Izimfuneko Ezinhle Zokuhlelwa Nokuzitika Emacalani Omphakathi Nawezigebengu

Ukuqonda Izimfuneko Ezinhle Zokuthola Inzuzo Nokuzithela

Izenzo ezilula zingaba ukulahlekelwa nokuphangwa kwempahla kanye nokuphangwa kwempahla ezikhona ezikhungweni zokugcinwa komthetho. Zivumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla ethathwe noma esetshenziswa ekusizeni umsebenzi wobugebengu. Lezizenzo zingahlanganisa imali, izimoto, indawo nezinye izinto zomuntu siqu. Nakuba amandla okuthatha izinto anzima kakhulu ekuphazamiseni izinkampani zobugebengu nasekutholeni imiphumela yobugebengu, futhi ziphakamisa izinkathazo eziphawulekayo zomthetho-sisekelo. ISimemezelo Sesine sivikela abantu ekufuneni ngokungacabangeli nokuquleka, futhi inqubo efanele idinga ukuba abani bempahla bathole isaziso esilungile nethuba lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uthathe izimali zabo unomphela.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwezimfuneko ezilawula ukulahlekelwa nokuthatheka kwempahla ekhona emacaleni omphakathi nawobugebengu. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho, izikhulu zomthetho, nabahlaziyi bezimiso bayothola ukuhlaziywa okunzulu kwezindinganiso zomthetho, izivikelo ze-procedro, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezilawula lo mthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zimfuneko kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izenzo zokulahlekelwa zingokomthetho, ziyalingana, futhi zilungile.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho: ISichibiyelo Sesine Nenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sinikeza uhlelo oluyinhloko lwemithetho yokuthatha impahla. Siqinisekisa ukuthi [unelungelo] labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini zabo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka.” Ukuthatheka kwempahla kwenzeka uma kunento ethile enengqondo ephazamisa isithakazelo somuntu kuleyo ndawo. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi isivikelo seSiphendulo Sesine esidlulela kokubili ukulahlekelwa yizelele ezigebengwini zobugebengu nezenzo zomphakathi, kodwa izimfuneko ezithile zezenkolo zihlukile kuye ngokwemo yemithetho.

Ngaphezu kweSichibiyelo sesine, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu se-Access Claus sidinga ukuba uhulumeni anikeze izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu impahla. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kuthathwa inqubo efanele, inikeza isaziso kumnini mpahla nethuba elibalulekile lokulwa nokuthatheka. Nokho, isikhathi nesimo salelothuba siyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezigebengu nezindaba zomphakathi. Ikhono likahulumeni lokuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwemvume yokulahlekelwa yindawo, ngokwesibonelo, siye saba umthombo wenguquko enkulu nenguquko yemithetho.

Izimfuneko Ezinhle Ekwenzelweni Kwesigebengu

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, imali ephucwe ivame ukuthathwa njengengxenye yokuquliswa kwecala. Uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise icala lommangalelwa ngokunengqondo ngaphambi kokuba impahla ilahlekelwe unomphela.

Imbangela Ephumelelayo Nemfuneko Efanelekile

Ngaphambi kokuba abaqaphi bomthetho bathathe impahla ecaleni lobugebengu, ngokuvamile kumelwe bathole imvume yokufuna noma imvume yokuthatheka kumantshi ongathathi hlangothi. Imvume kumelwe isekelwe yisizathu esilindelekile – inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile, ukuthi impahla okumelwe iphanjwe ayinyakaziwe, ubufakazi bobugebengu, noma ukuqhubekeka komsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. Isicelo kumelwe sihlanganise isiqinisekiso esifushanisiwe esichaza ubufakazi obungakhomba imbangela. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuquleka akuyona impoqo futhi isikhulu sokwahlulela esizimele sihlola ukulunga kukahulumeni.

Impahla okumelwe ithathwe kumelwe ichazwe ngokukhethekile. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba “ngokuyinhloko kuchazwe indawo okumelwe iphenywe kuyo, futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa.” Ukungagunyazwa noma ukuchazwa okuningi kakhulu kungaholela ekuncishisweni kwemvume futhi ukuthunjwa kuvinjelwe enkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume esho nje ukuthi “yonke impahla ehlangene nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa” ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuthi izinto cishe ingabhekwa njengenganelisi.

