Izici ezibonisa ngaphandle: Izinkinga Ezibangelwa Ukubona Izindawo

Izici ezibonisa ngaphandle: Izinkinga Ezibangelwa Ukubona Izindawo

Ukungathiyana phakathi kokubonana nokufihla imfihlo kuchaza enye yezinselele eziphikelela kakhulu zezimiso zokuziphatha ezikhona embusweni wanamuhla. Ohulumeni, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezinhlangano zomuntu siqu kumelwe zisekele ukulandisa ngokuthulula izifuba futhi zivikele amalungelo abantu ngokufihla imfihlo. Njengoba ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kwamanani kwanda nokushintshwa kwenani lezakhamuzi, isenzo sokulinganisela siya siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola izingqinana eziyisisekelo, ukuhlola kwezendaba zangempela, izinqubo ezingokomthetho, kanye namasu asebenzayo okuhlasela ukubonakala okungaguquguquki phakathi kokukhanya nokungafihliwe.

Ukuchaza Izimiso Zokora

Lokho Okushiwo Ukubona Kahle Ekubuseni

Ukubona izinto ngalé kwesimiso sokuthi izenzo zikahulumeni, izinqumo, kanye nokwaziswa kufanele kutholakale emphakathini. Kusekela ukulandisa kwentando yeningi, kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izikhulu, zisebenzise imishini, futhi zihlole imiphumela. Ngaphandle kokubona kude, inkohlakalo iyanda, inciphe, futhi ukuthatha isinyathelo ngenxa yolwazi kuba nzima. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

• [ Iprojekthi eyimfihlo: Izimali zokunyathelisa, imizuzu yomhlangano, nemibiko yokusebenza ngaphandle kokucela izicelo.
• [[Umthetho:0] uvula izinyathelo zolwazi: Ukhulula ama-data angazweliyo kumafomethi okufunda umshini wokuhlaziya nokusungula.
• Ukuhlola kobuPublic: Ukwakha iziteshi zomfakela wesakha ngaphambi kokuba izinqumo zesimiso zilungiswe.

Izindikimba zomhlaba wonke njenge [[QL:0]ECD zithuthukisa ukubonakala ngaphandle njengensika yokulawula okuhle, zigcizelela ukuthi ukuvuleka kolwazi kunciphisa ulwazi futhi kunika umphakathi amandla.

Ukujula Kwendlela Yokuba Wedwa Njengelungelo

Imfihlo yilungelo lokulawula ukufinyelela komuntu kokwaziswa kwakhe siqu nokungaphazanyiswa okungadingekile. Ekulawuleni, izakhamuzi zangasese zivikelekile ekuqapheni, ekusebenziseni kabi ukwaziswa, nasekukhetheni. Kufakwe emishinini enjenge Isimemezelo sobuzwe samalungelo abantu [ (Iziqu ezithiwa i-Eral Data Protection Regivement (GPR). Izici ze-Core zihlanganisa:

• Ukunciphiswa kwe-data: ukuqoqa kuphela ukwaziswa okudingekayo ngenjongo engokomthetho.
• [ Imvume nokukhetha:[ Ukuvumela abantu ukuba banqume ukuthi umniningo wabo usetshenziswa kanjani.
• [[[Umthetho:0] Ukhuseleko nokufihla imfihlo:[ ukuvikela ukwaziswa ekufinyeleleni noma ukuphuka okungagunyaziwe.

Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezinkonzo zomphakathi — kusukela emarekhodini ezempilo kuya emafasiteleni entela — kwenza ukuba isivikelo esiqinile semfihlo sibe sibucayi kakhulu — futhi kube yinselele kakhulu kulokhu.

