Isimiso somthetho sisebenza ngesigaba sezinkantolo esihlelwe kahle, ngasinye sinezindima zaso ezihlukile nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukuqonda lesisigaba sabefundisi kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amacala aqhubekela ngayo phakathi kwesimiso somthetho, indlela amaphutha angokomthetho alungiswa ngayo, nendlela izincazelo ezinegunya ezivela ngayo. Inkantolo azibonana nje nezindlela zokuqondisa; zivikela ukungaguquguquki, ukungaguquguquki, nomthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zixazululiwe ngesilinganiso esifanele nokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme zingazibukeza izinqumo eziphansi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuvuselelwa kwecala, izigwebo ezithatha isigaba ngasinye, nezimiso eziqondisayo.

Isisekelo Sezigungu Ezingalawuleki Zenkantolo

Izwe ngalinye (noma yisizwe, isifundazwe, noma isifundazwe) limisa isigaba senkantolo ukuba sabe igunya lokwahlulela futhi sichaze ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo. Izizathu eziyinhloko zalesi simiso sezikhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Juridiction: Izinkantolo zabelwa izinhlobo ezithile zegunya, njengegunya eliphethe i-comptain-modust (umz., umthetho womkhaya, intela, i-admiralty) kanye ne-athonsi (umz., isifundazwe, isifundazwe, isifundazwe). Izinkantolo eziphansi zivame ukuphatha uhlu olubanzi lwezinkantolo endaweni elinganiselwe, kanti izinkantolo eziphakeme zinemithetho elinganiselwe, izifunda ezikhethekile.
  • Isiqondiso sobufundisi: Isigaba sesigaba sekhulu lekhulu sivumela izinkantolo ezithatha icala ukuba zilungise amaphutha enziwe yinkantolo, kungaba ekusebenziseni umthetho noma ezinqumweni ze-proception. Ngaphandle kwenqubo yokubukeza, izinqumo ezinamaphutha zingamangalungi.
  • Ukuguqula kanye ne-Precedent: Izinkantolo eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi izinkantolo eziphakeme, zamisa isibonelo esibopha izinkantolo eziphansi. Lokhu kuvumelana kuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala afanayo aphathwa ngendlela efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimahluleli owehlulelwayo noma ijaji liliphi elilizwile icala.
  • Ubufanda:[ Isimiso se-hearch sinikeza isiphetho esicacile sokubekwa kwemithetho. Uma imithetho yenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu noma inqaba ukubukezwa, isinqumo sisokugcina, sinikeza ukubaleka kwamaqembu nakwabantu.

Nakuba isimo esivamile saleli qembu sifana emazweni avamile (njenge-United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ne-Australia), kunezinto ezingafani kakhulu ngenani lamazinga, imihlangano yegama, kanye nobukhulu bokubukeza. Izimiso zomthetho womphakathi (umz., iFrance, iJalimane) nazo zilondoloza i-hierarchers, nakuba indima yesibonelo ingabopheki kakhulu.

Izinga Eliyinhloko Elithathu Lezinkantolo

Izikhulu eziningi zenkantolo zingaqondwa ngezitebhisi ezintathu eziyisisekelo: izinkantolo zamacala, izinkantolo ezikhipha isigwebo, nezinkantolo eziphakeme.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Isiqalo

Izinkantolo zecala, ezaziwa futhi njengezinkantolo zesenzakalo sokuqala, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma izinkantolo eziphakeme, zilapho kuqalwa khona amacala. Bonke ubufakazi bunikezwa, ubufakazi, namajaji (uma ekhona) anquma amaqiniso. Uma icala likhona, ihlulelo liqondisa ukuqulwa kwecala, lishaya imithetho ephikisayo, futhi likhipha isahlulelo sokugcina uma kungekho jaji elibekwayo.