Ukubulawa Nokubuya Kwenkonzo

Uma ikhishwe, imvume kumelwe ikhishwe phakathi nesikhathi esifanelekile, ngokuvamile phakathi nezinsuku eziyi 10 kuya kwezingu-14 kuye ngegunya. I-Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41 ifuna ukuba kubulawe izimvume phakathi nosuku ngaphandle kokuba imajistala igunyaze ukubulawa ebusuku ngenxa yezizathu ezinhle ezibonisiwe. Phakathi nokubulawa, izikhulu kumelwe zinikeze umuntu imvume kanye nencwadi ebhalwe ukuthi impahla ithathwe noma ishiywe kulowo owaphucwale noma ayishiye ezakhiwo. Lokhu kunikeza imvume, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukubuya kwenkonzo, kugcinwa nenkantolo futhi kuqinisekisa ukulandisa.

Uma impahla ithathwa ingenaso isiqinisekiso esizwakalayo, ummangalelwa kamuva angase abeke inselele ekuthunjweni kwezikhali, ethi lomthetho wawungenambangela onokwenzeka noma ukuthi ukubulawa kwawo kudlule imvume. Ukuhlasela okuphumelelayo kungavimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise impahla ephangiwe njengobufakazi futhi kungase kuholele ekubuyiseni kwempahla.

Ukuhlukaniswa Nemfuneko Engasifuni Icala Elasezigebengwini

ISichibiyelo sesine asiyona imfuneko ephelele. Izinkantolo ziye zavuma ukuthi kunezinye izinto eziye zavumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuthathwe impahla ngaphandle kwemvume emacaleni obugebengu.

• [ Izimo ezithena amandla[ - Uma kudingeka isinyathelo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, ukubalekela ukusolwa, noma ingozi kubaphathi noma emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu ezibona umuntu osolwayo ezama ukukhipha imilaliso endlini yangasese zingabambamba ngaphandle kwemvume.
• Imfundiso yombono oPlain - abaphathi-mikhosi abakhona ngokomthetho endaweni bangathatha izinto ezicaciswa ngokucacile. Uma isikhulu esiqondisa ukuma kwezimoto sibuka isikhwama semali nezidakamizwa esihlalweni esingaphambili, lobo bufakazi bungabanjwa ngaphandle kwemvume.
• i-Conic [ - Uma umninimkhandi evuma ngokuzithandela ekusesheni nasekuthatheni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Kumelwe kuvunyelwe, ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa, futhi umuntu kumelwe abe negunya phezu kwempahla.
• Isenzakalo sokufuna ukubopha - - Abaphathi bangasesha umuntu oboshwayo nendawo elawulwa ngokushesha ukuze bathole izikhali noma ubufakazi, futhi bangabamba noma ikuphi ukuvinjwa okutholakele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa impahla emzimbeni womboshi noma emotweni ababehlala kuyo uma ukuboshwa kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nobufakazi bobugebengu.

Uma kamuva uhulumeni efuna ukulahlekelwa izinto ezithathwe yizo, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuphikisa ukuthi ukuthunjwa kokuqala kwaphula iSichibiyelo Sesine.

Izimfuneko Ezinhle Zokulwela Umphakathi

Ukulahlekelwa inzuzo yomphakathi kusebenza ngaphansi komthetho ohlukile. Ezenzweni zomphakathi, indawo ngokwayo ibhekwa njengommangalelwa - owaziwa ngokuthi e-rem uhulumeni awudingi ukuthola imvume ngaphambi kokuba uthathe impahla ezinhlangothini eziningi ezilahlekile. Kunalokho, umthetho obusayo unikeza igunya lokuthatha impahla ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile sokuba impahla ilahlekelwe. Lokhu kuwukulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo kwemfuneko yecala lobugebengu.

Ukuzikhohlisa Ngaphandle Kwesigungu: Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Nemingcele

Ekulahlekelweni yizakhamuzi, ukugcinwa komthetho kungathatha impahla ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi banesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi impahla iboshelwe emsebenzini ongekho emthethweni. Leligunya lisuka emithethweni enjenge 21 U.S.C. 881 (incishwa kwezidakamizwa) kanye no-18 U.S.C. . . . . . . . 981 (ukulahlekelwa okungavunyelwe ngenxa yobugebengu obuhlukahlukene obusemthethweni). INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukungagunyazi ukuquleka kwendawana kwemibono yokuthi impahla ngokwayo iyisoni, futhi uhulumeni wenza umsebenzi wokubulala isihlukuthe noma ukuphanga noma ukubulala noma ukuthatha imvume yokubulala noma ukubulala.

Nokho, iSichibiyelo sesine sisasebenza. Uma ukuthuthwa kuhilela “ukuhlola” indlu noma enye indawo evikelekile, kuyadingeka imvume. Florida v. White, 526 U.S. 559 (1999), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ungathatha imoto endaweni yomphakathi ngaphandle kwemvume uma inesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi iyalahleka. Kodwa uma imoto ipakwe embonini yangasese, isiqinisekiso noma iphawulo oluhlukile (njengesimo esihlukile) kuyadingeka. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza ekuqumbekeni ngaphakathi ekhaya: ukuthuthwa yimoto engekho noma imvume, kumelwe itholakale.