Inkinga Engathi sína: Lapho Kuvuleka Inkululeko Nokuthululwa Kwezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Inkinga enkulu ibangelwa ukuthi ukubonakala ngokukhululekile kanye nokufihla imfihlo ngokuvamile kuthatha izindlela ezihlukene. Ukubona ngalé kokwaziswa komuntu siqu ngokugcwele kungadinga ukudalula ukwaziswa komuntu (isizk., amaholo ezisebenzi zikahulumeni, ukuthungatha othathi-mza), kuyilapho ukuba wedwa kungavikela ukuziphatha okubi komphakathi. Inselele iwukubona ukuthi umgqa kufanele ugwenywe kuphi. Izici zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zokuhle zinikeza lokhu kuhlola:

• Ubunani:[[FT:1] Funa okuhle kakhulu kwenani elikhulu kunawo wonke. Lokhu kungathethelela ukuphazamisa kwasese uma kuveza izinzuzo zomphakathi eziphawulekayo (umz., ukuxhumana kobhadane).
• Izimiso zokusebenza kwe-Deontal: Ukugcizelela imisebenzi namalungelo. Imfihlo iyilungelo eliyisisekelo okungamelwe lidelelwe ngisho nangezinzuzo.
• izindlela ezisekelwe-kulungile: Ukulinganisela amalungelo ancintisanayo", ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi nelungelo lomuntu lokwethukela yimfihlo (ngokwenza i-ace nezindlela ezinciphileyo.)

Kunalokho, ziqokomisa isidingo sokwahlulela umongo, ukuvikela okungokomthetho, nenkulumo - mpikiswano yomphakathi eqhubekayo.

Ukucindezeleka Okuyinhloko Okukhona

• ama-vs esizwe avikelayo. Ukuhlola: Ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni kokuxhumana kwamukeleka kangakanani ukuvimbela ubuphekula ngaphandle kokwenza isimo sokuqapha?
• ivula imniningo kahulumeni vs. phinda-phinda ufaka: Ukunyathelisa ama-data angaqondakali (umz., uhambo lwamatekisi noma izibalo zezempilo) kungavumela abantu ukuba baphinde baphawulwe, ikakhulukazi uma ihlangene nolunye ulwazi.
• Abacuphi be-wistlever v. imfihlo: Ukuveza ububi kuvame ukuhilela ukuveza ukwaziswa okuhlukanisayo, ukuphoqelela ukukhetha phakathi kokubona ngapha naphakathi kokuvinjelwa okungokomthetho.
• [ Umkhankaso wokubona ngamehlo. Imfihlo yomninindlu: Abathekelisa ngokufuna ukuba umphakathi ungene hlangothi noma umeme ukuhlukunyezwa.

Indaba Ihlolwa Kumboni We-Privzem Nexus

U - Edward Snowden NesAmbulo Se - NSA

Ukuvuza kuka-2013 kuka-Edward Snowden kwadalula izinhlelo zokuhlola zembulunga yonke eziqhutshwa yi-National Security Agency (NSA), eyaqoqa ukuxhumana okubanzi kocingo ne-Internet okuvela ezigidini zabantu. Abasekeli bemibukiso yokubona izinto baphikisa ukuthi izingcaphuno zazibalulekile ukuze kwaziswe uhulumeni ngokuphamba nokuphoqelela izinguquko − njenge USA Freedom Act (2015), eyaqeda ukuqoqwa kwemimethane yemimethane. Abasekeli bezindaba bomfunda-mshane baxwayisa ukuthi imfihlo, ukuhlola ngokungakhethi kwemicimbiso kwemithetho ye-mfashini eyisisekelo. Indaba ibonisa ukuthi ukuchaphaza obala kwezindaba eziyimfihlo kuveza ukuphamba imfihlo okubekwe egameni lokulondeka. [[FLT:] I-Emplective Foundation Foundation [FLD:1]

Ukuxhumana kwe-covid-19 yesitayela

Phakathi nale nbhadane, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa amathuluzi e-teography − ukuthatha indawo ye-octal, ukuhlola i-Bluetooth, kanye nesimo sempilo yama-apps @tory abonisa ukuthi abantu abanayo bathintana nhlobo. Lezi zimiso zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngezindaba zomuntu siqu: lapho igcinwa khona? Ikhona isikhathi eside kangakanani? Ingasungulwa ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemisebenzi engekhona ukushisa? Amazwe anjenge-South Korea athatha ukubonakala okunonya okunonya ngokusakaza komphakathi okunegciwane, kuyilapho abanye (umz., iJalimane, iSwitzerland) befuna ukubekwa ngokuhloniphekile, izakhiwo zobumklamo wesi ezibonisa izakhiwo zemininingwane. Izilinganiso zempilo yomphakathi nezomuntu siqu zihlala zikhona, ngepost-pandetic mayelana nokuphikisana ngokuthi kunezinyathelo ezithile eziphuthumayo.

