Amaqembu ezombangazwe aphakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlala zikhona kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, ezisebenza njengezimoto eziyinhloko izakhamuzi ezihlela ngazo, eziveza izintando zazo, futhi zithonye inqubo yomphakathi. Indima yazo ekulolongeni kokubili ukubusa nentando yeningi ayinakumiswa kakhulu.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe enza imisebenzi ehlangene eyisisekelo sokusebenza kwentando yeningi yabameleli.

Ukumelelwa Kwezithakazelo Ezihlukahlukene

Ihlanganisa izithakazelo, izindinganiso, kanye nezimfuno zamaqembu ahlukene ezenhlalo . "Izigaba zezezomnotho, imiphakathi yezinhlanga, izinkolo, izinxulumani zesifunda, iziphakamiso zesifunda, kanye nezinkolo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, baguqula umbono womphakathi ohlukene phakathi ube amapulatifomu avumelanayo anganikezwa abavoti. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, amaqembu anjenge-Indian National Congress neBaratiya Janata Party amelela izigaba ezibanzi zezigaba, amaqembu ezikhuluma izilimi, kanye nezithakazelo zezomnotho, kuyilapho amaqembu amancane ezifunda enikeza izwi kulawo asekelwe ezwe eJalimane noma eNetherlands. Ngokuvamile, amaqembu abonisa ukuhlukahlukahluka kwe-cialcualbavaval, i-eatmos, i-demodeism, i-edult, noma i-dimorections produal productionstions.[4]

Ukuhlaselwa Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Ngokuhlela imibuthano yemibuthano, ukuqhuba imibuthano yomnyango wendlu ukuya e-United States, ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano, nokutshala imali emikhankasweni yezindaba, amaqembu ashukumisa izakhamuzi ezingase zihlale zingadibani. Balula ukukhetha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezombangazwe ngokunikeza amalebula acacile nezimpawu ze-odoc, umz. “Democrat” v. “Republican” eUnited States,“Umbango”. I-Conservative" eUnited Kingdom. Lokhu kufaka izindleko eziphansi zokwaziswa ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kwenza ukuba kungeneke ngokwengeziwe. Futhi abathathi besitimela, ikakhulukazi eziteshini zotshani zotshani, benza izindlela ezivamile ukuba zingene ehhovisi. Ukuphakama kweqembu elivamile emazweni amaningi kuthuthukisa ukuhileleka kwezakhamuzi eUnited Kingdom, nakuba kuzenza izinselele ezintsha.

Umthetho wohlelo kanye nokumiswa kwe-Agenda

Iziphakamiso ziveza iziphakamiso ezinemininingwane ezichaza umbono wazo emphakathini. Phakathi nokhetho, lezizindawo zomgangatho zisebenza njengezivumelwano nabavoti; ngemva kokhetho, ziqondisa izinqumo eziza kuqala. Ezimisweni zemithetho yemithetho. Ezinhlelweni zephalamende, iningi leqembu ngokuvamile liba ipulani kahulumeni. Imikhosi futhi ihlela ikhalenda yemithetho yemithetho, inqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithola amacala, futhi iqeqeshe amalungu azo ukuze aqinisekise ukuvota. E-United States, abaholi benhlangano ye-Congress Congress bephethe amandla aqinile ezabelweni zekomiti nezimiso zesiteji, kuyilapho eUnited Kingdom, isimiso sokushaya izikwele sifaka izimali eduze nokusekela izimali zikahulumeni.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Amaqembu ezombangazwe anikeza izinqubo zokubeka izikhulu ezikhethiwe nohulumeni icala. Ekuphikiswani, amaqembu ahlola izenzo zeqembu elibusayo, ukufuna ukubonakala, nokunikeza ezinye izimiso. Amaqembu aphikisayo angaqala ukuhlola, ahlongoze ukuthatha isinyathelo sokukhomba umphakathi, futhi avuselele ukugxeka umphakathi ngemithombo yezindaba. Ngisho naphakathi kwemifelandawo, amaqembu angaphakathi ngezinye izikhathi ahlola amandla empatho ephakeme kakhulu. Ukuba khona kweqembu eliphikisayo kubhekwa kakhulu njengesici esibonisa ukuqina kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi (isiqinisekiso sokuthi abaxhasi besizwe abangenakugwema ukucusumbula futhi abanokhetho abafaneleyo abalandelayo.)

Ithonya Lezigaba Zezombangazwe Ekubuseni

Ithonya lamaqembu lifinyelela ekujuleni kwemishini yangempela yokubusa, lingalawuli nje kuphela izinqumo ezenziwayo kodwa futhi nendlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo.

