Isingeniso: Ukulinganisa Ubuqotho Bokuphenya Namalungelo Abaqashi

Izisebenzi zezebiwa emsebenzini nokuziphatha kabi zingasongela umkhawulo wenhlangano, ukuqeda ukwethembana, futhi zibangele amaphutha angokomthetho. Uma abaqashi noma abaphathi-mthetho beqala ukuhlola, kumelwe basebenzise uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho [1] phakathi kwabo isidingo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho. Ukuqonda ngokuqondile lapho imvume idingeka, ukuthi ungayithola kanjani, nokuthi yini engathandeki enzima kunoma yimuphi umhloli, uchwepheshe, noma umsizi wezomthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esibanzi, esisekelwe ekusebenziseni izimfuneko zokweba emsebenzini nokuhlola okungafanele, simboze sihlanganise isisekelo esingokomthetho, imfihlo, ubufakazi bobuphili, imvume, nemiphumela engathi sína yanoma yimuphi umhloli we-HR, noma isikhulu somthetho.

Ukuqonda Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sababelwe Umkhosi

Isichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni. Nakuba lesi simo sisebenza ngokuqondile kubadlali bakahulumeni, izimiso zaso zihlela uphenyo lwasemsebenzini ngenxa yokuthi izikhulu zomthetho zivame ukuhileleka. Isivumelwano siwumyalo wokwahlulela ogunyaza ukuseshwa noma ukuphangwa. Ukuze sisebenze, kumelwe sisekelwe entweni elindelekile, isekelwe yi-affidavit, ichaze indawo nezinto ezithile, futhi ikhishwe imantshi ongathathi hlangothi.

Kulengxenye ezimele, abaqashi abadingeki ngokomthetho ukuba bathole imvume phambi kokusesha impahla yenkampani. Nokho, uma ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuhlanganyela ekuhloleni --/okanye lapho umqashi esebenza njengenxusa likahulumeni-ne Isichibiyeli semvume. Lomehluko ubalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iphoyisa licela umphathi ukuba afune idesiki lenkampani ebiwe, ukuphenya kungabhekwa njengesenzo sikahulumeni futhi kufune isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe imvume.

Kunini Lapho Kudingeka Khona Umzamo Owengeziwe Ekucwaningeni Ngemisebenzi?

Abaqashi Bomphakathi

Abaqashi bakahulumeni (izikhundla ze-federal, isifundazwe, nezinhlangano zendawo) baboshwe ngokuqondile yiSichibiyelo sesine. Ngokungafani, noma ikuphi ukuphenywa umqashi wehlelo lomphakathi ngenxa yobufakazi bokuziphatha okubi ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba sibekwe esimweni esiqashelweyo, njengokuvuma, izimo ezixekiwe, noma ukuphenywa okuqhutshwa ngenjongo yomsebenzi engahlobene nomthetho (umz., ngokwesilinganiso). Ngokungafani, abaqashi abavamile abangaphansi kweSiphequ sesine lapho behlola ngaphakathi. Nokho, isimo sishintsha ngokuphawulekayo uma ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuhilelekile.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nemfundiso “ye - Agent”

Uma amaphoyisa noma amanxusa kahulumeni ecela, ekhuthaza, noma ehlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekufuneni umqashi wangasese, ukuseshwa kungabhekwa njengesenzo sikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zihlola izinga lokuhileleka kukahulumeni: ingabe isikhulu samane sathola ubufakazi obuphendulwe ngokuzithandela, noma saqondisa isikhathi, isikhala, nendlela yokufuna? Isimo sokugcina lesi senzakalo sibangela ukuvunyelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-United States v. Walther [9:] (9.Crir. 1986), inkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi lapho isikhulu sezokuphepha sisesha iphakelele iphakethe yesicelo esicacile se-DEA inkampani, ukuphesha okufunwa uhulumeni okufunwayo.

