Table of Contents

ISimemezelo Senkululeko singenye yezincwadi ezinethonya kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, esingasunguli nje kuphela iUnited States kodwa futhi siguqula nokuziphendukela kwemibono yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. ISimemezelo senkululeko sisho izimiso uhulumeni wethu, kanye nokwazi kwethu njengamaMelika, okusekelwe kuzo. Nakuba abaningi besibheka njengesithombe esingokomlando kusukela ngo - 1776, izimiso zaso ziyaqhubeka zithinta ngokujulile emphakathini wanamuhla, zithonya yonke into kusukela ezimisweni zemisebenzi kuya ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo abantu, kusukela ezimisweni zemfundo kuya emalungelweni ezizwe zonke. Ukuqonda indlela le ncwajana yesisekelo ethinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke kusisiza ukuba siqaphele amandla ahlala njalo emibono yayo eyisisekelo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo yanamuhla.

Isisekelo Sokuziphendukela Kwemvelo: Lokho Lesimemezelo Esakumisa

Kwakungowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "i-United States of America": ngalomqondo, lesiSimemezelo sasiyisitifiketi sokuzalwa kwesizwe saseMelika. Kodwa ngalé kokumisa isizwe esisha, iSimemezelo sachaza izimiso zokuvukela ezazibekela inselele uhlelo lwezwe olwalukhona. Sasho lokho okwaqala ukubhekwa njengokusho okufingqiwe kakhulu nokukhumbuleka kakhulu kwemibono leyosizwe eyasungulwa kuyo: amalungelo okuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo; imvume yokubusa; nokumelana nonya.

Indima yencwadi edumile kakhulu iqukethe izisho zefilosofi ezinamandla ezazithi zikhona ngesikhathi sabo. Ukugomela ukuthi "bonke abantu badalwe belingana" futhi banamalungelo "angenakuthathwa" kwamelela ukusuka okuphawulekayo emiphakathini yezikhulu zekhulu le-18. Kuze kube ngo-1776, kwathathwa nje ukuthi ababusi abaningi babengadingi ukulandela umthetho, futhi ukuthi izigodlo ezinkulu zabanelungelo zazikhululiwe emithethweni esebenza kumphakathi omkhulu wabantu. ISimemezelo sasiyibekela inselele le nkolelo ngokuyisisekelo.

Amalungelo angenakuthunyelelwa: Sijwayele ukucabanga ukuthi sinamalungelo uhulumeni okumelwe uwahloniphe, kodwa lokhu kwashintsha kakhulu ngo 1776. Eqinisweni, abantu babe "bayizikhonzi" futhi bena "abakhululi" okusho ukuthi uhulumeni wabusa abantu futhi abantu bangavunyelwa kuphela nguhulumeni. Ilungelo elifanele lisho ukuthi abantu abanakukwazi ukufuna imvume kuhulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "abangenamthetho" lisho ukuthi amalungelo awanakuthathwa, azalwa phakathi komuntu ngamunye futhi angeke athathwe nguhulumeni. Lo mbono washintsha ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni wabo.

Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke: Izinhlangano Ezikhuthazayo Emhlabeni Wonke

Futhi, njengesimemezelo sokuqala esiphumelelayo sokuzimela emlandweni wezwe, isibonelo sayo sasiza ekukhuthazeni izinhlangano ezingenakubalwa zokuzibusa, ukuzinqumela, nokuvukela ngemva kuka-1776. Ithonya leSimemezelo ladlulela ngalé kogu lwaseMelika, laba yisifekethiso senkululeko kuwo wonke amazwekazi namakhulu eminyaka.

Izimemezelo zokuzibusa zahlangana phakathi nokuwa kwemibuso: imibuso yaseSpain ekuqaleni kwekhulu le - 19, iHabsburg, iHohenzollern, nemibuso yaseRomanov ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, nemibuso yaseYurophu ephesheya kwezwe ngesikhathi sokuncishiswa kweMpi Yezwe II. Ukusuka eVietnam kuya eLiberia, kusukela eCzechoslovakia kuya eKorea, izizwe ezazifuna ukuzibusa zazibheka eSivumelwaneni SaseMelika njengesibonelo sezifiso zazo.

Ithonya lezwe lonke lembula ububili obuthakazelisayo. AmaMelika amaningi aye abheka uBufakazi njengomthetho wamalungelo awo womuntu siqu "Ukuphila, Inkululeko, nokuphishekela Injabulo" ngokungafani, iningi lalabo abangaphandle kwe-U.S. liye lathatha njengomthetho wamalungelo awo ahlangene ukuze lakhe "Abantu ngabanye," ukuvukela amagunya angaphandle, ukuvukela embusweni, futhi ekugcineni ukwakha imibuso ezimele. Le ncazelo ephindiwe ibonakalisa inzuzo engokwesiko nesebenza ngokuqhubekayo kwezezombangazwe.