Ukwakha Isinqumo Nokwenza Isimiso Esiza Kuqala

Uma iqembu liwina ihhovisi lesikhulu, ngokuvamile lilawula uhlelo oluhlelwayo − ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga ezitholwa uhulumeni futhi yiziphi izixazululo ezithuthukisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu elizimisele ukuqondisa indawo ezungezile lizomisa umthetho wesimo sezulu, kuyilapho iqembu lezebhizinisi lingase ligxile ekuqedweni kwentela nasekususweni kwentela. Izinga lokulawula kweqembu lihlukahluka: ezimisweni zobumongameli, umphathi omkhulu angase abe nokuhlakanipha okukhulu ngaphandle kweqembu, kodwa ezimisweni zephalamende, ukuhola kweqembu neqembu lalo lephalamende lakhe kuxhunyiwe kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu avame ukulondoloza amaqembu angaphakathi acabangayo namaphiko okucwaninga okuveza iziphakamiso, ukuqondisa kwezenzo zobuhlaka lwezengqondo zikahulumeni.

Izakhiwo Ezinokuxhumana Nokubusa Ezimisweni Ezihlukahlukene

Ezimisweni lapho kungekho mhlangano owina iningi, amaqembu kumelwe akhe imifelandawonye ukuze alawule. Le nqubo idinga ukuxoxisana ngezinguquko ezivamile zikahulumeni, izinqumo zokukhonza, nezinqumo zomthetho. Ohulumeni abahlanganisa izivumelwano bangazinza − kanti eJalimane amaGrand Coalition amade anqobayo phakathi kwe-Christian Democrates neSocial Democrates , noma i-Social Democrates , noma ukuqina okuvamile, njengokushintshashintsha njalo uhulumeni, nokuhlelwa kwe-Italy. Izivumelwano ezithatha phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlangene zingathinta ngokuqondile inqubo ethile: amaqembu amancane angakhipha izivumelwano ezingxabeni zezindawo (umz., ipeni, inqubo yokuguqula izidakamizwa, noma usizo lwezidakamizwa) ngaphezu kwalokho okusikisela ukubusa kwabo kuphela. Ukubusa kwe-Cinterracy, njengoba izikhundla ngokuvamile kuncintiswa ukunciswa kwesivumelwano esigcinwa.

Inqubo Yomthetho Nesiyalo Seqembu

Kuma-partime, izishaya-mthetho eziningi, amaqembu alawula ukuqhubekeka komthetho ngamakomiti amileyo, ama-caucs, kanye nemihlangano yobuholi. Amaqoqo aqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu avota ngokwe-partial, ikakhulukazi ngokuthatha izikweletu eziphakeme. Amazwe anesijeziso esiqinile − njengase-United Kingdom, eCanada, nase-South Africa, azimisele ukubona imiphumela embalwa nokungalungisi okukhulu. Ngokungafani, ukujeziswa kweqembu, njengaseUnited States Congress, kungavumela amalungu ngamanye amalungu ukuba aphule izikwele, nakuba i-Politikation isanda kukhula ubunye phakathi kobuholi beqembu nezihlalo. Ukuhlangana phakathi kweqembu nezihlalo kumisa futhi ukuma kwemiphumela emikhulu yezinguquko.

Ukumiswa Kwabaphathi Nokulawulwa Kweziphathimandla

Iqembu likahulumeni lilawula ukumiswa kwezikhulu ze-parthemy, izinhloko zezinhlangano, nezisebenzi eziningi eziphethe. Leligunya livumela amaqembu ukuba ahlanganise igatsha eliphethe nemigomo yawo yezimiso. E-United States, umongameli umisa abamiselwe kwezombangazwe phakathi kwe-practior, futhi ubudlelwane beqembu ngokuvamile bufeza indima ekukhetheni. Ezimisweni zephalamende, undunankulu umisa amalungu ekomiti phakathi kwamalungu eqembu. Ngalé kokumiswa okungokomthetho, amaqembu athonya inkonzo yomphakathi nge-reshcuns, ukuhlola, nokufakwa kwe-asemkhankambisweni wezombangazwe (*) inqubo yokungalahlisi i-mfansolo, uma ingalawulwa, ukuthobe i-a i-parnacracy kanye nokuhola ku-progated.