Ukulindela Ukuba Wedwa Emsebenzini

Imfuneko yomthetho ixhomeke ekutheni isisebenzi “silindele isikhathi esifanelekile sokuzifihla” endaweni noma kuseshwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqashelwa ’Connor v. Ortega (1987) ukuthi izisebenzi zomphakathi zinamalungelo athile emfihlo emahhovisi azo, emadeskini, nasemapulatimendeni. Nokho, lokho kulindele kungancishwa ngezimiso zabaqashi, izindawo ezisetshenzwayo, noma isimo somsebenzi. Izinkantolo zicabangela izici ezifana nezithi:

  • Noma ngabe indawo yokusebenzela ingeyomuntu noma iyamuncu.
  • Ukuthi umqashi uye wamemezela izimiso zokuhlola.
  • Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isisebenzi sinegunya elikhethekile (isib., ideski elikhiyiwe noma ilocker yaso siqu).
  • Izimiso zezemisebenzi nemisebenzi (isimo, imboni yasebhange ayinasikhathi esincane sokuba yedwa eshalofini yemali).

Ngokuvamile, uma ukulindela ukuba umuntu abe wedwa kunengqondo, kudingeka isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuba abaphoqelela umthetho bahlole.

Izimfuneko Eziyinhloko Zokuthola Isivumelwano Esiwumthetho

Uma imvume idingeka, abacwaningi kumelwe banelise izinto eziningana eziqinile. Ukwehluleka kunoma yimuphi kunganikeza isiqinisekiso esingekho futhi ubufakazi obungakholeki.

Imbangela Enengqondo

Imbangela eqinisekile ikhona uma ingqikithi yezimo ingaholela umuntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu noma ukuziphatha okubi busendaweni okumelwe kuphenyiswe kuyo. Ukuze kube nokweba emsebenzini, lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuqapha okubonisa isisebenzi sithatha izinto, izitatimende zokufakaza, noma ukungavumelani emibhalweni yokubhala. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi, kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela kumelwe ibe ngcono ukwaziswa okungacaci.

I - Affidavit

Abahloli kumelwe balungise isifungo sokuchaza amaqiniso akhona okungenzeka abangele. I-affidavit kufanele iphelele, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, amagama, ukuqapha okuqondile, nendlela ukwaziswa okutholakele ngayo. Izitatimende zekhomishane (“sikholelwa ukuthi isisebenzi sebiwe”) azinele. I-affiant kumelwe ichaze isisekelo saleyonkolelo. Abathungi bangamanxusa omthetho avamile, kodwa abacwaningi bomuntu siqu banganikeza ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo sesisekelo se-affidavit ngaphansi kwemfundiso yezekhono zesikhulu.

Okubalulekile

Umyalo kumelwe uchaze ngokuqondile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi kuthathwe izinto. Imvume egunyaza ukuseshwa kwesakhiwo sonke sasehhovisi “sobufakazi bezebi” kungenzeka ukuthi sedlule kakhulu. Kunalokho, imvume kufanele ichaze, ngokwesibonelo,“ idesiki, ikhabethe, nombhoshongo wekhompuyutha eHhovisi 215,” futhi ibhale izinto ezifana“ nokubhalisa amalayisensi kusukela ngoJune 1-15, i-iPhone 12 enenombolo elandelanayo XYZZ, kanye nanoma yiziphi izincwadi ezihlobene nokulandisa # 244.5. Lokhu kuvimbela uhambo lokudoba nokuzivikela kwezinto ezingezona eziyimfihlo.

Ukuvunyelwa Ukwahlulela

Imantshi engathathi hlangothi futhi engaboshelwa i-affidavit. Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela okungenzeka futhi imvume iqondiswe kahle, bayasayina. Abangenisi kumelwe basebenzise lo myalo phakathi nesikhathi esibekwe umthetho (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi emacaleni kahulumeni, kodwa kufushaniswe kwezinye izifundazwe) futhi phakathi kwamahora akhankanyiwe (ngokuvamile ayisithupha ekuseni kuya kweyishumi ntambama) ngaphandle kokuba ukusesha ebusuku kugunyaziwe.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Izici eziningana ezihlukile zingavumela ukuphenywa okungenasisekelo okwenziwa ababenqabela umthetho emsebenzini:

  • Conis: imvume yokuzithandela evela kumuntu onegunya endaweni (umk., isisebenzi noma umphathi onegunya elifanayo).
  • [ Izimo ezingaphandle[: ingozi esheshayo yobufakazi bokubhujiswa, ukuphunyuka, noma ukulimala kwabanye.
  • umboniso woPlato: Isikhulu esikhona sibona ngokungemthetho ukonakala noma ubufakazi busobala.
  • Uhlu lwezibalo luhlola: izinqubo ezivamile zempahla engagqunywanga.
  • Izidingo ezihlukene[: Ukufuna izinjongo zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha emsebenzini (umz., ukuhlola imilaliso emisebenzini ezwela ukuphepha).