UAbraham Lincoln wasibiza ngokuthi “isikhali nesikhubekiso sokucindezela nokucindezela. ” Siyaqhubeka sishukumisela abantu emhlabeni wonke ukuba balwele inkululeko nokulingana. Izimiso zeSimemezelo ziye zasetshenziswa ekulweni nobukhomanisi, ubuphoqelelo, nokucindezela kuwo wonke umlando wanamuhla, kubonisa ukuthi izinhloso zaso zidlulela ngalé kwemingcele yobuzwe nezikhathi ezingokomlando.

Ukuchitha Intando Yeningi Yomthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika

Imibono yemvelo yerepublic yamalungelo enkululeko yathonya ukusungulwa kukahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika osekelwe enkululekoni nasekulinganisweni. Yathonya futhi ithemba lokuthi abantu abakhululekile bayophila emphakathini onobulungisa. Nakuba iSimemezelo ngokwaso singabopheki ngokomthetho, isimiso saso sefilosofi sathonya kakhulu ekuthuthukeni komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika nezakhiwo ezibusayo.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweSimemezelo noMthetho-sisekelo bumelela ukuqhubekela phambili kwemibono yefilosofi kuya ekubuseni okusebenzayo. ISimemezelo sokuzibusa senza izithembiso ezithile eziphathelene nenkululeko eyisisekelo nefa, kodwa lezonkululeko azizange ziqikelelwe ngokomthetho kwaze kwaba yilapho zibekwa eMthethweni-sisekelo naseSivumelwaneni Samalungelo Abantu baseMelika. Ngamanye amazwi, inkululeko eyisisekelo yabantu yabhekiswa ku-Declaration of Independence, ecacile eMthethweni, futhi ibekwe eMthethweni - sisekelo.

Nakuba ingacaci, ukungayishayi mkhuba yonke iSimemezelo sokuzimela kuyinhloso yokubusa komthetho. Ngamanye amazwi, uhulumeni nabantu baboshwe bobabili umthetho. Lesi simiso somthetho, lapho kungekho muntu obonakala engaphezulu kokulandisa okungokomthetho, sihlala sibalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi sithonya indlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ngeziphendulo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Umbono woBufakazi wokulingana wathatha izizukulwane ukuba ziqaphele ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Ngemva kwempi, umbono weSimemezelo wawufakwa kuMthetho-sisekelo wekhulu leshumi nanye, weshumi elinesine, wesi - 15, neziHlanzi zeSimemezelo, ezaziqeda ubugqila, ziqinisekisa bonke abantu ukuthi "isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho," futhi zanika abantu base-Afrika-America ilungelo lokuvota. Lokhu kulunga kwaveza izinyathelo ezibalulekile ekuhumusheni izifiso zale Ndawo ngokwemithetho ezisemthethweni.

Kodwa kwathatha iMpi Yomphakathi, uMongameli uLincoln kuyi-Gettysburg Address ayinibiza ngokuthi "ukuzalwa okusha kwenkululeko," ukulwela isithembiso esidumile soMmemezelo sokuthi “bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana." futhi kwathatha iSichibiyelo se 14 soMthetho-sisekelo, sagunyazwa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, ukuze kulwelwelwe ithemba lokuqala likaJames Madison lokuthi hhayi uhulumeni wezwe kuphela kodwa futhi nemibuso idingwa ngomthetho ngokomthetho ukuze ihloniphe inkululeko eyisisekelo eqinisekiswe ku-Bill of Rights , futhi inqubo eyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Ifa Lamalungelo Omphakathi: Ukusuka Ekwenqabeni Kuya Ezinhlanganweni Zanamuhla

Mhlawumbe akukho lapho ithonya lansuku zonke leSimemezelo libonakala khona kakhulu kunasemlandweni wezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zaseMelika. Enkulumweni ka-1857 igxeka isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuDred Scott v. Sanford (1857), uAbraham Lincoln waphawula ukuthi isimiso sokulingana eSivumelwaneni senkululeko sasisho "ukumisa isigqekezo esivamile [isimiso esingokwezimo zangaphakathi] emphakathini okhululekile."Empela, kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, amaMelika amaningi anxusa ezinqumo zeSimemezelo sokuzibusa ukuze wonke enze inkululeko nesilinganiso sibe yinto engokoqobo.

Inhlangano Yenkululeko Yokuzivikela

Abantu ngabanye badlulisa [okubhekiselwe kubufakazi] ezimisweni zeSimemezelo senkululeko ngokushesha ngemva kokuba sasayinwe. Kuwo-1770 nangawo-1780, abantu abagqilaziwe eNew England, bafaka isikhala sezimiso ezingokwemvelo zeSimemezelo nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe njengoba babenxusa izishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo zenkululeko nokuqedwa kobugqila. Lezi zikhalo zakuqala zabonisa indlela ulimi loMthetho wokuzimemezela olwalungasetshenziswa ngayo njengethuluzi lobulungisa ngalabo abakhishwe esithembisweni sawo sokuqala.