Indima Yezidili Zezombangazwe Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Ngaphandle kweminikelo yawo esebenzayo, amaqembu ezombangazwe ayingxenye yombono ovamile wentando yeningi ngokwayo. ayizinhlangano eziyinhloko ezihlanganisa izakhamuzi nohulumeni futhi zihlobanisa intando ethandwayo nesenzo sikahulumeni.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuba Nengxenye Ephumelelayo

Ngokuncintisana nokhetho nokufuna ukuvota, abavoti banikeza isizathu sokuya kulokhu kuhlola. Umncintiswano weqembu eliphakeme elingalinganiyo, [1] Lapho kunokwenyuka kwezindawo ezicacile zezinhlelo ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi ukukhetha kwazo kunemiphumela enengqondo. Ngokuphambene, lapho amaqembu ehlangana noma lapho abavoti bebona wonke amaqembu ewonakele, ukuvota kuthambekele ekuncipheni. Ama-parime ahlobanisa amaqembu ahlukene ngokwezesayensi: ngokwesibonelo, e-Ningizimu Afrika, i-Africa National Congress yakwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokuphumelelayo abamnyama abavote ngemva kobandlululo; e-U.S., womabili amaqembu amakhulu manje afaka imali enkulu ekuhlanganeni kwemiphakathi, ngisho nanjengobalwa kwangempela okukhishwa kwezindawo ezisemfakelwayo.

Ukunikeza Abashicileli Izinqumo Ezinenjongo

Ukukhetha kwentando yeningi kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba kunezinketho ezinikezwayo. Amadili yizinhlangano ezifaka izinqubo zeziphakamiso ezifaka ezinye izindlela ezivumelanayo. Ezimisweni eziningi, abavoti bangakhetha phakathi kokuphakamisa kwesobunxele, ipesentistrit, ukuhahela ngakwesokudla, ukubhudla, noma imibuthano ekhululekile, okwenza ukuvota kube nokushintshashintsha okukhulu. Ngaleyondlela kulula inqubo yokwenza isinqumo nezimiso zokhetho, ukukhetha kunezici eziningi kodwa kusanikeza izindlela zemibono ezihlukene. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu amaningi amaqembu azimele. ///-aphon abafuni bamapulatifomu azimele angabhekana nenani elikhulu lamapulatifomu ngamanye, okwenza ukuvotamela okunga okungaqondakali. Ngaleyo ndlela kulula inqubo yokwenza isinqumo nohlelo lokhetho.

Ukubhebhethekisa Impikiswano Yomphakathi Nemfundo Yezombangazwe

Imicimbi ivusa ingxoxo ngezimpikiswano zesizwe ngezingqungquthela zezindawo zenhlangano, ukubonakala kwemithombo yezindaba, okunyatheliswe izigcawu, nezenzakalo zomphakathi. Ifundisa izakhamuzi ngokudayiswa kwemithetho: ngokwesibonelo, iqembu elikhuthaza ukuthungatha ukuchaza ukufaneleka kwalo ekusebenziseni imali, kuyilapho iqembu eliphikisayo lizoqokomisa izindleko zezenhlalo. Kuhulumeni ophethe imibuso emisha, le ngxoxo iveza izakhamuzi emibonweni ehlukile futhi ikhuthaza ukucabanga okugxekayo. Izindawo futhi zisebenza njengezizathu zokuqeqesha abaholi besikhathi esizayo, ukudlulisela amakhono ekukhulumeleni komphakathi, ukuphatha komphakathi, nokuphatha izivumelwano.

Ukunikela Ekuthuthukiseni Iziqu

Ngokungenisa izimpi zezombangazwe ezihlelwe, ezilindelekile, amaqembu anciphisa amathuba okuphazamiseka kobudlova. Ebuthweni elimisiwe, ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwemibuso ebusayo ngemva kokhetho kuqinisekisiwe kakhulu ngezimiso zeqembu nangamahlelo angokomthetho. Ngisho nasemazweni anokwehlukana okujulile kwezenhlalo − njengase-Northern Ireland phakathi neNyakatho Yezinkathazo, noma izimiso ezihlukene kakhulu zase-Brazil zenza ukuba kube khona izinkundla zokuxoxisana nokuhlehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu asiza ekuhleleni isimiso ngokuthatha izinhlangano ezintsha zezombangazwe futhi afune, azihlanganisele ekwakheni izakhiwo zezinhlangano zezenkolo kunokuba azishiye zihlele ngaphandle kwesimiso sezokuzimo ezisemzingeni.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinxushunxushu Zezombangazwe Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Naphezu kokuma kwawo okuyinhloko, amaqembu ezombangazwe namuhla abhekana nezinselele ezingathi sína ezisongela ukufaneleka nokuphumelela kwawo.