Ukuthola Ithuba Lokubuya Ngemva Kohambo

Ngemva kokudungeka okungagunyaziwe kwezakhamuzi, inqubo efanele idinga ukuba umnikazi wendawo athole ukuqashelwa okusheshayo kokuthunjwa kanye nethuba lokuncintisana ngakho. Uhulumeni kumelwe aqale ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulahla, ngokuvamile ngokufaka isikhalo enkantolo. Umniniyo unelungelo lokubhala icala futhi aphikise ukulahlekelwa. Kulesi sikhathi, uhulumeni uthwele umthwalo wokufakaza ngokufakaza ubufakazi obubanzi bokuthi impahla ifanelwe ukulahlwa. Kwezinye izimo, njengalabo abaphethe abamsulwa, umthwalo ungasheshiswa.

Ngokuphawulekayo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ku- United States v. uJames Daniel Good Real Imagement , 510 U.S. 43 (1993) yakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuthatha impahla yangempela ngaphandle kokunikeza isaziso kuqala nokuqulwa ngaphandle kokuba izimo ezingabonakali zikhona. Lesi sinqumo salinganisela kakhulu ikhono likahulumeni lokuthatha amakhaya ngaphandle kwenqubo yangaphambili. Nokho, isivikelo esifanayo asisebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo empahleni yomuntu siqu njengezimoto, imali, noma izikebhejaneni.

Isimiso Sokulungisa Nokuthumba

Ingxenye enkulu yokulahlekelwa uhulumeni iyenzeka ngokuqulwa kwezindaba zokuphatha, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yempahla elinganiselwa ku-R150 000. Kulezi zimo, inkampani ebambayo iphatha umuntu ngaphandle kokuhileleka enkantolo, ngaphandle kokuba umniniyo afake isaziso. Ukulahlekelwa akudingi isiqinisekiso sokudungeka kokuqala, kodwa umnini-mnikazi kumelwe anikezwe isaziso nethuba lokuncintisana phakathi nomzuzu oqondile (cishe izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu - 60). Uma umniniyo ehluleka ukuphendula, impahla ilahleka ngokulawula.

Naphezu kokuntuleka kwemvume, iSichibiyelo Sesine sisabeka imingcele. Uma ukuthatheka kubangelwa ukufuna okungacabangeli noma uma uphenyo olusobala lungekho nokwenzeka, umninikho angabekela inselele ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yezizathu zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo ziye zabuvimbela ubufakazi bokuquleka okungekho emthethweni ezicaleni zombango, futhi abanye baye bayala ngisho nokubuya kwempahla uma ukuthumba kokuqala bekungekho emthethweni.

Ukuqhathanisa Umphakathi Nesigebengu: Umehluko Oyinhloko Ekwenzeni Izenzo

Ithebula elingezansi lifingqa umehluko omkhulu okhona ogunyaziwe nezimfuneko ezingokwesiko phakathi kwempahla yomphakathi neyobugebengu:

Aspect	Criminal Forfeiture	Civil Forfeiture
Target of proceeding	Defendant (person)	Property (in rem)
Warrant required before seizure?	Generally yes, unless exception applies	No (but warrant may be required for searches of homes)
Probable cause standard	For warrant: probable cause that property is evidence of crime or proceeds	Probable cause that property is subject to forfeiture
Burden of proof at trial	Beyond a reasonable doubt (for conviction)	Preponderance of the evidence
Innocent owner defense	Available (owner unaware of illegal use) but limited	Available (owner must show lack of knowledge or consent)
Notice and hearing	Part of criminal proceedings (arraignment, preliminary hearing)	Post-seizure notice and opportunity to challenge
Exigent circumstances exception	Applies to warrant requirement	Applies to requirement of prior notice for real property

Nokho, inqubo efanele neSichibiyelo Sesine kusasebenza, futhi amazwe amaningi aye amisa izinguquko eziye zadinga ukuvunyelwa kwecala lobugebengu ngaphambi kokuba impahla ithathwe noma ilahlekelwe.

