Uhulumeni wendawo uthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela esimweni semigwaqo ohamba ngayo ukuya ekulondekeni kwamanzi owaphuzayo, izinga lezikole ezikhona, nejubane abaphendula ngokuphuthumayo abafika ngalo lapho ubiza u-911. Naphezu kobungane nomphumela wayo, umsebenzi kamasipala, izigodlo, amalokishi, nezifunda ezikhethekile ngokuvamile ahlala engabonakali kubantu abakhonzayo. Lesi sihloko sibuyisela ikhethini endleleni izinto ezenziwa ngayo idolobha lakho, sinikeza izibonelo ezicacile zikahulumeni wendawo. Ngokuqonda lemisebenzi kanye nabantu abawalandelayo, ungaba yisisebenzi esinolwazi ngokwengeziwe nesabelo esisemthethweni.

Uyini Uhulumeni Wendawo?

Uhulumeni wendawo uyizinga lobuphathi babantu abasondelene kakhulu nabantu. Ihlanganisa izindikimba ezikhethiwe nezimisiwe ezibusa indawo ethile ekhethekile − idolobha, idolobha, isifundazwe, noma isifunda esikhethekile. E-United States kuphela, kunezinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo ezingaphezu kuka-90 000, ngokwe-U.S. Bureaunce. Lezinhlangano zithola igunya lazo enqubeni yemithetho-mthetho kazwe nemithetho, futhi zisebenza ngamazinga ahlukene e-INFC, kuye ngomthetho wezwe.

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wendawo singahlukahluka kakhulu. Amanye amadolobha asebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiqinile [[FLT: 0]], lapho umphathi omkhulu omisiwe esebenza khona njengomphathi omkhulu ophethe i-veto emagunyeni omkhandlu wedolobha. Abanye basebenzisa ifomu [ ye-athon-injinil , lapho umphathi omisiwe esebenza usuku lwenyanga kuya kusuku lwenkambiso. I-Orini ngokuvamile inenkambiso noma ibhodi yabaphathi besifunda, nezifundazwe ezikhethekile (njengezikhungo zesikole, iziphathimandla zamanzi, noma imitapo) igxile endaweni eyodwa yomsebenzi. Naphezu kwesakhiwo, umsebenzi obalulekile uyaqhubeka: ukunikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile, futhi ukwamukela, futhi ukwamukela.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ngoba kulawula indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingazithonya ngayo. Ukuze ubheke ngokujulile izinhlobo zikahulumeni kamasipala, i-National League of Cities[[FLT: 1] inikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu.

Umtapo womtholalwazi kaHulumeni Wasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo benza imisebenzi eminingi ethinta ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi.

  • Ukuphepha kwe-Public - – amaphoyisa, umlilo, izinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, nokugcinwa komthetho wemithetho.
  • Imfundo – K-12 izikole zomphakathi, amakholiji omphakathi, nezinhlelo zobuntwana (ngokuvamile zenganyelwe ngamabhodi ezikole ezizimele).
  • [ Impilo ephilile nezinkonzo zomuntu [ – iminyango yezempilo, imithola-mpilo, imikhankaso yokugoma, nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezilula.
  • Izisekelo zokuhamba kanye nezokuthutha - - imigwaqo, amabhuloho, imizila yemigwaqo, izibani zomgwaqo, izimpawu zezimoto, ukuhamba komphakathi, nezimiso zamanzi nezindawo zokukhuculula indle.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlela nokuhlela - uhlelo lwendawo olusebenzisayo, imvume yokwakha, ukulondolozwa komlando, nokuhlelwa okubanzi.
  • Izindawo zokuzijabulisa kanye nokuzijabulisa – amapaki omphakathi, imidlalo, amasimu ezemidlalo, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye nezinhlelo zempucuko.
  • Izinkonzo ze-Environmental – ukuqoqwa kodoti, ukubuyiselwa, ukulawulwa kwamanzi esiphepho, kanye nokugadwa komoya/ukuhlolwa kwamanzi.
  • [[[UMTH:0] Inzuzo kanye nokuphatha [[[QUL:1] – ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukuqoqwa kwentela, imali, nokugcinwa kwamarekhodi.