Ukushintsha Imibono Nokuhlukana Kwezombangazwe Okukhulayo

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, igebe lemibono phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu liye landa kakhulu. E-United States, ukuhlanganisa okuncintisanayo kuye kwafinyelela amazinga angabonwanga kusukela enkathini yokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo, kanye namaDemocrat namaRepublican ehamba ngokuhlukana kakhulu ngenqubo, i-odemocratic, i-odim, ngisho nezinkolelo ezingokoqobo ([ Prew Research Center). Le ndawo ivame ukuholela ekuhleleni i-distroplay, inciphisana, futhi idene nabaphisi beqembu elihlukeneyo. Ezimisweni eziningi, ukuhlukana kweqembu elihlukeneyo, kungenza ukumiswa kwemifelandawo ehlukene nokungahleleki. I-Pulistrist ne-antives emelene ne-Afd) noma i-Entallian Status, i-sss eziphikisa ezingokwesiko ezingokwe-Europe.

Ukonakala Nokuncipha Kokwethenjwa Umphakathi

Ihlazo lokonakala elibangelwa yizifebe ezingekho emthethweni eziye zafakwa emkhankasweni wokufumbathisa okusobala . Kumazwe anjengeNdiya, iBrazil, ne-Italy, izenzakalo zenkohlakalo ezisesilinganisweni ezinkulu ziye zaholela ekukholweni kwamalungu avelele futhi zakhuthaza ukugxeka umphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka amaqembu aphambili njengabaziphethe ngokwawo kunamathuluzi amelelayo, ukuthembela ekuthotshelweni kwentando yeningi ngokwako kuyancipha. Izinguquko ezihloselwe ukuveza obala kwezezimali, izinhlangano ezimelene nemithetho encintisanayo eziqinile ziye zaphumelela ngokwehlukene. Nokho, ukuqonda okungafanele kwethonya abacebe ngosizo abacebile noma izithakazelo zezinhlangano kuhlala kungusongo olunamandla lokukholisa umphakathi.

Ukunganaki Nokuwohloka Kwamalungu

Ngaphesheya kwezindawo eziningi ezisungulwe ngentando yeningi, amalungu eqembu abelokhu encipha amashumi eminyaka. Ukunganaki kwe-Voter akubonisi nje kuphela ekuthatheni imingcele ephansi kodwa futhi nasekwenqabeni ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yeqembu. E-United States, ukuvota okukhulu ngokuvamile kuhamba cishe kungu 20-30% wabavoti abafanelekayo. Intsha ikakhulukazi ayinamathuba okuhlanganyela eqenjini, ikhetha izinhlangano ezisekelwe kuyi-inqumo noma i-i - Internet. Lokhu kususa i-ikhudroot kulula ukuxhumana kwamaqembu otshani futhi kunciphisa amandla ayo okuthola abafunda abahlukahlukeneyo. Abanye abantu baye bazama ukunqanda lokhu kudla ngokuxoxiswa noma ngokuvala amalungu omphakathi, kodwa ukuvala inqubo ende.

Izingxabano Zangaphakathi Nokungasabeli

Izindawo ezihlukene azizona ezohlobo olulodwa; ziqukethe amaqembu ancintisanayo afuna amandla nethonya. E-United States Party yeDemocratic, izingxabano phakathi kwamaphiko athuthukayo nasesilinganisweni ziye zavela ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokunakekelwa kwempilo, isimiso sezulu, necebo lokuvota. ERepublican Party, iTaa Party futhi kamuva i-Trump eyakhe izimpiko ezihlala njalo kanye nezingalawuleki. E-United Kingdom, i-Labour Party yabhekana nokuhlukana okubuhlungu phakathi kwe-fekthrion kaJeremy Corby kanye ne-centrista, okuphumela ekuphambukeni nasekulahlekeni kwe-volo. Izingxabano ezinjalo, uma zingalawulwa ngokuphumelelayo, zingaholela ekuhlukaniseni, ukuvolwa kweqembu elincishiweyo, elinondweyo, elingcono, elinondwe ebunziswe ekulawuleni.

Ikusasa Lezidili Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe avumelanisa ushintsho lwezakhiwo emphakathini, kwezobuchwepheshe, nakuhulumeni wembulunga yonke.

Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo Nobuchwepheshe

Izindawo zisebenzisa kakhulu imininingwane ehlohlayo, ukukhangisa kwezezokuxhumana, nokuthumela izindaba ezisemthethweni ukuze zifake imvume kubantu. Umkhankaso wokwenza umkhankaso uvumela ukufakwa kwemicroba yabantu abathile, ukuqoqa nge-protom yomphakathi, nokusabela ngokushesha ekubhuntshiseni izindaba. Emazweni anjengeTaiwan ne-Estonia, amathuluzi obuchwepheshe aye asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa inqubo ethile. Nokho, lezi zikhangiso ziphakamisa futhi imicimbi ehlanekezelwe ngezindaba, imininingwane yezindaba, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezomthetho. Izimo zesikhathi esizayo zidinga ukulinganisela ukuhlangana okumisha nezindawo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuvela Kwemikhosi Yokuhamba Namabutho Okusakaza

Izakhiwo zeqembu zamasiko zibhekene nenselele yezinhlobo ezintsha zezinhlangano zezombangazwe − ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-partment organisations organisa umehluko phakathi kwezinhlangano zezenhlalo nezinhlangano ezikhethayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iPodemos eSpain, iPitate Party eIceland, ne-Five Star Movement e-Italy. Lamaqembu athambekele ekuthembeleni kakhulu ekuhleleni i-intanethi, izimiso zentando yeningi, kanye nokuzisholoza kobuphini. Nakuba amanye ekhona abadlali abasunguliwe, amanye aphoqelele amaqembu amakhulu ukuba avumelanisa izitejijolo zawo nezinqubo zangaphakathi. Ikusasa lingabona ukuxuba okuqhubekayo, kanye nokuboleka amandla ezinhlangano zezokusebenza ngotshani kuyilapho zikhona izicubukhothanga ezise.

Ukugcizelela Okwandayo Ukungahloniphi Nokumelela

Ukucindezela okuvela emphakathini wezakhamuzi nasezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke kukhuthaza amaqembu ukuba athuthukise ukumelelwa kwabesifazane, izinhlanga nezigaba ezimbalwa, i-LGBTQ+ neminye imiphakathi. Amaqembu amaningi aye athatha izilinganiso zangaphakathi, izinhlelo zobukhenkethi, kanye nokujoyina izicelo. Imicimbi yesikhathi esizayo ehluleka ukukhokha izingozi zokulahlekelwa ukuthembeka nokusekela i-Swedish Social Democratic Party, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabaseNdiya, iReservation Bill yamuva yesigaba esisodwa sesithathu semithetho yezikhulu zabesifazane, iphoqelela amaqembu ukuba athathe izihlalo zabesifazane abafuna ukuvota.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezingosi Zeqembu Eliyiqembu Eliyizakhamuzi Ezihlukahlukene

Izinselele zomhlaba wonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka, nokuhwebelana kudinga ukubambisana okunganqamuki. Amaqembu ezombangazwe aqala ukwakha izivumelwano ezizweni zonke [1] NjengeSigungu saseYurophu ePhalamende laseYurophu noma i-Socialist International . Amanye amaqembu ahlanganyela futhi axhase umkhankaso nokuxhasa imingcele. Njengoba izakhiwo zokubusa zamazwe ngamazwe zikhula ngokusebenza, amaqembu angaqala ukuxhumana okunamandla kakhulu ngaphezu kwemingcele yawo, okungaholela ekuziphendukeleni kwezizwe zamazwe ahlukene ngempela. Lokhu kungamelela ukuqhela okuphawulekayo kwemikhankambi yezimiso ze-Westphalian.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlala ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kokubusa nentando yeningi, naphezu kokubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu. Asebenza njengokuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso, alungiselela ukumelelwa, aqhubele phambili, amise isimiso, aqinisekise ukulandisa. Ithonya lamaqembu asebenza ekwenzeni izinqumo, amandla ahlangene, izinqubo zomthetho, nokulawula ukuhlela izinto zosuku lwezwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsongo zamanje, ukonakala, ukungakhathaleli, nokungaboni lutho, nokungaqondisi kwemibono yangaphakathi. Ikusasa leqembu leqembu liyololonga ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe, ukuphakama kwezigaba, ukuhlangana okukhulu, nokuhlangana komphakathi. [F:] ukuze kuthuthukiswe, amalungu ashintshe izimo, kumelwe ashintshe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa imisebenzi yalo. Ukuqonda ukukhathalela ukusabela kobuphiniphiningo. Izindlela eziqhubekayo zempikiswano-jwayekile kunoma isigaba esincane se-Divolution.[3][3][1][F1]