Izimpikiswano Nezinguquko Ezizungeze Imikhuba Yokunqoba

Ukulahlekelwa okungathandeki kuye kwaba indaba yenkulumo - mpikiswano enzima yomphakathi nezombangazwe, eminingi yayo igxile ekutheni imvume yamanje nezindinganiso ezifanele zivikela ngokwanele yini abanikazi bempahla. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwempahla ngokwezenhlalo kululaza amalungelo omphakathi ngokuvumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla ngaphandle kokuphoqa umniniyo ngecala. Umthwalo ophansi wobufakazi (ukubekwa phambili kobufakazi) kanye nezisusa zezimali zezinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho (ngokuhlanganyela ngokulinganayo nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni) kuye kwaba yimpikiswano kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Okunokulingana “Nokwenzelwa Inzuzo” Inkinga

Ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni sokuhlanganyela okulinganayo, izinhlangano zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho zikahulumeni nendawo zingabambisana neziphathimandla zikahulumeni ukuba zithathe impahla, bese zithola ingxenye yemali ekhishweyo. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile inezivikelo ezibuthakathaka ezilula kunemithetho kahulumeni, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinhlangano zingavimbela izimfuneko ezikhuselwe kakhulu zikahulumeni ngokuthatha uphenyo lukahulumeni. Ekuphenduleni, ezinye izifunda ziye zanikeza imithetho efuna ukukhokhwa kwecala lobugebengu ngaphambi kokuba impahla ilahlekelwe, noma ifune ukuba ukulahlekelwa okushiyelwe imfundo noma ezinye izimali esikhundleni sokugcinwa komthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngesici esisodwa salokhu ngoku. Indiana, 5886 U.S._(2014), iphethe ukuthi i-Eleth Reconf Reconstement’s Reconstre for greement Claus isebenza ekulahlekelweni yisizwe. Isinqumo silinganisela amandla kahulumeni okuthatha impahla elingana kakhulu nobugebengu, ngisho noma ukuthatheka kwe-Expressivement kungenziwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.

Izinguquko Zamuva Ezingokomthetho

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa izinguquko eziqinile lezo izimfuneko eziqinile zokulahlekelwa uhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-New Mexico ne-Nebraska manje idinga ukuvunyelwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba ilahleke. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeColorado neMontana, zifuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuthole isinqumo sokwahlulela sesizathu esilindelekile ngaphambi kokuthatha impahla, futhi zenza imfuneko engokomthetho yokuquleka kwezakhamuzi ngokufanayo. Ngezinga likahulumeni, i-Ffred Relift Intelligence Reconstment (FAIR) Act iye yamiswa kaningi kodwa ayidlulanga. Lesi senzo sidinga ukuvalelwa kwecala lecala futhi siphakamise umthwalo wobufakazi ukuze kucace futhi kwanele.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukuze zigweme izinselele zomthetho - sisekelo futhi zilondoloze ukwethenjwa umphakathi, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kufanele zenze imikhuba engcono kakhulu emayelana nokulahlekelwa izinto eziwusizo nokudunyazwa:

• Funa incwadi noma nini lapho kungenzeka khona, ngisho nasemacala omphakathi alahlekelwayo, ukuze wanelise iSichibiyelo Sesine futhi ugweme ukusho izinto ezifanele.
• Cishe ibhalwe ngezinhlamvu eziphelele, futhi iqiniseke ukuthi incazelo yempahla ikhethekile.
• Yazisa abanikazi bezindawo ngelungelo labo lokulwa nokuquleka ngesikhathi esifanele nangokucacile.
• Ungasebenzisi ukucindezela kokukhokha imali noma ulahlekelwe imali ehlukene nezinhloso ezingokomthetho zokugcinwa komthetho.

Lemikhuba isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuquleka kungokomthetho, kuyalinganisela, futhi kuyawahlonipha amalungelo empahla.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile zokulahlekelwa izinto nokuthatheka zibonisa ukungqubuzana okuyisisekelo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo nezokuvikelwa komthetho-sisekelo. Ezindabeni zomthetho. Ezindabeni zomthetho wesine, iSichibiyelo sivame ukudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ikhona, esithathwa ngokulandelana kwempahla. Uma kubekwa imvume emisiwe, uhulumeni angase athathe ngaphandle kwemvume ezimweni eziningi, kodwa kumelwe anikeze isaziso esisheshayo nethuba lokubekela inselele ukuthatheka. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwalezi zinqubo kuyaqhubeka kuvela ngomthetho, ngemithetho yenkantolo, nangenguquko yezimiso.

Ochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe baqonde lokhu kuhlukanisa ukuze banikeze abathengi inselele enzima yokuthatheka okungekho emthethweni noma ukuthatha isinyathelo esingekho emthethweni. Izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe futhi ziqaphele imingcele egunyazweni lazo. Ukuze zifunde ngokwengeziwe, Cornell Legin Information Institute inikeza ukucaciswa kwempahla elahlekileyo[[ [ukufingqa okufingqiwe] umthetho kahulumeni ongekho emthethweni. [[FLT:] [FLT:]] Ukuncishwa kwemithetho ye-Ascet yeSicwangciso sokwahlulela nokwehlazinziswano. Ngokukhunga, ukukhokhwaza kwakho kokubili ukunikeza isiqondiso ezimisweni zamanje. [[FLT:]] [FLT]