Amakhamera Omzimba Wamaphoyisa

Amakhamera asebenza emzimbeni aphakanyiswa njengethuluzi lokulandisa amaphoyisa ngokuxhumana nomphakathi. Nokho, kuphakama imibuzo maqondana nalapho i-pane ye-(umk., ngemva kokudubulana kwesikhulu) noma ukubulala iziboshwa, noma abantu abasesimweni esibucayi (umz., ukushaya izingcingo zasekhaya). Iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa isebenzise izimiso eziqinile zokusabela nokuthola imvume yomphakathi ekwazi ukuqopha amarekhodi athile, kodwa iyaqhubeka. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nobuchwepheshe bokuveza amehlo obala obunelisayo bungadala izinkinga ezintsha zemfihlo ezidinga ukuklanywa ngokucophelela.

Imisebenzi Yokulungisa Nokulungisa Engokomthetho

Ohulumeni baye bamisa imithetho yokuveza izimo zobuso nokufihla imfihlo. Izinqubo ezimbili ezinethonya kakhulu yinkululeko of Information (FOI) imithetho nezimiso zokuvikela ukwaziswa.

Inkululeko Yolwazi Izenzo

Imithetho ye-FOI inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokucela amarekhodi kahulumeni. Ivame ukuhlanganisa ukukhulula ngenxa yezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukugcinwa komthetho, nezimfihlo zokuhwebelana. Ngokwesibonelo, inkululeko yolwazi yase-U.S. ikhulula ukwaziswa “okungasho ukuhlaselwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu okungadingekile.” Inselele isekusebenziseni izikhala ezingadingekile, ngokungaguquki, ." Inselele ingaba yikhona ukuze ifihle ukwaziswa okudumazayo kunokuba ivikele imfihlo yangempela.

Isivikelo Semininingwane Nemithetho Yangasese

Imithetho enjenge-GDPR eEurope ne-California Consumer Ancy Act (CCPA) imisa amalungelo emfihlo, kuhlanganise nokungena, ukuqondisa, ukukhipha, nokugcinwa kwemininingwane yomuntu siqu. Lemithetho ibeka imingcele endleleni ohulumeni nezinkampani ezihlela ngayo imininingwane yomuntu siqu, idala ukungezwani ngezimiso ezivulekile ze-data. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunyathelisa imishado kahulumeni kungangqubuzana nezimiso zokuvikela ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokuba ukwaziswa kushiwo noma kuthethelwe nesithakazelo esisemthethweni emphakathini.

Ukulinganisela Imithetho

Izindawo ezihlukahlukene ziye zazama ukuhlanganisa ukubonakala nokufihla imizwelo ngesiqondiso esithile:

• I-Open Government Directive (U.S., 2009): Ikhuthaza ukuthulula izigwegwe lapho idinga izinhlangano ukuze zivikele ukwaziswa okungabonwa.
• EU’s Open Data Directive (209): ikhuthaza ulwazi lomphakathi olusetshenziswa futhi kodwa idinga ukuvumelana nomthetho wesivikelo semininingwane.
• ’s Access to Information Act and Act: Iklanyelwe ukusebenza ndawonye, futhi igebe elicacile lokukhulula ukwaziswa komuntu ngaphandle kokuba ukuthulula ulwazi kusize isithakazelo somphakathi.

Naphezu kwalezi zici, amagebe asele. Ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okungalawuleki − ikakhulukazi ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, ekuqapheleni ubuso, nasekubikezeleni ukuthi kuzoba khona i-alytics", ngokuvamile kudlula ukulungiswa kwemithetho, kubangele ukukhinyabezeka okuphazamisa kokubili ukubonakala kokukhanya nokuyimfihlo.

Ithonya Lezobuchwepheshe Elinganisweni

Imininingwane Emikhulu Nethonya Elikhulu Ekubuseni

Ohulumeni basebenzisa kakhulu imininingwane emikhulu ethuthukisa izinkonzo, ukuqapha ukukhwabanisa, nokunika imithombo. Lezi zimiso zingasebenza ngokuphazima kweso, kwenze kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukwazi ukuthi imuphi umniningo oqoqiwe nokuthi zifinyelelwe kanjani izinqumo. i-AIAi Now Institute[ i-algoricisms] ibone ukuthi izimiso ezisetshenziswa enhlalakahleni yabantwana, e-project, kanye nezinzuzo zokuphatha okuvezwe ngemiphumela exekethile noma engalungile. Ukuba sobala okukhulu mayelana nemifanekiso, ukuqeqesha, nezinqumo zezigqi kungaveza ulwazi oluthathelwanayo, futhi kudala ngokugcwele lapho izimiso ze-AIP, kuhlala kunzima ukwenza ubuchwepheshe.