Ingxenye ngayinye yalemisebenzi isekelwa inhlanganisela yemali yendawo (intela esemthethweni, izintela zokuthengisa, intela, nemali) kanye nokuthunyelwa kwentela phakathi kwezindawo zikahulumeni. Indlela idolobha elisebenzisa ngayo imali ephambili ibonisa izindinganiso zalo kanye nezidingo zezakhamuzi zalo.

Izibonelo Zikahulumeni Wendawo Ezisebenzayo

Izinhlu ezifiphele ziwusizo, kodwa izibonelo zangempela zenza umsebenzi kahulumeni wendawo usebenze. Ngezansi kunezindawo ezinhlanu lapho ungabona khona uhulumeni wendawo usebenza khona nsuku zonke.

Ukungenela Kokuphepha Komphakathi

Izinhlangano zamaphoyisa, izikhungo zomlilo, nezinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo zibonakala kakhulu kuhulumeni wendawo. Umnyango wedolobha ovamile wamaphoyisa usabela ekushayeleni ucingo olungu-911, ukuqondisa, ukuhlola ubugebengu, nokusebenza emaqenjini omphakathi ukuze kwakhe ukwethembana.

Amadolobha amaningi athathe iHhovisi lobuProtheli lobuProjekthi uhulumeni woMahluleli wezeNtlango , lapho izikhulu zabelwe khona ezindaweni ezithile futhi zikhuthazwa ukuba zakhe ubuhlobo nezakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-COPS ye-U.S. i-Proputmentsting Office isekela izivumelwano zomphakathi zobupolisi zomphakathi ezweni lonke, isiza ukunciphisa ubugebengu nokuthuthukisa ukwethenjelwa komphakathi. Kwamanye amadolobha, iminyango yamaphoyisa iqhuba amaqembu asebenza nochwepheshe bezempilo bengqondo ukuphendula izikhangiso zempilo eziye zaphumelela ukuthatha impumelelo ekuphakathweni kwabantu ezigeqeni zezomthetho zobugebengu ezweni lonke, isiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuncishisweni kobulungisa.

Iminyango yomlilo ayilungiseleli nje kuphela ukunqanda umlilo kodwa futhi ilungiselela ukuvimbela ukuchithwa kwamakhemikhali, ukuhlola ikhodi, nokusabela okuyingozi. Iminyango eminingi yomlilo iye yashintsha yaba yimpendulo yonke-i-applateds [, isho ukuthi ilungiselwe yonke into kusukela emlilweni wokwakha kuya ekuchithekeni kwamakhemikhali kuya ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha le Arnbor muva nje limise uhlelo lwezentelligence oluthumela izikhungo zomphakathi ukuba zilandele izingcingo ezingu-9 zezokunakekela, ukunciphisa izingcingo zegumbi lokuhambela izinhlekelele zemvelo nezokuthutha izimoto.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukuphepha komphakathi akuseyona nje into ethathayo, ebambisanayo, ne-data esetshenziswayo. Ohulumeni bendawo bayaqhubeka behlola izindlela zabo ngokuhlola izibalo, ukuhlola komphakathi, nemikhuba emihle kakhulu yesizwe ehlanganyelwa izinhlangano ezinjenge International City/Coverty Management Association [ICMA].

2. Imfundo Nezibhodi Zesikole

Imfundo yomphakathi iyizindleko ezinkulu kakhulu kohulumeni bendawo abaningi, futhi ngokuvamile ilawulwa ibhodi lesikole ekhethiwe. Lamabhodi amisa isimiso, avumela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, aqasha abaphathi, futhi anqume izindinganiso zemfundo phakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni. Izinqumo ezenziwa ezisesitejini sesikole zihlela okuhlangenwe nakho kwemfundo yezigidi zezingane.

Cabangela isibonelo se Izikole zomphakathi ze-Denver, ezithi ngo-2021 zathatha uhlelo olusha lwesikole esiphakeme olugcizelela ukuxazululwa kwenkinga yangempela yezwe nokuzimisela ukusebenza. Inyathelo laba umphumela wezinyanga zemihlangano yomphakathi, uthisha, nokubambisana nabaqashi bendawo. Ngokufanayo, Fairfax County School Board [ eVirginia iye yafaka kakhulu ezimisweni zokufunda zakuqala, iqasha abanye ochwepheshe bemfundo nokwandisa amathuba okufunda ehlobo. Le misebenzi iqhutshwa yimininingwane yendawo yabafundi ngemisebenzi nasemphakathini.

