotho.

Ukukhokha Intela

Igunya lokukhokha intela libalulekile ekubuseni kukahulumeni. Izwe liphoqelela intela yentela yentela yentela, intela yenkampani, intela yempahla, nentela ekhokhwayo ezintweni ezinjengophethiloli nogwayi. Inkambiso yentela yoMbuso iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa izomnotho, kanti amazwe ancintisana ukudonsa amabhizinisi ngezisusa zentela nezikweletu. Ukuhlukahluka kwemithwalo yentela kahulumeni kukhulu, kanye namanye amazwe (njengeTexas neFlorida) ngenxa yokunikela intela yomuntu siqu ngokuphelele, kanti amanye (njengeCalifornia neNew York) anentela ekhuphuzwayo ephakeme.

Ukukhetha Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 4 yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. inikeza amandla okunquma "Izinkathi, Izindawo noManer wokukhetha i-Senators kanye nabameleli" lokhu kwenza uhulumeni athathe uhulumeni oyinhloko wokhetho lwaseMelika.

Ukubhalisa Nokuphathwa Kwezigaba

I-odoli imisa imithetho yokubhalisa, kuhlanganise nemithetho elandelwayo, izindlela (i-anti, i-octive, usuku oluzenzekelayo,) kanye nezimfuneko zokuthola. Izwe linquma izinhlobo zezimiso zokuvota ezisetshenziswayo (izincwadi zephepha, imishini ye-electal), imisa inkathi yokuvota kwasekuqaleni, futhi ilawula ukuvota (ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi ukungekho noma ukuvota ngeposi). Imithetho ethile elawula lezi zinqubo iyahluka kakhulu, ibonisa amafilosofi ombuso ahlukile ngokuphathelene nokungena kokhetho kanye nokuthembeka kokhetho.

Ukuvuselela Izindawo

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (noma izikhomishane ezizimele ezakhiwa umthetho wezwe) zinomthwalo wokudweba izigodi zemithetho yesizwe nezi-Congressionational ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu okungagqibeki. Lo mbuso wokulungisa unezici ezinkulu zezombangazwe, njengoba indlela izinhlu zesigodi ezidwetshwa ngayo zinganquma ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu alawula isishaya-mthetho noma amanxusa enhlangano ye-authoni asemthethweni iminyaka eyishumi. Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokuvuselela (njenge "umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa" neSivumelo sokuvikela amalungelo esizwe eGarrymaning) zimiswa yinkantolo yombuso, kodwa ukudwetshwa kokuqala kwamabalazwe kungumsebenzi wezwe.

Umthetho Womkhaya Nempahla

Umthetho wobuhlobo basekhaya namalungelo empahla uyingxenye yegunya lombuso elicishe libe lilodwa. Lena imithetho "suku nosuku" elawula ukuphila kwangasese.

Umshado, Isehlukaniso, Nelungelo Lokuwinwa Kwezingane

I-States ikhipha amalayisense yomshado futhi imisa izimfuneko zomshado. Umthetho woMbuso ulawula izinqubo zesehlukaniso, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwempahla yomshado (ukwabiwa kwempahla okungahlukani), ukusekela okungaguquguquki (antimony), nokusekela abantwana nokusekela. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. imise ilungelo elingokomthetho lomshado owengeziwe Obergecreb v. Hodges, ukuphatha ukubopha kwezingane nokusekela nokusekela.

Ifa, Ifa Nezindawo

Umthetho kahulumeni ubusa ukukhishwa kwefa nokuphatha izakhiwo. Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano zikahulumeni zengamela ukwabiwa kwempahla ngemva kokufa. Umthetho kahulumeni uchaza futhi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphatha impahla (njengokusebenza okuhlangene nokusebenza) futhi unikeza isimiso sokuqopha sokuthengiselana kwezindawo ezizimele (izenzo, izikweleti, izikweleti). Lemiba yomhlaba igcinwa ezingeni lesifunda ngaphansi kwegunya eligunyazwe eligunyazwezwe.

Isiphetho

Izibonelo zemibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni zibanzi futhi zihlanganiswe kakhulu ekuphileni kwaseMelika. Kusukela ekusekelweni kwemfundo nasekuqondiseni ukuphatha kobulungisa, ukunakekela impilo, ukhetho, nobudlelwane bomuntu siqu, zingomabushiqela abalawulayo abahlala eMelika. Umthetho ophakeme waseMelika uvumela ukuba kube nokuhluka okukhulu, ukukwazi ukukwazi ukuhlanganisa amazwe ukusebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola inqubo futhi abonise izindinganiso ezihlukile zomphakathi wawo. Izakhamuzi ziphila ngaphansi kwesimiso esingokomthetho esisungulwe, esixhaswe, futhi siqiniswe nguhulumeni wazo. Ukuqonda ububanzi nokujula kwale kwale kwalamandla kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni inqubo yokubusa kwezombangazwe, njengoba izinqumo ezithinta kakhulu ukuphila kwansuku zonke zingenziwanga eWashington, DC. kodwa, ekwakheni isakhiwo esisesigabeni esincane.