Ukuqamba Amagama Nezingozi Zokuphinde Uphawulwe

Ukukhipha ukwaziswa okungaqondakali kuyisu elivamile lokubona ukukhanya ngaphandle kokwephula isibopho sobuso obuyimfihlo. Kodwa ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukufihlwa kwamagama kuyafiphala: i-Netflix Day datasethi ye-Netflix (2006) yasuswa yangabonwa ngamagama ngokuyixhumanisa nama-IMDb digide, futhi amarekhodi ezokwelapha aphinde aphawulwe ngokusebenzisa imiqulu yomphakathi yokuvota. Robustt amacebo okuguqula imfihlo (imfihlo, k-anymic, i-data yokwenziwa) iyakhona kodwa ayisamukeleki ngendlela efanayo. Ohulumeni kumelwe bafake imishini yokwethungathathule-phanga i-phatho-fizi yobuchwepheshe futhi bashicishe ngaphansi kokulawula okucophelela.

Ukuvimbela Amarekhodi Omphakathi

Abanye ohulumeni bahlola amabhange okubhalisa izwe, ukuvota, nokunikeza itshebe. Nakuba amabhulokwe enikeza amarekhodi abonisa ukungezwani, aphakamisa futhi izindaba zomuntu siqu ngoba ukwaziswa komholi womphakathi kuhlala njalo futhi kuyabonakala kubo bonke. Amakhambi anjengobufakazi bolwazi olungafiphazi noma amabhulokwe avunyelwe angafiphaza imininingwane, kodwa lokhu kunezela izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi nezibusayo.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zezinhlangano Zokubusa

Ukulinganisela kudinga okungaphezu kwezimiso ezingabonakali, okudinga imisebenzi engokoqobo. Nawa amasu asebenzayo izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlangano ezingawamukela:

Ithonya Lokuziphatha Kwangasese (IPIA)

Phambi kokuba uqale noma isiphi isinyathelo esiqoqa noma esiveza imininingwane yomuntu siqu, yenza i-PIA ukuze ubone izingozi zomuntu siqu kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlola ukufaneleka. Ukunyathelisa isifushaniso sePIA nakho kunezela ekubonakaleni ngokubonisa ukuthi imfihlo yayicatshangelwa kanjani.

Nandisela Isibonelo Sezilonda Eziboshelwe

Akusikho konke ukwaziswa okudinga ukuba kube komphakathi ngezinga elifanayo. Dala izigaba:

• ivula ngokwephutha: Imniningo engasheshi ukusebenza, amabhukwana enqubo, izibalo ezihlukanisiwe.
• Imininingwane engase ibe nezikhombi, ededelwe ngemva kokuvuleka noma ngemvume.
• Ukudalula:[ Imininingwane engalimaza imfihlo, ukulondeka, noma ukuncintisana uma iveziwe.

Sebenzisa isayensi yezobuchwepheshe eyimfihlo (IZINTO EZINGASEBENZISWA)

Gcilisa amathuluzi afana nezindaba eziyimfihlo (asetshenziswa i - Census Bureau ye - 2020 Census), ukukopishwa kwe - homomorphic, noma ukubala okunengxenye eningi ukuze ukwazi ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa nokuhlaziya ngaphandle kokudalula imininingwane yomuntu siqu engaqondile.

Yakha Imishini Yokulawula Neyokulungisa

Izindikimba zobungameli ezizimele (izikhulu ze-privgate, i-ombustsmen) zingazifihla izimpikiswano, ukubukeza ukukhulula, nokuqinisekisa izinhlangano ukuba zilandele imithetho. Izakhamuzi zidinga futhi izindlela ezicacile zokufaka izikhalo zamafayela lapho zikholelwa ukuthi imfihlo yazo iye yaphulwa noma isicelo sokubonana sinqatshwe ngokungafanele.