Frederick Douglas, omunye wamazwi anamandla kakhulu emzabalazweni wokuqeda, walingisa lokhu kusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kweSimemezelo. UFrederick Douglas (1818-1895), isigqila esaphunyuka esivela eMaryland nomkhulumeli ophambili we-Abolition Mutection, wanxusa iSimemezelo Sokuzikhulula ekufuneni inkululeko kubo bonke abantu baseAfrika abaseMelika. Inkululeko kaDouglas kuRochester Lady's's Conservery Society eRochester eRochester, eNew York, ngoJuly 5, 1852, iye yaduma ngenseleleka yayo eqondile: "Yini mina, noma ngiyimele, ukuze ngiyenze ngokuzibusa kwakho kwesizwe? Ziyizimiso ezinkulu zenkululeko yezombangazwe nezobulungisa bemvelo, ezihlanganiswe kuleyo Simemezelo se - Independe ye - Independe, eRostricration, eRost?

Inhlangano Yabesifazane Yamalungelo

NgoJuly 1848, amadoda nabesifazane abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu bahlangana eSeneca Falls, eNew York, emhlanganweni wamalungelo abesifazane wokuqala, lapho kwafundwa khona u-Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1910) uDeclaration of Sentiments edumile. Ifakelwa ngemva kweSimemezelo seNguquko, incwadi kaStanton yagxeka isikhundla sabesifazane esiphansi esingokomthetho futhi yafaka khona uhlu lweziphakamiso zokuziphatha, zezomnotho, nesilinganiso sezombangazwe sabesifazane.

Bamisa "Umthetho we-Sentiments" eSimemezelweni senkululeko, lapho babefuna khona ukuba abesifazane balinganiswe ngokwezenhlalo nangokwezombangazwe. Isiqubulo sabo sasithi “bonke abantu besilisa nabesifazane badalwa belingana, futhi bafuna ilungelo lokuvota. Lokhu kumiswa kwezimiso zolimi loMthetho kwabonisa indlela izimiso zalo ezingadluliselwa ngayo ukusingatha izindlela ezintsha zokungalingani nokungabi nabulungisa.

Inhlangano Yanamuhla Yamalungelo Omphakathi

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1960 yalwela ukufinyelela amalungelo abantu baseAfrika ababewaqinisekisile wonke amaMelika ngenkululeko. Abaholi balomzabalazo banxusa izithembiso zeSimemezelo njalo ukuqokomisa igebe phakathi kwemibono yaseMelika neqiniso laseMelika.

Ngo-1963, ngoMatshi eWashington we-Jobs and Freedom eWashington, D.C., uMartin Luther King Jr. wanikeza inkulumo yakhe edumile "Nginephupho". Lenkulumo yayihloselwe ukukhuthaza isizwe, ukuthatha izimbangela ze-Civil Rights Movement. INkosi isebenzisa izingcaphuno ezivela eSimemezelweni sokuzibusa ukuze ikhuthaze ukuphathwa ngokulingana kwabo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi baluphi uhlanga. UDkt. ukunxusa kweNkosi uMemezelo lwalo lwabonisa indlela izimiso zayo ezahlala ngayo zinamandla ekushintsheni kwezenhlalo cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka ngemva kokubunjwa kwayo.

Izinhlelo Zansuku Zonke: Indlela Lesimemezelo Esikuthonya Ngayo Ukuphila Kwanamuhla

Izimiso ezihlelwe eSimemezelweni se - Independent zidlulela ngalé kokubaluleka komlando, ziguqula ukuphila kwamanje kwaseMelika ngezindlela eziningi eziwusizo. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlelo kusiza ekukhanyeni ukuthi kungani le ncwadi yekhulu le - 18 ilokhu isebenza ekhulwini lama - 21.

Amalungelo Emisebenzi Nokulingana

Ukugcizelela kwalesiSimemezelo ukulingana namalungelo angenakuthathwa ngaphandle kuye kwathonya kakhulu isivikelo semisebenzi yanamuhla nemithetho yezisebenzi. Isimiso sokuthi bonke abantu badalwa sisekelwe ngokulinganayo emithethweni evimbela ubandlululo evikela izisebenzi ekuphathweni ngokungafanele okusekelwe ebunhlangeni, ebulilini, ebulilini, ebudala, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Uma izisebenzi zibekela inselele imikhuba yokuphanga umthetho noma zifuna ukukhokha imali elinganayo, zisekela izimiso ezisekelwe ngokuqondile ekuhlolweni kweSivumelo somthetho okuyisisekelo sokulingana kwabantu.

Imiqondo yanamuhla yesizotha emsebenzini, ukuphathwa kahle, nelungelo lokuhlela izimo ezingcono konke kubonisa ithonya lalesiSimemezelo. Umqondo wokuthi abantu banamalungelo abo angokwemvelo angenakuhlawulwa (hhayi ekusebenzelaneni nemisebenzi) (hhayi mayelana namalungelo angenakuthathwa.) lesi sisekelo sefilosofi sisekela izimpikiswano zamanje eziphathelene namalungelo ezisebenzi, iholo elifanele, izimo ezilondekile zokusebenza, kanye nokulingana kwamandla phakathi kwabaqashi nezisebenzi.