Nokho, lokhu kuhlukana kuthathwa kancane, futhi abacwaningi kufanele bathole imvume noma nini lapho kungenzeka khona ukugwema izinselele ezingokomthetho.

Amathemba Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Namalungelo Abaqashi: Umthetho Oyinhloko Wecala

O’Connor v. Ortega (1987)

Kulelicala eliyingqophamlando, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi izisebenzi zomphakathi zilindele ukuba kubekwe imfihlo enengqondo emahhovisi nasezikhungweni zazo. Nokho, iNkantolo yaqaphela futhi ukuthi ukuphenywa okuhlobene nomsebenzi kwabaphathi ngezinjongo ezingezona ezingokwesiko (umzk., ukuthatha ifayela elidingekayo) noma ukuziphatha okubi okuhlobene nomsebenzi kungase kube okunengqondo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso uma ukuphenya kufanelekile ekuqaleni kwayo futhi kunengqondo. Icala ligcizelela ukuthi imfuneko yemvume ayifaneleki ngokuphelele kubaqashi abasebenza ngaphandle kokuhileleka komthetho.

Doroba lase-Ontario v. Quon (2010)

Lelicala lakhuluma ngemfihlo yezindaba zemishini. Umnyango wamaphoyisa wahlola imiyalezo yeposi yomphathi ethunyelwe ku-ahmpli kahulumeni. INkantolo yacabanga (ngaphandle kokunquma) ukuthi isikhulu sasilindele ukuba singabonwa, kodwa sathola ukuphenywa kunengqondo ngoba sasishukunyiswa injongo engokomthetho yomsebenzi (ukuhlola) futhi sasingadlulisi kakhulu. Quon uveza ukuthi ngisho nalapho amathemba ekhona, umbiko ungase udingedingedingeniswa ngenjongo yophendlo lwangaphakathi lukahulumeni “olunengqondo. ”

United States v. Ziegler (ngo-9. 2007)

Kulendaba, umqashi wakhuluma nomqashi ukuba ahlole ikhomphyutha yesisebenzi. Umqashi ngokuzithandela wavumela amanxusa e-FBI ukuba ahlole i-computer yasehhovisi. Inkantolo yathi ngenxa yokuthi umqashi wayenegunya elifanayo kuyikhompuyutha (okuyindawo yenkampani), ukulindela kwezisebenzi ukuba zifune imfihlo kwakungafanele, futhi ukuphenya akuphulanga iSichibiyelo sesine. Lelicala livame ukukhonjwa ukusekela isiphakamiso sokuthi abaqashi abazimele bangavuma ukuqashwa kwemishini yenkampani.

Ukucatshangelwa Ngokukhethekile Kobufakazi Bezinombolo

Uphenyo lwasemsebenzini luhlanganisa amacomputer, amakhalekhukhwini, izisebenzi zeposi, nokugcinwa kwamafu.

Inkampani-i-(ma) vs. Izisetshenziswa ezizezakho

Kusetshenziswa inkampani esuswe, abaqashi ngokuvamile banelungelo lokuthola ukwaziswa, ikakhulukazi uma umqashi enesimiso esicacile esibhalwe kahle esisho ukuthi akukho mfihlo elindelekile nokuthi ithuluzi liyikho ukugada. Uma umthetho ufuna ukusesha ithuluzi lenkampani elithuntulayo, umqashi angavuma uma isisebenzi singenalo ilungelo lokuba sodwa. Nokho, uma isisetshenziswa singesomuntu siqu (BOD), cishe isisebenzi sigcina ukulindela okunengqondo kwemfihlo, futhi imvume idingeka ngaphandle kokuba sisetshenziswe.

Isenzo Sokuxhumana Esigciniwe (SCA)

I-SCA (18 U.S.C. . 2701-2712) ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba angene ekuxhumaneni ngemishini egciniwe. Ngokuvamile, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kudinga isiqinisekiso sokuphoqelela umqashi (njengenkonzo ye-imeyili noma umnyango womqashi) ukuba adalule okuqukethwe yizokuxhumana okugcinwe izinsuku ezingu-80 noma ngaphansi. Imiyalezo emidala egcinwe, i-popoena noma umthetho wenkantolo kungakwanele kwezinye izifunda. Abangenisi kumelwe baqaphele lezimfuneko ezingenani.