Hlanganyela Umphakathi Ezinhlanganweni Ezingalawuleki

Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kwakhiwa ngokuhlanganyela. Ohulumeni kufanele babambe amahholo asemadolobheni, bahlole, futhi basebenzise amajaji ezakhamuzi ukuze bahlole izindinganiso zomphakathi mayelana nokubonana nokufihla imfihlo. Imvume ingazisa ukuhlelwa kwesimiso futhi igweme izinqumo ezithatha indawo ephezulu ezingazinaki okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezikhathi Zonke Nemibiko Yokubonisana Ngokubona

Izinhlangano kufanele zinyathelise njalo imibiko ecacile echaza inani lezicelo zokwaziswa, indlela ezazisingathwa ngayo, ukusebenzisa amandla okuhlola, nokungaboni zindaba zomuntu siqu.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasebuthweni Nabezindaba

Izintatheli, izinhlangano ezigadayo, nezifundiswa zisebenza njengezindawo zokuxhumana phakathi kukahulumeni nomphakathi. Zisebenzisa imithetho ye-FOI ukuveza ukonakala, ukuthatha isibopho sokwenza i-odoli, futhi ngokuvamile zisebenza njengamehlo omphakathi ezimisweni ezifiphele. Nokho, kungavela izingxabano: ukubika kophengululo kungase kuncike ekwazisweni okungafihliwe, futhi izinqumo ezikhishwayo kumelwe zilinganise inani lezindaba ekulimaleni abantu ngabanye. Izinhlangano zama-FoI zithatha iziqondiso zokuziphatha zokusingatha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, njengezisulu ezifihla ubugebengu noma zingashicici izithombe zomuntu siqu ngaphandle kwemvume.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Eduze

Izimo eziningi ezizayo zizondisa inkinga yokungaqondi kahle kokukhanya:

• Ukuhlola: amakhamera abonakalayo ezindaweni zomphakathi anikeza amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kodwa asongela ukuvinjelwa kwamagama. Amanye amadolobha (umz., San Francisco, Boston) aye avala ukusetshenziswa kwawo ohulumeni.
• [ Isimiso sokwaziswa esihehayo: Post-pandemic, ohulumeni bakha izimiso zempilo ezihlangene ukuze bathuthukise imiphumela. Umbuzo uwukuthi izakhamuzi ziyovuma yini ukuxoxa ngemininingwane nokuthi izikhuseli zomuntu siqu ziyoba namandla yini ngokwanele.
• AI-i-intshike: Ukwanda kwemithonje yezindaba yokwenziwa kululaza ukwethemba ubufakazi futhi kubekela inselele ubuqiniso bamarekhodi. Ukulawula kungadinga imithetho emisha yokubona ngamanani (umz., ukuqinisekisa okuqukethwe).
• Imininingwane ye-Global igeleza:[ Njengoba iziphambano zemininingwane zinqamule imingcele, izingxabano phakathi kwezindawo ezinemithetho ehlukene eyimfihlo zivame kakhulu. I-EU-U.S. IncalFrameworky izama ukudlulisa izinto, kodwa ihlala incintiswano engokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ngasemnyameni Ophicothile

Ukubonana kahle ngaphandle nokuzifihla akuphikisani ngokwemvelo, uma kulinganiswa kahle, kuyaqinisana. Isimiso esibonakalayo esiphathelene nokuzimela sizuza ukwethenjwa okukhulu, nombuso wokuvikela ngasese ochaza ukucabanga kwawo obala kulula ukukwamukelwa. Ukunquma izinkinga zezimiso zokuziphatha kudinga isibopho sokuqhubeka nengxoxo, izimiso ezisekelwe ebufakazini, kanye nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezisekelwe kokubili ezinezimiso nezimiso eziqinile. Akukho luhlelo oluzosebenza kuwo wonke amacala ozimele; esikhundleni salokho, ukubusa imizimba kumelwe ikhule [[[FLT:] isiko lokucabangela izimiso zokuziphatha [ eliphatha ukubonakala nokungafihliwe, njengamalungelo ahlukene kunokusebenzisa izingalawuzo zohwebo. Njengo ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinjongo zokuzivelela, izinhlangano eziyo ziyo ziyophumelela, futhi zihlale zikhona kanjani.