Izinkantolo zenkantolo zihlukene ngezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi:

  • Izinkantolo zegunya jikelele:[ Lezinkantolo zizwa izindaba zomphakathi nezigebengu eziningi. Esimisweni sikahulumeni wase-U.S., izinkantolo zesifunda ziyizinkantolo zezegunya. Ezizweni eziningi, izinkantolo ezinkulu zezifunda zifeza lendima.
  • Izinkantolo ze-authority ezivinjelwe: Lezinkantolo zisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zecala, njengokuzisholo okuncane, ukuphulwa kwezimoto, iprobate, noma izindaba zomkhaya. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo zamajaji, izinkantolo zobulungisa, nezinkantolo zikamasipala. Izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zezezwe ezilinganiselwe zingadluliswa enkantolo yecala eliphetheyo ukuze kuqulwe icala elisha ([] ukubukeza u-okanye ) noma ngokuqondile enkantolo ye-galelo-mthetho.

Icala eliyinhloko lenkantolo equlwayo liwukusungula umlando oyiqiniso. Ngoba izinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo ngokuvamile zivuma ukutholwa kweqiniso enkantolo ngaphandle kokuba zinephutha, izinga lokuqulwa kwecala lilapho ubufakazi obucatshangelwe kakhulu nempikiswano kumelwe kunikezwe khona.

Izinkantolo Eziqulwa Amacala: Ukubukeza Iphutha

Kunezinkantolo ezihlala phezu kwezinkantolo zecala futhi zingaqhubeli ukuqulwa kwamacala okusha. Kunalokho, babukeza umlando owakhelwe emacaleni amaphutha angokomthetho. Le nqubo isekelwe kumafishi (izimpikiswano ezilotshiwe) futhi ngokuvamile izimpikiswano zomlomo zabameli. Iziphakamiso zezicelo zivame ukuhlanganisa amajaji amathathu (noma asemacaleni avinjelwe) anquma imibuzo yomthetho, hhayi iqiniso.

Izici eziyinhloko zokubukeza i - appellate zihlanganisa:

  • Isici esingafanele sokubukeza: ngemibuzo yomthetho, inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ibukeza de novo [ (ntsha), engabekeli ukuthobela umahluleli oquliweyo. Ngokwemiphumela eyiqiniso, indinganiso ivame “ukuphutha" noma ubufakazi obucacile, okusho inkantolo ye-appellate izophazamisa iqiniso kuphela uma kungekho qiniso elinengqondo elingafinyelela leso siphetho.
  • Ukulawula kwe-Discreation Control:[ kwezinye izimiso, amaqembu anelungelo elizenzekelayo lokudlulisa isahlulelo sokugcina senkantolo equlwayo. Kwezinye (njengeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.), ukubukeza kuyisinqumo ``inkantolo' ekhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuwalalela.
  • Isinqumo: Inkantolo ephethe ingaqinisekisa, ibuyele emuva, ilungise, noma ilahle isinqumo senkantolo ephansi. Ingabuyisela icala emuva enkantolo equlweni lokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuqhutshekiswe izigigaba ezivumelana nombono walo.

Izinkantolo ze-intermediate appenellate (isib. iNkantolo yokudlulisa Amacala, iNkantolo yokudlulisa Amacala yase-U.S. isingatha izikhalo eziningi. Izinqumo zazo zibopha ezinkantolo eziqulweni zecala lesifunda noma lendawo kodwa zingabuswa inkantolo ephakeme.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme: Igunya Lokugcina

Isikhulu esivelele saleliqembu lezikhulu inkantolo ephakeme (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme, inkantolo yokugcina yezindawo ezizodwa, noma inkantolo engokomthetho). Izinqumo zayo zibopha futhi zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ezisebusweni. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukunquma, okusho ukuthi zikhetha amacala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho, ahilela izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, noma aveza izindaba ezingokomthetho-mthetho ezibalulekile.

Ezindabeni eziningi, izinkantolo eziphakeme zinegunya lokuqala ezinhlangothini ezilinganiselwe zamacala, njengokuphikisana phakathi kwezifundazwe noma amacala ahilela amanxusa akwamanye amazwe. Nokho, umsebenzi wazo omningi uphazanyiswa. Imibono ekhishwa izinkantolo eziphakeme imisa inqubo eqondisa sonke isimiso somthetho.