Imfundo Nokuhlanganyela

Izimiso zeSimemezelo zihlela izinhlelo zemfundo zangemva kwesikole nezomphakathi kulo lonke elase-United States. Izikole zifundisa abafundi ngamalungelo nemithwalo yabo njengezakhamuzi, zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuthatha ulwazi ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Umqondo wokuthi ohulumeni bathola “amandla abo alungile ngokuvunyelwa abalawulwayo" ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvota, inkonzo yamajaji, ukuhileleka komphakathi, nezinye izinhlobo zokuthembisana komphakathi.

Izinhlangano zemfundo ngokwazo zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezithonywe yisimemezelo. Ukukhuthaza ukufinyelela imfundo elinganayo, kungakhathaliseki isizinda noma izimo, kubonisa izinhloso zencwadi ezilinganayo. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark njenge Brown v. Board of Education, eyaqeda ukwahlukana kwesikole, zasebenzisa isithembiso seSimemezelo sokulingana ukuze ziphikise ukuthi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo.

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Nezimiso Zobulungisa

Ithonya lesiSimemezelo ligcwele eMthethweni waseMelika, liguqula indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo namalungelo abantu. Umqondo wamalungelo angenakuthathwa wazisa ukucabanga kokwahlulela ngenkululeko eyisisekelo uhulumeni angenakuyiphazamisa ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuphoqelelekile. Uma izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi imithetho ingqubuzana yini nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile zicabangela ukuthi leyomithetho iyayihlonipha yini isithunzi esingokwemvelo nokulingana okumenyezelwa yiSimemezelo.

Isimiso sokwahlulela komthetho sibonakalisa izimiso zeSimemezelo ngokuvikela njengokucabanga ukuthi umsulwa, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga, kanye nokunqatshelwa ukujeziswa ngonya nangokungavamile. Lokhu kuvikela umqondo wokuthi ngisho nalabo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu balondoloza amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo uhulumeni okumelwe awahloniphe. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuguqula ukwahlulela kobugebengu, ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa, nokugweba ngokungakhethi konke kufaka izimiso ezisekelwe embonweni wokwahlulela ngobulungisa nokulingana.

Umphakathi Nezici Zokubambisana Nezenhlalo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesiSimemezelo sinikeza isisekelo esiphawulekayo sefilosofi nezombangazwe sezombangazwe zaseMelika nomphakathi. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu badalwa belingana, abantu bafanelwe inhlonipho obala nangasese.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu okuzithandela, kanye nezinhlanganweni zomphakathi zivame ukusebenza ezimisweni ezithathwe ku-Declaration. Umqondo wokuthi abantu banelungelo lokuhlangana, ukunxusa ushintsho, nokuhlela ngezinjongo ezifanayo uveza ukugcizelela koMmemezelo wobukhosi obuthandwayo nokuzilawula. Lapho omakhelwane behlela ukuxoxa ngezindaba zendawo, lapho imiphakathi isekela intuthuko, noma lapho izakhamuzi zinxusa abameleli bazo, basebenzisa amalungelo asekelwe ezimisweni zeSimemezelo.

Inkululeko Yomuntu Siqu Nokuzikhethela Komuntu Ngamunye

ISimemezelo sibhekisele "ekufuneni injabulo" siye sathonya kakhulu ukugcizelela kwempucuko yaseMelika inkululeko nokwaneliseka komuntu siqu. Lesi simiso sisekela umqondo wokuthi abantu kufanele babe nenkululeko yokuzikhethela umsebenzi, indlela yokuphila, ubuhlobo, nokukhula komuntu siqu, kuphela ngokuhlonipha amalungelo alinganayo abanye.

Izimpikiswano zakudala mayelana nokuzibusa komuntu siqu, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye konke kusebenzisa uhlelo lwefilosofi yoMmemezelo. Uma kuxoxwa ngezinqumo zezempilo, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma ezinye izinqumo zomuntu siqu, amaMelika avame ukubiza isimiso sokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo okuqondisa ukuphila kwabo siqu. Lokhu kugcizelela inhlangano ngayinye nokuzinqumela kubonisa ukugcizelela okungokwenguquko koMthetho wokumemezela ukuthi abantu abalawulwa kodwa bafanelwe yizakhamuzi ezinamalungelo nesithunzi esingokwemvelo.

Ithonya Lesimemezelo Ngenkulumo Yezombangazwe

Njengoba isazi - mlando uJames Stoner sibhale, izimiso ezibekwe eSivumelwaneni senkululeko zisalawula inkulumo yethu yezombangazwe," futhi iSimemezelo "siye sathola ukuthi sisekela ubunye baseMelika, ukuchaza izici eziyinhloko ze-Melika, nokunikeza izimiso eziye zaqondisa intuthuko yezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Le misebenzi enzima isho ukuthi izimpikiswano zezombangazwe ezisezinhlangothini zemibono zivame ukusekela izimiso zoMmemezelo wokwethula.

