Izikhundla Zikahulumeni: Ukuqonda Ongase Uphendukele Kusizo

Ukumisa izinkonzo zikahulumeni kungaba yinselele uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elisingatha ukukhathazeka kwakho okukhethekile. Ukusukela ekufakeni isicelo se-passport ukuze ubike imbobo, izinga likahulumeni odingayo lixhomeke ekukhanyeni kwesimo salendaba. I-United States inamazinga amathathu ayinhloko kahulumeni: uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nomphakathi nendawo. Isilinganiso ngasinye sinamagunya ahlukene, imithwalo yemfanelo, nezinkonzo, okuthathwe ku-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution kanye nokuhlukana kobukhosi phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifunda. Ukuqonda lezi zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zingene ngokushesha nangendlela efanele, zigcine isikhathi, futhi zigweme ukukhungatheka. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okuningi kwezinga ngalinye, kuhlanganise namagatsha azo, izinkonzo, nezindlela zokuxhumana nazo.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: Igunya Lesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni uphakeme kakhulu kuhulumeni e-United States, onegunya ezindabeni ezithinta sonke isizwe. Inikezwa amandla nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kuhlanganise nekhono lokulawula ezohwebo zezwe, zokwenza inkambiso yangaphandle, ukumemezela impi, ukunyathelisa imali, nokulungiselela ukuvikela kwesizwe. Uhulumeni uqondisa futhi izinhlelo ezinjenge-Social Security, iMedicare, kanye nosizo lwabafundi abasemthethweni. Isimiso sichazwa ngesimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya, ukuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-ccomputation, i-gate, i-gevertical, ne-gever.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho kahulumeni, liphakamisa izintela, futhi ligunyaza uhulumeni ngemali. Laziwa ngokuthi i-Bhunga lase-U.S., indikimba ye-bamaral eyakhiwa yiSigele neNdlu yabameleli. ISishaya-mthetho sinamalungu ayikhulu (ambili kuhulumeni), ngalinye lisebenza ama-gamende ayisithupha. Indlu inamalungu ahlukaniswa abantu bamazwe, akhonza ama-odar amabili eminyaka. Izakhamuzi zingathintana [[FLT:] iziphathisi kanye [FLT:] ne [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FF:3] ngosizo ngezindaba ezinjalo, izinzuzo zezezezezesizwe, noma ukuvikela umphakathi.

Igumbi ngalinye linamakomiti aqondisa izindawo ezithile zezimiso, njenge House Ways ne-Fracts Committee (intela, ukuhwebelana) noma i-Gazenti Foreign Relations Committee. Uma udinga usizo ngesicelo sikahulumeni noma ngendaba yokungena kwezincwadi, ihhovisi lakho lenhlangano lingasebenza njengesivumelwano nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liphoqelela imithetho futhi liholwa nguMongameli wase-United States, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi-khulu wamabutho ahlomile. UMongameli usekelwa uMongameli ongumbonisi noMphathi we-Kabithane, ohlanganisa iminyango engu-15 yezikhulu njengoMnyango Wezokhuselo, uMnyango Wezezempilo, uMnyango WezezezezeMpilo, noMnyango Wemfundo Yabantu. Umnyango ngamunye usebenza izinhlangano eziningi namahhovisi anikeza izinkonzo eziqondile ezakhamuzini. Isibonelo, i-Sactacial Security Adminity [ Imparentelligement nes ezisizayo.

Uma unombuzo ngohlelo lukahulumeni, uqala ngokumisa inhlangano ehlobene nalo. Ngemibuzo evamile, USA.gov i-partial exhumanisa wena nombuso, umbuso, nezinkonzo zendawo. UMongameli unikeza futhi iziyalo zezikhulu zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa azikwazi ukudlula imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Hulumeni.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho kahulumeni futhi libukeze umthetho - sisekelo walo. Lihlanganisa iNkantolo ephakeme ye-United States, izinkantolo ezingu-13 zezikhalo (izinkantolo zezenkantolo), ezingu-94 zezigodi (izinkantolo zenkantolo), nezinye izinkantolo ezikhethekile (umzk., izinkantolo ezizimele zentela, inkantolo yentela, iNkantolo ye-International Trantirst). INkanto ephakeme ithatha amacala ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezinkantolo ze-orgary, noma izindaba zomthetho kahulumeni. Nakuba amaMelika amaningi engenakuvela phambi kweNkanto ephakeme, amagatsha athinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngesinqumo esifana nokuvota, ukukhathalela impilo, nokuzigoxazulu.

Uma unendaba engokomthetho kahulumeni enjengokumangalela inhlangano kahulumeni noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho, ubungaqala ngokuqondiiii kuqala eNkantolo yeSigodi yase-U.U. ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bheka iwebhusayithi yomthetho we-judiary kazwelonke. .