Izibonelo zezinkantolo eziphakeme zihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., iNkantolo Ephakeme ye-United Kingdom, neNkantolo Ephakeme yase-Australia. Amanye amazwe asemthethweni ahlukene ezinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (isinye isib. iNkantolo ye-German Federal Constitutional) esingatha ukubukezwa komthetho-mthetho-mfantul kuyilapho inkantolo ephakeme isingatha izikhalo ezivamile.

Izakhiwo Ezisasiqongo: Izibonelo ezivela e - United States nase - United Kingdom

Ukuze ubone indlela izinduna zenkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, cabangela izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko.

E - United States: Izinhlelo ze - Dual Federal Nezinkantolo ZoMbuso

IU.S. isebenza iziphathi-mbuso ezimbili ezihambelanayo zasenkantolo: isimiso sikahulumeni nesimiso sombuso ngamunye. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha amacala aphakama ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, nezingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene. Isigaba sabefundisi sombuso sihlanganisa:

  • U.S. izinkantolo zesigodi (izinga lomthetho, izifunda ezingama-94)
  • U.S. izinkantolo zokudlulisa [ [13] izifunda, kuhlanganise neFederal Federal struction]
  • U.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme[ (inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu)

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi obugebengu, izimpikiswano zesivumelwano, izindaba zempahla, nezindaba zomkhaya. Umbuso ngamunye unecala lawo futhi unenkantolo ephakeme, futhi inkantolo ephakeme ephethe. Amacala ahilela imibuzo kahulumeni, amakhambi angase adluliselwe enkantolo ephakeme enkantolo ephakeme yase-U.S.

Lesimiso esibili sisho ukuthi isenzakalo esisodwa (isibonelo, ingozi yemoto) singabangela kokubili ukumangalelwa kwenkantolo kahulumeni kanye nesinqumo sikahulumeni. Ukuqonda imithetho yesigaba sobufundisi nesobuphathi kubalulekile ekukhetheni i-station elungile.

E - United Kingdom: Isimiso Se - Unitary Esinezindlela Eziningi

I-UK inesakhiwo esinobunye kakhulu, nakuba sinezindawo ezihlukene zeNgilandi ne-Wales, iScotland, ne-Northern Ireland. INkantolo ePhakeme ye-United Kingdom iyinkantolo yokugcina yokudlulisa izikhundla ezintathu. Ngaphansi kwayo, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala neNkantolo Ephakeme isingatha izikhalo eziningi ezivela eSihlalweni seNkantolo, izinkantolo zezimantshi, nezinkantolo zesifunda. INkantolo ephakeme yaseScotland yaseJusticiary isingatha izikhalo zobugebengu, neNkantolo yayo yeNkantolo isingatha izikhalo zomphakathi.

Isimiso se-UK siveza futhi izinkantolo ezikhethekile (isib. umsebenzi, ukufuduka) ezidla isigaba senkantolo. Lendlela ecushiwe iqinisekisa ukuthi amacala aqulwa abahluleli abanolwazi olufanele, kodwa igunya lokugcina lokunikeza iziphakamiso lineNkantolo ePhakeme.

Uhambo Lokwenza Inkinga: Sihambe Ngenkani

Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye secala elilandelanayo kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho nakumalungu alo ngokufanayo.

Ukukhipha Icala: Ukukhononda Noma Ukumangalela

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalo noma isicelo enkantolo efanelekile enkantolo equlwayo, esho amaqiniso nezizathu ezingokomthetho. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, amafafa kahulumeni amangalela (ngokuvamile ngecala noma ukwaziswa). Inkantolo kumelwe ibe negunya lomuntu siqu kummangalelwa nakugunyaza izikhulu eziphethe icala.

2. Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambi

Ngemva kokubhala, amaqembu ahlanganyela emisebenzini yangaphambi kwezokucwaninga:

  • Incazelo: Ukuguqula ubufakazi, kuhlanganise nokufaka, ukuphenya, nezicelo zebhukwana.
  • Izinketho: Imicimbi ingathatha indiva ukulahla, ukuthatha inyathelo ukuze kufingcwe ukwahlulela, noma ukwenzela ukuphoqelela ukutholwa. Ukunquma kokuhamba kungaqeda icala noma kunciphe izimpikiswano zokuqulwa kwecala.
  • [ Ingqungquthela Yokwethula: Izinkantolo zivame ukukhuthaza amaqembu ukuba alungise, ngezinye izikhathi ngemithetho egunyaza ukukhishwa.

3. Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwanga ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, liqhubeke liqulwa. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshini (ukwahlulela kuphela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, amaqembu anikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, futhi aphikisane. I-lithfinder (umehluleli noma umsizi) inikeza isinqumo. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, indinganiso yobufakazi ngokuvamile “iwubufakazi”; ezigebengwini,“ ayingatshazwa kungabaza okunengqondo.”

4. Izinyathelo Zesikhathi Esilandelayo

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lithathe isinyathelo esinjengesinyathelo sokwahlulela noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha. Le mithetho icela umahluleli oquliweyo ukuba agumbuqe noma aphendule icala elisekelwe emaphutha ashiwo.

5. Ukwaziswa Ngokudluliswa Kwezingcingo Nokudluliswa Kwezincwadi

Uma inqumbi inqaba ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemva kwecala, umkhandlu odumele ungase udlulise icala. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukubhala isaziso sokudlulisa icala enkantolo enkantolo ngenkathi eqinile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30). Inkantolo yamacala khona - ke ilungiselela irekhodi ngokudlulisa isikhalo, kuhlanganise nemibhalo edluliswayo nemifanekiso.

6. Ukubhula Nokuxabana Kwamazwi

U-applellate (okhangayo) unikeza impikiswano emfushane ebhaliwe eveza ukuthi kungani inkantolo yecala yenze iphutha. U-Ampele uphendula ngokuvikela isinqumo senkantolo esifushane. Inkantolo yecala elingase lihlele izimpikiswano zomlomo, lapho abameli bephendula khona imibuzo yabahluleli. Amanye amacala anqunywa kuphela ngalezi ziphakamiso.

7. Zinqumele Futhi Uziphindiselele

Inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo ikhankasela umbono, ongase uvumelane noma uhlukane. Ingaqinisekisa, ibuye, ilungise, noma ibuye iqondise. Inkantolo ebhekene nenkantolo ukuba iqhube iziphakamiso eziqhubekayo ngokuvumelana nesinqumo se-appellate.

Ukubukeza Okuqhubekayo: Yeka Ukudlulisa Amacala Enkantolo Ephakeme

Ezimisweni eziningi, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase licele inkantolo ephakeme ukuba ibukeze (isinye, isicelo se-certiorari eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.). Inkantolo ephakeme inikeza ukubukeza eqenjini elincane kuphela lamacala . Ngokusho ukuthi lawo ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Uma kuphindwa, isinqumo se-metapella sihlala sikhona.

Lonke uhambo olusuka ekuhleleni ukuya esinqumweni sokugcina lungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, kuye ngobunkimbinkimbi, ukuminyana kwenkundla, nokuthi kuhlongozwa kaningi yini ukunxusa.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Nezindlela Zawo Eziyingqayizivele

Nakuba isigaba esivamile sisebenza ezimweni eziningi, izinhlobo ezithile zezingxabano zilandela izindlela ezikhethekile.

  • Icala eliyimfihlo: Ilungelo lommangalelwa lokudlulisa isiqinisekiso liyisisekelo, kodwa umshushisi akakwazi ukudlulisa imvume yokuvala icala (ingozi ephindwe kabili). Izikhalo zokudlulisa isigwebo zivamile. Kwezinye izindawo, kunenqubo ehlukene yokunxusa yokukhululeka kwe-post-convection (i-habeas corpus).
  • Icala leCivil:[ Izikhalo zikhona ezahlulelweni zokugcina kanye nakweminye imiyalo ye-interlocurection (umz., imiyalelo). Izenzo zekilasi kanye nama-tort angahlanganisa ukudluliswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemikhakha eminingi kanye nezikhalo eziqikelelwe.
  • UMthetho ophethe:[ Izinqumo eziningi zezinhlangano zikahulumeni (umzk., ukufuduka, ukulondeka kwezenhlalo) zibukezwa kuqala yinkantolo yezobuphathi. Izikhalo ziphinde ziye enkantolo equlweni noma enkantolo ekhethekile yezikhulu, futhi ekugcineni enkantolo ephakeme. Indinganiso yokuhlola ivame ukubuyisela ukuvalela emaqinisweni enhlangano.
  • Icala lomthetho-mthetho: Izinselele eziphikisana nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngokuvamile zigxumela enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu noma enkantolo ekhethekile yomthetho-sisekelo. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeJalimane, ukubukezwa komthetho-sisekelo okuhlukene nezikhalo ezivamile.