Abezombangazwe nabashisekeli bemibono ehlukene bacela iSimemezelo lapho bephikisana ngezimbangela zabo. Abancintiswano bangase bagcizelele ukuqaphela kwabo amalungelo angenakuthathwa futhi uhulumeni olinganiselwe, kuyilapho abathuthukayo bengase bagcizelele izithembiso zaso ezilinganayo nelungelo lokuguqula ohulumeni abahlulekayo ukuvikela amalungelo abantu. Lokhu kuveza iphuzu elifanayo, naphezu kwezincazelo ezihlukene, kunikeza isisekelo esivumelanayo sengxoxo yentando yeningi futhi kusiza ekulondolozeni ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo ngisho naphakathi kokungavumelani.

Ukulandisa Nokubona Izindawo Ngokubona Kwangaphandle Kukahulumeni

Isiqinisekiso soMvumelo sokuthi ohulumeni bathola amandla abo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo ukumisa uhlelo lokulandisa kukahulumeni. Lesi simiso sisekela izicelo zanamuhla zokubona ngalé, uhulumeni ovulekile, nokuvunyelwa komphakathi ukuba uthole ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. Uma izakhamuzi zicela amarekhodi omphakathi, zikhona emihlanganweni yasehholo lasedolobheni, noma zifuna izincazelo zezinqumo zikahulumeni, zisebenzisa amalungelo asekelwe embonweni wobukhosi obuthandwayo weSimemezelo.

Umqondo wokuthi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula noma ukuqeda ohulumeni ababa yinciphiso yamalungelo abo, kodwa bangameleli ukuguqulwa kwenguquko, usekela izimiso zokuthula zoshintsho lwezombangazwe ezisebuthweni lentando yeningi laseMelika. Ukhetho oluvamile, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuthatha izinyathelo zomthetho-sisekelo, nezinye izinqubo zentando yeningi zibonisa isimiso sesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi sokuthi igunya eliphelele lisezabantu, hhayi kulabo abaphethe amandla kahulumeni okwesikhashana.

Izinselele Nempikiswano: Isehlulelo Sesimemezelo Esinemidanso

Ukuqonda ukusebenza kwansuku zonke koMmemezelo kudinga ukuvuma ukuphikisana kwawo okungokomlando kanye nokulwa okuqhubekayo ukuze kufezeke izithembiso zawo ngokugcwele. Iphepha lamemezela ukuthi "bonke abantu badalwe belingana" kuyilapho abaningi abasayina bayo begqilazwa abanye abantu. Lendida iye yaguqula umlando waseMelika futhi iyaqhubeka ithonya izingxoxo zanamuhla ngokulingana nobulungisa.

Emsebenzini wakhe onzima weSimemezelo, uThomas Jefferson waqinisekisa ukuthi abantu base-Afrika banelungelo "elingcwele lokuphila nenkululeko," futhi wasola iNkosi uGeorge III ngokuvikela ukuhweba ngezigqila ezisuka kwamanye amazwe. UJefferson wabhala lokhu naphezu kokuba yena ngokwakhe wayeyisigqila. Abanye abaqeqeshi bakhe, abaphathiswayo abaphathiswe kakhulu ebugqilini, baphikisa lengxenye futhi bafuna ukuba isuswe kuSimemezelo. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kwemibono nenqubo kuye kwanikeza kokubili umthombo wesicelo nethuluzi lenguquko kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokuzimela, izinhloso zeSimemezelo Sokuzimela Amazwe aseMelika zazingakaqashelwa ngokugcwele. Zicaphuna ulimi lweSimemezelo Sokuzimela, amanye amaqembu amaMelika ayefuna ukuqeda ubugqila nokwandisa amalungelo abesifazane. Azama ukwenza isithembiso soMthetho sokulingana sibe ngokoqobo. Lomzamo oqhubekayo wokuhlanganisa izimiso zeMelika uyaqhubeka uhlela izinhlangano zezenhlalo nemizamo yokulungisa inguquko namuhla.

Ukwandisa Ukulingana

Umlando wamalungelo abantu baseMelika ungaqondwa njengokwanda okuqhubekayo kwalowo ohlanganisiwe esithembisweni soBufakazi sokulingana. Ekuqaleni ukwenziwa kwamadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla, isiyingi siye sanwetshwa kancane kancane sahlanganisa namaqembu ayekhutshwe ngaphambili. Nakuba ukuqedwa kobugqila kwaletha inkululeko ezigidi zama-Afrika aseMelika aseMelika aseMelika, kwahlala kungacacile ngo-1865 ekupheleni kweMpi Yezimo Zomphakathi yaseMelika eyayiyisakhamuzi esigcwele sase-United States. AmaMelika Omdabudabu ayengabhekwa njengezakhamuzi zase-United States kuze kube ngo-2424. Izimiso zokufuduka ezihlanganisa abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ezazivimbela amaShayina nabafuduki abaningi base-Asia ezweni akuzange kushintshe kuze kudlule unyakazonyaka ka-196565 wokuhamba kweMpi ye-Imgate ne-National Act of National Act of 1965.