Amabhodi esikole alwa futhi nezimpikiswano ezinzima njengokuxhasa imali yesikole, ukuphepha, izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, kanye nokuthola imishini yobuchwepheshe. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 waqokomisa indima ebucayi yamabhodi esikole endawo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisheshayo mayelana nemfundo ekude, izikhundla zokufihla imbobo, nemithola-mthola-mpatala. Emiphakathini eminingi, imihlangano yezikhulu yesikole yaba indawo ephambili yokuthembisana komphakathi (*) cishe njalo, kodwa ibalulekile.

Uma ufuna ukuqonda indlela ibhodi yesikole esendaweni yakho esebenza ngayo, yiba khona emhlanganweni noma uvakashele ingosi yesigodi. Amabhodi amaningi afaka iziphakamiso nemizuzu ku-inthanethi, futhi amaningi ahlala ezindaweni ezikuyo. Ukuze kuqondiswe ibhodi yesikole, i-National Boards School Association[[FLT: 1] inikeza imithombo yemali kanye ne-advocy.

3. Izinkonzo Zezempilo Zomphakathi

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo iwumkhondo wempilo yomphakathi. Iphethe ukuhlola izifo, imitholampilo yokusebenza, inikeza ukugoma, ihlola izindawo zokudlela, futhi yenza imikhankaso yezempilo. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, leminyango yaba amagama emisebenzi yasekhaya njengoba yayikwazi ukuhlola izindawo, ukusakaza imijovo, nokuxhumana komphakathi.

Isibonelo esivelele yi- Umnyango wezempilo we-Pima e-Arizona, ohlangene nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuze umise amaqembu okugoma ahambayo ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezingamele. Umzamo wancike ekwazini ukwaziswa kokuhlukanisa izindawo ngezinga eliphansi lokugoma, khona - ke amaveni athunyelwa emasontweni, ezikhungweni zomphakathi, kanye nasezikhungweni zezindlu zomphakathi. Isilinganiso esingaphezu kwekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu amahlanu sasetshenziswa ngale simiso, sanciphisa kakhulu ukuncitshiswa kwezindawo zokusetshenziswa komjovolo.

Ngaphandle kokusabela kobhadane, iminyango yezempilo yendawo isingatha izindaba ezingamahlalakhona ezinjengokukhuluphala, ukuluthwa utshwala, nokuphepha kokudla. Abaningi basebenzisa abesifazane, izinsana, nezingane (WIC) izinhlelo zokunikeza ukusekela kokudla emikhayeni ethola imali encane. Abanye babambisana nezikole ukuze banikeze izinkonzo zempilo zengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, King County[ eWashington iphethe isociation yezempilo enikeza ukunakekelwa okuyinhloko, ukunikeza iseluleko sempilo, ukunikeza abafundi inzuzo yempilo, kanye nezinkonzo zamazinyo eqenjini.

Impilo yomphakathi yendawo iyisibonelo esiyinhloko sokusebenza kukahulumeni ngaphandle kwezindawo ukuze kuvinjelwe izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba ziqale. Ngokutshala imali ekunakekeleni ukuvinjelwa, imfundo yempilo, kanye nokubambisana komphakathi, ohulumeni bendawo basindisa ukuphila futhi banciphise izindleko zempilo ezithatha isikhathi eside.

4. Ukusetshenziswa Kokulondoloza Umzimba Nomphakathi

Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izikhungo zamanzi, nezindawo zokuchitha indle kungase kungabi mnandi, kodwa kuyimithambo yomphakathi. Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wokuhlela, ukwakha, nokunakekela le misebenzi. Uma imbobo igcwele, uphawu lwezimoto luyalungiswa, noma ukuqhekeka kwamanzi kulungiswa, okuwuhulumeni wendawo osebenza.

Izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zivame ukuhlanganisa ukufakwa komphakathi okubalulekile. Amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa uchungechunge lwezindlu ezivulekile ukuze axoxe ngemikhondo emikhulu ehlotshaniswayo ukuletha imisebenzi, ukuqoqa incazelo, nokuphendula imibuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha i-Portland, Oregon[ yaba nezindlela zokuvula ukuze kuxoxwe ngemikhondo emikhulu evikelekile yebhayisekili, ithuthukise imikhondo yezimoto, inciphise ijubane lezimoto. Izakhamuzi zazikwazi ukubona ukuhunyushwa, ukukhuluma, nephicoko. Icebo lokugcina elifakwe kulezo ziluleko eziningi, eliholela ekudingizweni okuphephileyo futhi okutholakalayo.

Elinye ithuluzi elinamandla yipulani yokuthuthukisa i-( Capital [CLT:1], uhlelo oluthatha iminyaka eminingi lwemisebenzi emikhulu yezemfashini. Ohulumeni bendawo banyathelisa amaCIP awo kuyi-inthanethi futhi bavame ukucela impendulo yomphakathi ngaphambi kokuba bathathwe. SAN Antonio, Texas, i-CIP ihlanganisa isikhwama esinikezelwe sokulungiswa komgwaqo kanye nokuxhumana okusha kwendlela, kuqhutshwa i-anti yezisebenzi ezisebenza ephawule amagebe abalulekile.

Izakhiwo futhi ziwumshayeli omkhulu wezezomnotho. Imigwaqo enamatheli athengwa kahle kanye nemishini ethembekile idonsa amabhizinisi nenani lempahla. I- iMelika Road & Transportaters Association iphawula ukuthi noma imali engenisa imali eyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-R3 000 ezifakiwe emizileni emikhulu isekela imisebenzi ecishe ibe 27 000. Izakhiwo zikahulumeni zendawo, ngisho nangezingalo ezincane, zidala umsebenzi wendawo futhi zishukumise izomnotho.

5. Ukuhlela, Ukuzilungisa, Nezwe Kusetshenziswa Ukuvuselelwa

Ukuhlela nokuhlela indawo kunquma ukuthi kungakhiwaphi, intuthuko enzima kangakanani, nokuthi indawo izobukeka kanjani esikhathini esizayo. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa amacebo abanzi, imithetho yokuhlela, nezimiso zohlelo ukuze baqondise ukukhula kuyilapho bevikela isimilo somphakathi nemithombo yemvelo.

Isibonelo esicacile sivela ku- i-Boulder, i-Colorado, esebenziselwe isikhathi eside ukulondoloza indawo evulekileyo nokunciphisa indawo. Umthetho wedolobha oluhlaza uvimbela ukukhula emaphethelweni edolobha, ukwakha inqolobane yezindawo zokuhlala nezilandelana. Lenkambiso iye yanezela izinga eliphezulu lokuphila nempahla eqinile, nakuba ivimbela ukugcinwa kwezindlu kwezindawo zedolobha emaphethelweni edolobha, isenza sibe nesikhala esihlala njalo esibhekene nemiphakathi eminingi.

Izindawo zokuhlela kulapho izakhamuzi zingaba nethonya eliqondile khona. Laba abamisiwe noma abakhethwe izindikimba babukeza iziphakamiso zeziqephu ezintsha, intuthuko yezentengiselwano, nezinguquko ezakhiweni ezikhona. IChapelling Hill, iNyakatho Carolina, ibhodi lokuhlela muva nje iphikisana ngesicelo sokuthuthukisa intuthuko exubile eduze kwesiteshi sezithuthi. Omakhelwane baveza ukukhathazeka ngezimoto nobude, kuyilapho amabhizinisi endawo aphikisana ngezindlu ezengeziwe ukuze asekele izisebenzi. Ibhodi ekugcineni yagunyaza inguquko ephansi eyayihlanganisa amagumbi ezindlu ezibiza imali kanye nebhasi elisodwa.