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: Isindlali Esiphakathi

Ohulumeni boMbuso bayizinhlangano ezizimele ezisemingceleni yabo, ezingaphansi kobukhulu bukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe ezindabeni ezikhathaza isizwe. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, indikimba yemithetho, umholi ophethe (umbusi), nesimiso senkantolo. Ohulumeni babusa eminingi yemithetho nezinkonzo ezithinta ngokuqondile izakhamuzi, kuhlanganise nemfundo, ezokuthutha, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nemithetho yendawo ezungezile.

Imithetho Kahulumeni

Isishaya-mthetho sibhala imithetho ezindabeni ezinganqunywanga uhulumeni kahulumeni, njengomthetho wempahla, umthetho womkhaya, imithetho yezebhizinisi, nemithetho engekho emthethweni. Izwe ngalinye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska ine-bidamaral commission (Indlu noma i-Assembly neSigeqe). Abaphathi-mthetho bakhethwa ngabavoti ezifundeni zabo futhi basebenzisa izimemezelo ezimfushane kunabamisi-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Scostanian State Legislature ine-40 Senators kanye namalungu angu-80 eSishaya-Ngqungqungquthela sezwe sakho. Ungathola ingosi ye-webhusayithi yezwe ngo- i-Inquisition of State State [FLctlatures[Foct1].

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zengamela futhi uhlelo lwemali futhi zingasikisela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Uma kudingeka ulungise indaba yentela kazwelonke, thola ilayisense yomshayeli, noma uqonde imithetho kazwelonke, ukuxhumana nomenzi wesishaya-mthetho kazwelonke kungaba yinyathelo lokuqala.

Umbusi

Umbusi uyinhloko wesifundazwe, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni, ukuphatha uhlelo lwemali, kanye nokwengamela izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ohulumeni banamandla okulawula umthetho, ikhono lokuthethelela (ngaphandle kwamacala okungagunyazi), negunya lokubiza iziqephu ezikhethekile zendlu yomthetho. Ezizweni eziningi, umbusi umisa futhi izinhloko zeminyango enjenge-Divince of Motor Vehicles, uMnyango wezempilo, kanye ne-Hulumeni.

Izakhamuzi zingathintana nehhovisi likambusi ezindabeni ezidinga isenzo sokuqondisa, njengesimemezelo senhlekelele kahulumeni, izicelo zobungane, noma izikhalo ngezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Umbuso ngamunye ulondoloza ingosi engokomthetho enjenge Oregon.gov[ noma .gov[[FLT]'s.gov[[FLT][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]] njengesikhungo senkonzo kazwe.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo eziningi zisingatha amacala angokomthetho e-United States .Angaphezu kuka-90% azo zonke izinkantolo. Zisingatha isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, izimpikiswano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, amacala obugebengu (angenahulumeni), kanye nokubekwa kwenye inkantolo. Isifundazwe ngasinye sinesigaba senkantolo esihlanganisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme noma izinkantolo zesifunda), izinkantolo eziphakathi kwezinkantolo eziphethe, nenkantolo ephakeme yezwe (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNkakhulu yalelozwe, ngaphandle kwaseNew York lapho iNkantolo yamacala amacala).

Uma unenkinga engokomthetho ehilela umthetho kazwelonke, kumele ubhale phansi enkantolo equlweni lenkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, impikiswano yegosa lomnini-khaya ingazwakala enkantolo kahulumeni. Izizwe eziningi zinikeza izikhungo zosizo kanye nemithombo ye-inthanethi ukuze ziqondise izakhamuzi ezindleleni ezivamile zomthetho.

Ezinye Izikhulu ZoMbuso

Amazwe futhi akhetha noma amise ezinye izikhulu eziphethe imisebenzi eyisihluthulelo. General Attorney usebenza njengesikhulu esiyinhloko sombuso esingokomthetho, simelela umbuso ezindabeni ezingokomthetho futhi sikhipha imibono engokomthetho. [[FLT:] Izikhundla zesifundazwe [[FLT]] [i-Activestriary of State [[FLT]]] Atcomperatey] ukwahlulela ukhetho, ukubhalisa amabhizinisi, nokubhalisa izinhlangano zezindawo. [[[FLTT:4] Isikhulu sezwe [[FLT] siphatha izimali nempahla engahlulwa. Ukwazi lamahhovisi angakusiza ekuphenyeni kwakho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukholelwa ukuthi ibhizinisi likuphangile, ukuxhumana nezokuvikela i-Athoney.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Ukusondelana Kwasekhaya

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza emphakathini futhi bayizidalwa zikahulumeni, okusho ukuthi bathola igunya labo kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe nezimiso. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, njengamanzi nendle, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, amapaki, imitapo yomphakathi, izindawo zokuhlanganisa indawo, namaphoyisa omhlaba nezindawo zokuzimela. Izakhiwo zikahulumeni zendawo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kodwa zivame ukuwela ezigabani ezintathu: izifunda, izifunda-masipala, izifunda (izifunda nezindawo), kanye nezifunda ezikhethekile.