Izinhlangano zamuva ze LGBTQ+ amalungelo, amalungelo okukhubazeka, amalungelo abafuduki nezinye izinhlobo zokulingana ziyaqhubeka nalelisiko lokucela izimiso zoMmemezelo ukuba zilwele ukufakwa nokuphathwa okufanayo. Lezinhlangano zibonisa ukuthi izifiso zoMmemezelo zisenamathuluzi anamandla oshintsho lwezenhlalo, njengoba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngencazelo nenqubo yazo efanele.

Isimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Encwadini yakhe ethi A World Made New, uMary Ann Gledon wabeka indaba yemuva eSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngoDecember 1948 ngaphandle kokuphikisana nevoti, ephawula ukuthi "yaphawula isiqephu esisha emlandweni owaqala ngemithetho emikhulu yokubekwa kwamalungelo abantu yokuqala enkathini yekhulu leshumi neshumi nesikhombisa neleshumi nesishiyagalombili" eyayihlanganisa iSimemezelo Senkululeko. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izimiso zokusungula kweMelika ezithonyelwe ukuthuthukisa kwezimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ezithinta ngayo izinkulungwane zezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke.

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esiye salolonga umthetho wezizwe zonke nomthetho - sisekelo wezizwe embulungeni yonke, siveza izimiso eziningi ezaqanjwa okokuqala eSimemezelweni Sokuzibusa SaseMelika. Imibono yesithunzi somuntu esingokwemvelo, ukulingana, namalungelo ayisisekelo ohulumeni okumelwe ukuba bawahloniphayo iye yaba isisekelo somthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu, ebonisa ukufinyelela kwembulunga yonke kwemibono okwamenyezelwa okokuqala ePhiladelphia ngo - 1776.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokusebenzisa Izimiso Zokukhipha Isinqumo Namuhla

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka koMmemezelo kuyinto eyodwa; ukusebenzisa izimiso zawo ngenkuthalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kungenye indlela. Nazi izindlela eziqinile abantu abangafaka ngazo izinhloso zomthetho ezikhona kule nkathi:

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulingana Ngezindlela Zokuhlangana Nsuku Zonke

Ukuzimisela kweSimemezelo sokulingana kwabantu okuyisisekelo kudinga ukuphatha bonke abantu ngesithunzi nangenhlonipho, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo, isikhundla, noma izimo. Lokhu kusho ukubekela inselele isimo sengqondo sobandlululo nemikhuba lapho behlangana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezimweni ezingokobuchwepheshe, izimo zomphakathi, noma izimo zomphakathi. Kuhilela ukuqaphela ukuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe ukubaluleka okungokwemvelo futhi ufanelwe uhlonishwe nenhlonipho.

Cishe lokhu kungase kuhilele ukuveza inhlonipho lapho sibona ubandlululo, kusekele izimiso ezithuthukisa amathuba alinganayo, ukufundisa abantu abavela emaqenjini angawafanele, noma ukumane uphathe izisebenzi zenkonzo, ozakwabo, nabafokazi ngendlela efanayo nenhlonipho umuntu angabonisa kuyo noma ubani omunye.

Ukuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Ukugcizelela kweSimemezelo kuhulumeni ngokuvuma okubuswayo kudala kokubili amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ngenkuthalo ngokuvota / ngokuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ngokuthintana nabameleli, ngokukhonza ezinkantolo, noma ngokubalekela isikhundla.) kudumisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uxhomeke ekubopheni nokuvuma okuthandwayo.

Lokhu kuhlanganyela akudingeki kulinganiselwe ezimisweni ezihleliwe zezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, ukuvolontiya ngezizathu ezithuthukisa ubulungisa nokulingana, ukuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni ngokuthula noma emikhankasweni yokubusa, nokuhlala waziswe ngezindaba zomphakathi konke kumelela izindlela zokusebenzisa imithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi ephuma ezimisweni zoMmemezelo. Ukugomela kwencwadi kokuthi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula uhulumeni wabo kusho isibopho sokungenela ngenkuthalo ezimisweni zentando yeningi.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Umqondo weSimemezelo wamalungelo angenakuthathwa usikisela ukuthi ukuvikela lamalungelo kudinga ukuqapha nokuzivikela okusebenzayo. Lokhu akusho ukuqinisekisa amalungelo omuntu kuphela lapho esongelwa kodwa futhi nokumelela amalungelo abanye, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungase kungathandeki noma kube okubizayo. Ukusekela izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi, zikhulume ngokumelene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo, futhi zifundise abanye ngamalungelo azo zonke izimiso zomthetho.