Izinqumo ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni zihlobene futhi nemigomo yendawo ezungezile. Ohulumeni abaningi basendaweni manje bahlanganisa imigwaqo ephelele izinqubo, ezidinga ukuba imigwaqo emisha ihlasele abahamba ngezinyawo, abagibeli bamabhayisikili, nabasebenzisi abathuthi. Abanye bamukela imithetho yokwakha eluhlaza ngokuphangaleleyo[ egunyaza amandla kanye nokuphatha amanzi avunguzayo. Inhlangano yokuhlela iMelika inikeza imithombo yokusiza imiphakathi ukuba iphishekele ukuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo lapho ihlonipha amalungelo empahla.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nohulumeni Wendawo

Uhulumeni wendawo usebenza kangcono uma izakhamuzi zihileleke. Ukuvota kudlulela ngalé kokuvota kukhetho lukamasipala (ngokuvamile olunezindlela eziphansi). Nazi izindlela eziningi zokuhlanganyela futhi wenze izwi lakho lizweke:

  • Imihlangano yasobala ebanzi ehlangene – umkhandlu weDolobha, ibhodi yesikole, ukuhlelwa, namanye amabhodi aba nemihlangano yasobala njalo. Abaningi manje banikeza ezinye izinketho zababa khona. Hlola uhlelo lwezinhlelo kusengaphambili futhi balungiselele ukukhuluma phakathi neziphetho zomphakathi.
  • Isetshenziswa ebhodini noma ekhomishini - Omasipala amaningi anezindikimba zezakhamuzi ezihlokomayo zamapaki, ukuhlela, ukulondolozwa komlando, ubudlelwane babantu, kanye nezinye. Izinqumo zivame ukukhangiswa futhi zivulekele zonke izakhamuzi. Kuyindlela eqondile yokuthonya inkambiso.
  • Ivolunteer yemisebenzi yomphakathi - ohulumeni bendawo bathembele kwizisebenzi zokuzithandela ekuhlanzeni ipaki, ukutshala izihlahla, ukugada indawo, nokulungiselela inhlekelele. Izinhlelo zokuzithandela zakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo kanye nemithombo yezisebenzi esenezeli.
  • Participe invision ye- - Amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa izinhlolo ze-inthanethi noma uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali ngokwengxenye ukuze aqoqe ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, e- i-Cambridge, eMassachusetts[, izakhamuzi zavota ukuthi zingaba kanjani izakhiwo eziseduze, kusukela ezihlahleni kuya embonini yomphakathi.
  • Hlanganisa izikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe – I-imeyili noma ucingo olubhalwe kahle lungaphakamisa ukuqaphela indaba. Izikhulu zomphakathi kulindeleke ukuba zilalele izinhlangano, futhi imiyalezo embalwa ecatshangelwayo ingashintsha izinto eziza kuqala.
  • Gqoka ngokwaziswa kwemithombo yezindaba yendawo - Funda iphephandaba lendawo, qapha iziteshi zikahulumeni, futhi ulandele ama-akhawunti ezenhlalo. Ohulumeni abaningi basendaweni manje banikeza amaphephandaba e-email anezingeniso ngemisebenzi nezenzakalo.

Ukuqomisana kungakuqeda amandla, kodwa akudingeki ukuba ube uchwepheshe ngobusuku obubodwa. Qala ngendaba eyodwa ebaluleke kuwe, imbobo ehleliwe yokwakha indlu, noma imali yesikole, futhi uyilandele ngokushesha ngenqubo yendawo. Uzofunda ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani nokuthi ungaba naliphi ithonya elikhulu.

Isiphetho

Uhulumeni wendawo awusona isigungu esikude; yiqembu lezikhulu ezikhethiwe, izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe, nezakhamuzi ezithembisene ukuba zigcine umphakathi uhamba. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphendula abaphuthumayo bakulungele ngesikhashana ukunquma ukuthi ipaki elisha kufanele liyephi, zonke izenzo zibonisa uhide lokuhlela, ukucubungula, nokubulala. Izibonelo kulesi sihloko ````Isivikelo somphakathi, imfundo, impilo yomphakathi, izakhiwo,' nendawo,' nokusebenzisa ububanzi nokujula kwalokho uhulumeni wendawo akwenzayo.

Ukuqonda lemisebenzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba ube nengxenye ekhuthele emphakathini wakini. Uma wazi ukuthi izinto zenziwa kanjani, ungasekela ngokuphumelelayo, unikele ngokunenjongo, futhi usize ekulolongeni indawo oyibiza ngokuthi ekhaya. Uhulumeni wendawo awuwona umsebenzi womunye umuntu, kungumsebenzi ohlanganyelwe kanye nethuba. Yiba nengxenye, hlala unelukuluku, futhi ubheke idolobha lakho lichuma.