Indima Yokukhohlisa Kwamaqaba Nezinkanyiso

Izikhulu zenkantolo zincike kakhulu emfundisweni ye stare decis (ngesiLatini se-“ma ngezindlela ezithile”). Izinkantolo ezingaphansi kumelwe zilandele izimpawu ezibekwe izinkantolo eziphakeme phakathi kwesigaba esisodwa. Lesimiso sidala ukubikezela nokungaguquguquki.

Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Yezikhalo yase-U.S. siyabopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo zesifunda kulesosifunda kodwa uma esinye isifunda sikhipha isinqumo esingqubuzanayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ingathatha isinyathelo ukuze ixazulule ukuhlukana, imise umthetho wesizwe ofanayo. Izimiso zenkantolo eziphakeme zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ngokwayo kamuva izinqumele izehlakalo ezingavamile.

Ngaphandle kokubheka, inkantolo ngayinye ingafinyelela iziphetho ezingafani ezindabeni ezingokomthetho ezifanayo, ilulaze umthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nomphumela Wako

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola ukuthi imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ziyavumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Emazweni amaningi, lombuso ubekwe enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (noma inkantolo ekhethekile yomthetho-mthetho). Ukuhlola ukwahlulela kuvumela inkantolo ephakeme ukuba ishaye umthetho owephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma owedlula igunya likahulumeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. okuhlola kokwahlulela amiswa ku- Marbury v. Madison (1803). Izinqumo ezinjenge Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo[ [1954] yaguqula umphakathi ngokumemezela ukuthi i-constitution. E-UK, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingawisa umthetho ogunyaziswe kodwa ayikwazi ukulahla iMithetho yePhalamende (esekelwe ePhalamendeni); esikhundleni salokho, ingakhipha izimemezelo zokunga ngokuvumelana ngaphansi kweNkathi yeNkathi Yezenzo Zomuntu.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amagatsha kahulumeni asebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla asetshenziswa eqophelweni eliphezulu lesigaba senkantolo, anegunya elikhulu nokuphela.

Isiphetho

Inkantolo ingumgogodla wanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esibheka ukuguquguquka, ukungaguquguquki, kanye nomthetho. Kusukela enkantolo yamacala lapho amacala eqala khona, ngezinkantolo ezilungisa amaphutha, enkantolo ephakeme enikeza incazelo yokugcina, isigaba ngasinye sifeza indima ehlukile. Ukuqonda indlela amacala aqhubekela ngayo kule nqubo kunika abantu amandla okulawula izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokuphumelelayo, ukwazisa ukubaluleka kwezethulo, nokuqaphela amasheke nezilinganiso ezibekwe ezimisweni zokwahlulela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho, umnini webhizinisi, noma isakhamuzi, uqonda ukugeleza kwecala lokudluliswa kwecala . Kusukela ekudluliseleni ekudluliseleni ekudluliseleni ekudlulisweni komthetho, kubalulekile ukuvikela amalungelo akho nokuqonda indlela ubulungisa obunikezwa ngayo.

Ukuze uhlole ngokwengeziwe, bheka incazelo [ U.S. yecala lenkantolo yezwe , [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute , kanye ne JUdiary ehlelwe egcekeni lenkantolo [. Ukunyukela kakhulu kusuka ku-desis[ kuyatuswa futhi ekuqondeni indlela umthetho wesigaba sekhulu lekhulu lesonto osebenza ngayo esikhathini eside.