Uma sikhuluma kahle, lokhu kungahlanganisa ukusekela izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho, ukusekela ushintsho lomthetho, ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma ngisho nangemibono engathandeki, noma ukuphamba uhulumeni okuphikisayo. Isixwayiso sikahulumeni sokubhubhisa amalungelo sisikhumbuza ukuthi ukuqapha kwaphakade kuhlala kuyintengo yenkululeko.

Ukuphishekela Ubulungisa Nobulungisa

Izimiso zoMmemezelo zifuna ukuba kwenziwe izimiso zobulungisa nezingakhethi kuzo zonke izici zokuphila. Ezimweni zobuchwepheshe, lokhu kungasho ukukhuthaza imikhuba yokuqasha elungile, isinxephezelo esilinganayo, namasiko omsebenzi ahlukene. Eziko lemfundo, kungahilela ukusekela ukufinyelela imfundo elinganayo nemikhuba ebekela inselele ekhuthaza ukungalingani.

Ukuhileleka komphakathi ekufuneni ubulungisa kungahlanganisa ukusekela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphatha izindlu ngokulunga, ukukhuthaza ukufinyelela ukunakekelwa kwempilo okulinganayo, noma ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu omphakathi anezwi nophawu lwezinqumo eziwathintayo. Umbono weSimemezelo wokulingana namalungelo angenakuthathwa unikeza uhlelo lokuhlola ukuthi izimiso nemikhuba kulungile yini futhi usebenzela ukulungisa labo abahlulekayo.

Ukufundisa Izimiso Eziya Ezisizukulwaneni Esizayo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zoBufakazi ziyaqhubeka zibumba ukuphila kwaseMelika kudinga ukuba zidluliselwe ezisizukulwaneni ezintsha. Lokhu kuhilela okungaphezu kokufundisa amaqiniso angokomlando; kudinga ukusiza intsha ukuba iqonde indlela lezi zimiso ezisebenza ngayo ezinkingeni zanamuhla futhi ibanike amandla okuba izakhamuzi ezikhuthele ezingaqhubeka nale migomo.

Abazali, othisha, nabaholi bomphakathi bangakhuthaza ukuqonda izimiso zoMmemezelo ngokukhuthaza ukucabanga okugxekayo ngokulingana namalungelo, ukunikeza amathuba okuthembisana umphakathi, ukunikeza inhlonipho ephathwa yibo bonke abantu, nokuxoxa ngezenzakalo zamanje ngezimiso zokusungula. Uma intsha iqonda ukuthi imicabango yeSimemezelo isalokhu ibalulekile ekuphileni kwayo nasemathunjini ayokwazi ukuba izakhamuzi ezisebenza ukuqaphela lezo zimiso.

Ukuziphakamisa Kwalesimemezelo Okuhlala Njalo

Ezinye zezinkulumo zalesimemezelo ziye zaba nethonya elinamandla e-United States, ikakhulukazi isimemezelo esithi, "Sibheka la maqiniso njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuthi banikwe uMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakuthathwa, ukuthi phakathi kwalezi kukhona ukuphila, inkululeko nokuphishekela injabulo." Nakuba izinjongo zalamagama, kanye neziphetho ezithathwe kuwo, kuye kwaphikiswana ngazo, lesi simemezelo siye sasebenza ekuthetheleleni ukunwetshwa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika nezenhlalo.

Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngencazelo yeSimemezelo kanye nendlela esisebenza ngayo zibonisa amandla aso aqhubekeka. Kunokuba ibe incwadi emisiwe engokomlando, ihlala iyincwadi ephilayo okumelwe isizukulwane ngasinye siyichaze futhi siyisebenzise ezimweni ezintsha. Lemfanelo enamandla isiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani lesiSimemezelo siqhubeka sikhuthaza izinhlangano zobulungisa nokulingana ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo idinga ukucubungula okukhulu nokuphikisana kwezakhamuzi nabameleli bazo. Ngakho, akufanele kumangalise ukuthi izincazelo nemiphumela yeSimemezelo sokuzimela kanye nezimiso zaso kuye kwaphikiswana futhi kwaphikiswana kuwo wonke umlando. Lezimpikiswano azizona izimpawu zobuthakathaka beSimemezelo kodwa ziwubufakazi bamandla aso ahlala njalo okubumba ukuphila kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo yaseMelika.

Isiphetho: Ukusebenzisa izimiso zeSimemezelo

ISimemezelo sezindaba zenkululeko ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngenxa yokuthi izimiso zaso ziyaqhubeka zilawula indlela amaMelika aqonda ngayo amalungelo, ukulingana, ubulungisa, nobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni. Ukusuka emsebenzini ukuvikela izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, kusukela emathunjini emfundo kuya ekuhleleni umphakathi, ithonya lalesiSimemezelo ligcwele emphakathini waseMelika ngezindlela eziningi.