Ukugcinwa Kwamafu Nemininingwane Yesithathu

Uma isisebenzi sisebenzisa isongezo senkampani (umz., i-Google Coloration, Microsoft 365), umqashi angakwazi ukufinyelela ukwaziswa ngokulawula kwakhe. Nokho, uma umthetho ufaka imvume ngokuqondile kumgcini-mafu, umgcini wendlu uzodinga isiqinisekiso noma indawo esemthethweni engaphansi kwe-pacter. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Carbatent v. United States[[FLT]] [2088]) izicelo ezithile zemininingwane yesithathu-partum (indawo yokwaziswa okungalé), futhi izinkantolo eziphansi zincintisana nemininingwane yayo yefu.

Indima Yokuvumelana Neqembu Nezikhundla Zokuhlobana

Ukuvuma kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokudlulisa izimfuneko emsebenzini lapho kuphenywa.

Ukuvumelana Okushiwo I - Express v.

Imvume yokudlulisa imizwelo iyenzeka uma isisebenzi sivuma inkambiso yokuseshwa noma sivumelana ngamazwi. Imvume eshiwo ingathathwa ezenzweni noma emisebenzini yomsebenzi wesisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli ohambisayo osebenzisa iloli lenkampani futhi azi ukuthi i-GPS isetshenziswa ingabhekwa njengevuma ngokuqondiswe ekuhlolweni kwendawo. Nokho, izinkantolo ziqaphe ngokufaka isicelo, ikakhulukazi ekuhloleni kakhulu.

Imithetho Elotshiwe Nendlela Yokuthola Ukwaziswa

Umkhuba ongcono kakhulu uwukuba nesimiso esicacile, esibhaliwe: (1) isho ukuthi impahla yenkampani (kuhlanganise amadeski, amalockers, amacomputer, namaelectronic) ifanele iphenywe noma nini; (2) yazisa izisebenzi ukuthi azinalo ithuba lokuba zibe zodwa kulezozindawo; (3) isho ukuthi imishini yomuntu siqu esetshenziswayo ingase ihlolwe; futhi (4) ifuna izisebenzi ukuba zisayine ukuvuma. Izimiso ezinjalo zinciphisa ukulinganisela kwenjongo yokufuna izinto eziyimfihlo futhi zenza kube lula ngabaqashi ukuvuma ukuphenywa komthetho.

Ukuvunyelwa kwengxenye yesithathu

Ezimweni eziningi, umphathi noma umphathi we-IT angavuma ukuseshwa kwendawo noma isisetshenziswa uma benegunya elifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isisebenzi sisebenza nesodwa, kungaba ukuthi sihlala edesikini, angavuma ukuseshwa kwedeski. Nokho, uma kufunwa ikhabethe elihluthulelweyo elisetshenziswa yisisebenzi kuphela, imvume yomphathi ingase inganele. Izinkantolo zilinganise ukuphelela kwezimo.

Imiphumela Yokungaphikisani

Ukunganamatheli ezimfunekweni kungaba nemiphumela ebhubhisayo ekuhloleni.

Ukukhishwa Kobufakazi

Uma uthola ubufakazi ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso lapho umuntu edingeka khona, umthetho wokuhlukanisa uvame ukusetshenziswa emicimbini yobugebengu. Lokhu kungabulala ukwebiwa noma icala lokuziphatha okubi. Lomthetho awusebenzi kuphela ebufakazini obuyinhloko kodwa futhi nase- “izithelo zesihlahla esinobuthi”-nenoma yibuphi ubufakazi obuvelayo obuvulwe ngenxa yokufuna okungekho emthethweni.

Ukuhlala Ngobunye Ngaphansi Kwengxenye Ka - 1983

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zingamangalela abaqashi bakahulumeni noma izikhulu zomthetho ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983 ngenxa yokwephula amalungelo azo eSichibiyelo sesine. Abaqashi bomuntu siqu abasebenza ekhonsathini nezikhulu zikahulumeni nabo bangase babhekane nokusho kwezikhulu zikahulumeni ngo 2016 1983. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisebenzi zingaletha iziphakamiso zokuhlasela (isimo, ukuhlasela kwezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukuqeda okungalungile) okusekelwe ekufuneni okungafanele.