Uhulumeni Wesifunda

Izindawo zokuphatha isifundazwe, ngokuvamile zibuswa yibhodi ekhethiwe yamakhomishane noma umkhandlu wesifunda. Ezizweni eziningi, izibalo zinikeza izinkonzo ezinjengokuhlola intela yempahla nokuqoqa iminikelo, iminyango yezempilo yomphakathi, amahhovisi abaphathi, ukugcinwa kwemigwaqo, nokubhaliswa kwezindawo. Futhi baphethe izinkantolo zesifunda zezindaba zezephulamthetho ezincane nezomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kudingeka ubhalise imoto, ukukhokha izintela zempahla, noma ukuthola imvume yomshado, ngokunokwenzeka uya ehhovisi lesifundazwe.

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wesifundazwe singahlanganisa umphathi wesifunda wesifunda okhethiwe kwezinye izindawo. Izifunda zase Urban (njenge-Los Angeles County) zinezisebenzi ezinkulu ezinezinkulungwane zezisebenzi, kuyilapho izikhungo zasemaphandleni zingaba nezisebenzi ezimbalwa kuphela. Ukuthola uhulumeni wesifunda sesifunda sezwe sakho, funa i-website yezwe lakho yegunya.”

Idolobha Nohulumeni Wedolobha

Amadolobha namadolobha (ayaziwa nangokuthi ama-kalumela) anohulumeni bendawo abakwazi ukulawula izinkonzo phakathi kwemingcele yabo. Izinkonzo ezivamile zasedolobheni zihlanganisa iminyango yezomlilo , iminyango yomlilo [[[FLT:]], [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi [[[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [iindlela] [indlela], izibani, amabala], [[FLT], [indlela zokuphumula], [[FLT] imvume yokwakha, [[FLT], [FLT], [FLT], [FLT] [10] [FFF] [F] [FLT] [f:] [flk] [ig] [igswong], [ieding, [[12] [[12], i-onglegi, i-ooongti, i

Ohulumeni bakamasipala ngokuvamile banesimiso esingumphathi-mkhandi wedolobha (lapho umphathi-dolobha eyisikhulu khona, umkhandlu uyisigebengu) noma i-council-mphathi[ isimiso (lapho umphathi wedolobha omisiwe esingatha imisebenzi yansuku zonke, kuyilapho umkhandlu uhlela umthetho). Amanye amadolobha nawo anesimo somphathi-meyamampala onamandla nobubanzi begunya lezikhulu. Imihlangano yaseTown ivamile emadolobheni amancane aseNgilandi amancane, lapho izakhamuzi zivotela khona ngokuqondile ngemicici yemali nemithetho yemithetho yemithetho.

Amadolobha amaningi manje anikeza ama - computer ama - computer ukuze athumele izicelo zenkonzo, akhokhele imishini esetshenziswayo noma afake isicelo semvume.

Izifunda ezikhethekile

Izifunda ezikhethekile ziyizindawo zikahulumeni ezizimele ezenzelwe ukunikeza umsebenzi othile, njengamanzi, ugesi, ukuthutha umphakathi, indle, noma isivikelo somlilo. Zivame ukuba namabhodi azo akhethiwe negunya lokukhokha intela. Ngokwesibonelo, i- iMetropolitan Waters of Southern California[ inikeza abantu abayizigidi ezingu-19 amanzi, kanye ne-CAMBICA Transit Authority[[ isebenzisa amabhasi nezitimela. Uma unenkinga ngomlomo wakho wamanzi, ungadinga ukuxhumana nabantu abakhethekile, hhayi isifundazwe noma isifunda.

Ngokwe-Census Bureau yase-U.S., kunezifunda ezikhethekile ezingaphezu kuka - 38 000 e-United States. Ukuze uthole ukuthi ubani okukhonzayo, bheka intela yempahla yakho noma isikhwama semali, esivame ukudweba igama nemininingwane yesifunda.