Kodwa ukusebenza koMmemezelo kudlulela ngalé kwethonya lawo elingokomlando. Kunikeza uhlelo lokuhlaziya izinselele zamanje kanye negama lokufuna ubulungisa nokulingana. Uma abantu becela izimiso zoMmemezelo ekulweleni amalungelo nesithunzi, babonisa ukuthi le ncwadi yekhulu le-18 iseyithuluzi elinamandla loshintsho lwekhulu lama-21.

Igebe phakathi kwemibono yeSimemezelo kanye neqiniso laseMelika liye laba umthombo wakho kokubili ukuhlobana nokuvuselelwa kuwo wonke umlando. Kunokuba lilulaze ukubaluleka kombhalo, leligebe liye lashukumisela izizukulwane zamaMelika ukuba zisebenzele ekwenzeni izithembiso zalo zibe ngokoqobo kubo bonke abantu. Umzamo oqhubekayo wokuqaphela umbono wokulinganisa namalungelo angenakuthathwa uyaqhubeka uqhubekisela phambili intuthuko yomphakathi nenguquko.

Ekugcineni, iSimemezelo soKuzibusa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngoba siveza amaqiniso ayisisekelo ngesithunzi somuntu, ukulingana, namalungelo asalokhu esebenza namuhla njengalapho emenyezelwa khona okokuqala. Ngokuqonda lezizimiso nangokusebenza ngenkuthalo ukuze zisetshenziswe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, abantu bangadumisa ifa leSimemezelo ngokusiza ekudaleni umphakathi onobulungisa nolinganayo. Incazelo ehlala njalo yalencwadi ayikho nje ngokubaluleka komlando kodwa isekhonweni laso eliqhubekayo lokukhuthaza isenzo sekusasa elingcono.

Isihluthulelo Sokusebenzisa Izinhlelo Zansuku Zonke

  • Yazi ukulingana okuzuzwe ngefa: Baphathe bonke abantu ngesizotha nangenhlonipho, ivuma ukuthi wonke umuntu unenzuzo eyisisekelo kungakhathaliseki izimo zakhe noma isizinda.
  • Commentir processing memory memorial :[ hlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi ngokuvota, ukuhileleka komphakathi, nokuhlala waziswe ngezindaba zomphakathi ezithinta umphakathi nesizwe sakho.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Amalungelo enkonzo athengwa kakhulu: Amelela amalungelo akho kanye namalungelo abanye, eqaphela ukuthi ukuvikela inkululeko kudinga ukunakwa njalo nokuzivikela okukhuthele ekungeneni.
  • [[QURT:0] Promoduza ubulungisa nokulunga:[ Sebenzela ukwakha izimiso zokulingana emsebenzini, ezikoleni, emiphakathini, nakwezinye izimiso, imikhuba ebekela inselele yokungalingani nokungabi nabulungisa.
  • Ingxenye enkulumweni enolwazi: Ihlanganyela ekuhlonipheni kwentando yeningi ngokubaluleka nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokusungula, iqaphela ukuthi idemokrasi engcono idinga ingxoxo eqinile nengxoxo.
  • Ithuba elilinganayo: Ummeleli wezimiso nemikhuba enikeza bonke abantu amathuba alungile okuphumelela nokuphumelela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi baqalaphi ekuphileni.
  • Ifundisa izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo: Siza intsha iqonde izimiso zoMmemezelo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo kwamanje, iyinike amandla okuba izakhamuzi ezithembisene ukuthwala lemiqondo phambili.
  • uhulumeni ubeke icala: Isicelo sokuba sobala, ukusabela, kanye nokuhlonipha amalungelo avela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, ukhumbula ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho lithathwa emvumeni yababuswayo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni iSimemezelo se-Independent nesamanje esisebenza ngokujule kakhulu, kunemithombo eminingi. Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza ukufinyelela kwebhukwana lokuqala kanye nomongo wezomlando nezincwadi zemfundo. Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [[ unikeza izinhlelo nemithombo ehlola ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho-Simemezelo nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Izinhlangano ze-academic njenge- Gelder Lehrman Institute of American History zinikeza imithombo yezazi ezihlola umongo womlando weSimemezelo nethonya eliqhubekayo. Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekutheni izimiso zoMmemezelo ziye zalungisa kanjani izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, i-Libary of Congress [[FLT]] ilondoloza iqoqo elikhulu lemithombo eyinhloko nemisebenzi engokomlando.

Ukuhlanganyela nale mithombo kungajulisa ukuqonda indlela izimiso zoBufakazi eziqhubeka zilawula ukuphila kwaseMelika futhi kunikeze namathuluzi okusebenzisa lezi zimiso nsuku zonke.

ISimemezelo Senkululeko sisalokhu siyincwadi ephilayo enezimiso eziqhubeka zibekela inselele, zishukumisa, futhi ziqondisa amaMelika ekuphishekeleni kwawo isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe. Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwaso okuhlala njalo nangokuzikhandla ekusebenziseni imiqondo yaso ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, abantu bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso saso sokulingana, inkululeko, nobulungisa siba yinto engokoqobo engapheli kubo bonke abantu.