Ukujeziswa Kwesigebengu

Ezimweni ezingavamile, abantu abahlola ngokungemthetho bangase babhekane namacala obugebengu ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukuqashelwa okungekho emthethweni, ukugxambukela ngama - computer, noma ukuziphatha okubi okungokomthetho.

Ukudunyiswa Nezingozi Zemali

Ngisho noma kungekho kumangalelwa okuphumelelayo, umbono wokucwaninga okungekho emthethweni ungalimaza idumela lomqashi, uqede isimilo sezisebenzi, futhi uholele ezindaweni ezibizayo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuphenya Ngemithetho Engokomthetho Emsebenzini

Ukuze ugweme izingibe ezingokomthetho lapho usahlola ngokuphumelelayo ukweba noma ukuziphatha okubi, landela lezi zinyathelo eziwusizo:

  1. [ Izimiso ezicacile[: Ukuhlela nokudlulisela uhlelo lokuhlola nokuhlola. Thola ukuqashelwa okubhaliwe yizo zonke izisebenzi. Hlola futhi uhlaziye njalo uhlelo lokubonisa ushintsho kwezobuchwepheshe nakumthetho.
  2. Iseluleko somthetho siqale [: Ngaphambi kokuba kuhlolwe, ikakhulukazi okuhilela ukugcinwa komthetho, ummeli makabukeze icebo. Iseluleko singasiza ekuhloleni ukuthi imvume iyadingeka yini noma uma isebenza.
  3. Uxwebhu lonke [: Gcina amarekhodi anemininingwane ezindawo eziphawuliwe zokungalungi, ukuvuma kwezimiso, nemvume. Uma imvume inikezwa, sayine isisebenzi ifomu lemvume echaza izinga lokuhlola.
  4. Limit ifuna ukudinga ibhizinisi elidingekayo[: Ungahileli ekudobeni izinhlanzi ezihlolayo. Icacisa ngokucacile injongo yokufuna futhi ivalele ezindaweni lapho ubufakazi bungatholakala khona.
  5. Yabela izindima zangaphakathi zomthetho zokugcinwa kwamandla [: Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kuhilelekile, kucace ukuthi kufaka uphenyo lomqashi ozimele emithethweni kahulumeni. Gwema ukuba nezikhulu eziqondisa isikhathi noma izinga lokuhlola kwangaphakathi.
  6. [[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso lapho ungabaza: Inkambo ephephile lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kudinga ukusesha indawo yangasese noma isisetshenziswa somuntu siqu ukuthola isiqinisekiso. Ngisho noma kuthatha isikhathi esengeziwe, isiqinisekiso sivikela ukungangeni kobufakazi nezivikela ezingeni.
  7. Iziqesha-mali [: Izisebenzi ze HR, izisebenzi zonogada, nabaphathi kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuvamile mayelana nokuseshwa nokuphazanyiswa kwemithetho, ukulindela ukuba wedwa, nezinqubo ezifanele zokulondoloza ubufakazi.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile ziyisisekelo sophenyo emsebenzini olungokomthetho lwezimo zobusela nokuziphatha okubi kwezisebenzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumqashi ozimele, inxusa likahulumeni, noma isikhulu somthetho, siqonda uma isiqinisekiso sidingeka futhi sithola kanjani i-actal efanelekile ukuze kugcinwe ubufakazi, ukuhlonipha amalungelo ezisebenzi, futhi ugweme ukujeziswa okungokomthetho. Ukuhlukanisa kwezithezelo zomuntu siqu, imininingwane yezenombolo, imvume, neSimemezelo sesine sifuna ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela nesiqondiso esingokomthetho. Ngokunamathela ezimisweni ezibekwe kulesi sihloko, abacwaningi bangaqhuba kahle, baphenye ngokusemthethweni, baphenye, baphenye ngokuhlola okuqinile okungancintisisa noma yikuphi ukuqulwa.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola uMnyango woMahlulelo Ikhono Lenzuzo eMnyango Wezobulungisa , , I-Cornell Legin Information Institute’s Foldernce [, nombono weNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkantolo [[FLT:]] orgarmar.