Ohulumeni Bezizwe

Isilinganiso sesine, esivame ukunganakwa ohulumeni besizwe. Kunezizwe zoMdabu waseMelika eziqashelwa nguhulumeni e-United States ezingu-554, ngayinye inamandla okubusa amalungu ayo nezwe. Ohulumeni besizwe banikeza izinkonzo ezinjengokugcinwa komthetho, imfundo, nokunakekelwa kwempilo ezinhlangothini. Banobuhlobo bukahulumeni nohulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, okusho ukuthi abangaphansi kohulumeni ezindaweni eziningi. Uma uhlala esabelweni esithile noma uqhuba ibhizinisi nesizwe esithile, kufanele uthintane nohulumeni wesizwe ngokuqondile.

Indlela Yokubona Izinga Elifanele Likahulumeni Ozobhekana Nalo

Ngoba izinkonzo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuyahambisana, ukunquma izinga lokuthintana kungaba yinkimbinkimbi. Nansi isiqondiso esisebenzayo esisekelwe ezimweni ezivamile:

  • Izindaba zesizwe: AmaPassport, Social Security, Medicare, izintela zikahulumeni, ukufuduka, inkonzo yezempi, izinzuzo zomatata, imali yomfundi kahulumeni. → uhulumeni we-FLT]
  • Izindaba ezibanzi zase-State: amalayisense omshayeli, izintela zeholo likahulumeni, amapaki ombuso, amalayisense omshado, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, amalayisense ochwepheshe (umz., kodokotela, izinwele). → uhulumeni wezwe
  • Izindaba zendawo: Intela yempahla, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, amaphoyisa endawo, izinkonzo zomlilo, imvume yokwakha, ukulungisa umgwaqo, izikole zomphakathi (i-K12). → uhulumeni we-Locale (izwe noma idolobha)
  • [[QULT:0] Ukuzimela: amanzi, ugesi, ukuthutha, imitapo, ukulawula omiyane.] → kungaba isifunda esikhethekile[

Uma ungaqiniseki, qala ngedolobha lakho noma ngewebhusayithi yesifunda. Bavame ukuba ne- “Citinzen’s Guide” noma i-“Mithi...” ingxenye. Ungabiza futhi u-31 emadolobheni amaningi ngolwazi lukahulumeni olungelufanele. Ngokuphambene, USA.gov unikeza “Indawo kahulumeni ngesihloko” ithuluzi lokukhomba ngawela hlangothi olulungile.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuthola Usizo

Lapho usulazi izinga elifanele likahulumeni, landela lezi zinyathelo:

  1. ichaza inxusa[: Ngokwesibonelo, uma ufuna ukuvuselela ilayisense yomshayeli, iwuMnyango we-Dershot Vehicles kazwelonke. Kuse-passport, i-U.S.
  2. [[UMTL:0] Thola ukwaziswa kokuxhumana[: Sebenzisa ingosi esemthethweni .gov. Gwema izingosi zesithathu ezingase zikhokhe imali yezinkonzo zamahhala.
  3. Khetha indlela eyiyo: Izinkonzo eziningi zikahulumeni zikhona kuyi-inthanethi. Intela ye-Federal ebuyayo, izinzuzo ze-SNAP, futhi imvume yokwakha ingagcinwa ngokwezinombolo. Ucingo kanye nokumisa izivumelwano kungadingeka ngemishini eyinkimbinkimbi.
  4. Lungisa amabhukwana adingekile: Yiba ne-ID yakho (iphepha-mvume lomfula, inombolo ye-akhawunti yokhuseleko), izinombolo ze-akhawunti, kanye namaphepha abalulekile alungele ukufika noma ukuvakasha.
  5. landela[: Uma ungatholi impendulo phakathi nesikhathi esilinganiselwe (futhi izinsuku eziyishumi zebhizinisi ukuze kuphendulwe lula), thintana futhi noma unyuse ehhovisi lesikhulu esikhethiwe. Amahhovisi e-Congression anezikhonzi ezihlangene ezingasiza izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda amazinga amathathu ayinhloko kahulumeni ._federal, umbuso, kanye nendawo (imvume yokulawula izinhlelo ze-bureaucracy) ngokuqiniseka. Izinga ngalinye linendima nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, kodwa ngokuvamile lisebenza ndawonye ekukhonzeni izakhamuzi. Ngokufunda ukuthi yiliphi izinga eliphethe lokho, ungagwema izingcingo eziphambukileyo futhi ulinde izikhathi ezinde. Uma udinga intethelelo, imvume, noma usizo ngenzuzo kahulumeni, ukwazi ukuthi inyathelo lokuqala ukuphendukela kulo ukuze uthole usizo olusebenzayo. Izimpawu zikahulumeni zezimpawu ezifana no USA.[FLD:1]] futhi ungayidingi ingosi ye-webhusayithi ye-webhusayithi ye-logo yakho ukuze ungene ngokushesha. Uma ungabaza, uma ubuza umphakathi wakho ungayinikeza ngezindlela zokucwaninga nosizo zikahulumeni.