Isingeniso

Amandla kahulumeni ayinkemba eqinile. Ivumela ukuhleleka, ubulungisa, kanye nezenzo ezihlangene, kodwa futhi ihambisana nethuba lokuxhashazwa nokuhluleka kwezimiso. Izilinganiso zezimiso zombuso kahulumeni zifuna ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela ukuthi igunya nomthwalo kuhlala kanjani phakathi komphakathi. Uma izikhulu zisebenzisa amandla, kumelwe zenze kanjalo ngekhampasi ecacile yokuziphatha, ukulinganisela isidingo sokulawula okuphumelelayo nezibopho ezizikwele abantu abakhonzayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya nomthwalo wemfanelo, ukudwebela ezinkolelweni ezingokwezimiso zokuziphatha, izifundo zezezezezwe, nendima ebucayi yezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda lokhu akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo, ukuthembeka, ukuvumelana nempilo ende yezinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi.

Isimo Samandla Kahulumeni

Amandla kahulumeni aqondwa kakhulu ngekhono lawo lokwakha, ukuphoqelela, nokuchaza imithetho. Lemisebenzi ihlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu − i-legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo (nenye yayo enemithwalo ehlukene yemfanelo yezimiso. Uma amandla egxiliswe kunoma iliphi igatsha, izivikelo zokuziphatha kumelwe zisendaweni yazo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kwawo kabi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngokwako kuyisimiso sokusebenza esiklanyelwe ukuhlola igunya nokuthuthukisa icala. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla egatsheni ngalinye kuphakamisa imibuzo edinga ukuna okuseduze.

Amandla Okubeka Imithetho Nokwenza Imithetho Engokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho liphethe igunya lokwakha nokulungisa imithetho. Lo mbuso uyisisekelo ngoba umisa imithetho ebusa ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kudinga ukuba izishayamthetho zimele izithakazelo zabameleli bazo, zigweme izingxabano zesithakazelo, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ayiwalimazi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa amaqembu asengozini. Inselele eyinhloko engokokuziphatha iphakama lapho abenzi bomthetho beshaya imithetho ezuzisa amaqembu anesithakazelo esincane ngokulahlekelwa umphakathi omkhulu. Ukubonakala kwamakomiti ezimpikiswano nokweqiniswa kwempikiswano yasobala kubalulekile ekusekeleni izindinganiso zokuziphatha enqubweni yomthetho.

Amandla Aphethe Nokuhlakanipha

Amandla aphethe ahlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho nokuqondiswa kwezimiso zikahulumeni. Omongameli, ababusi, namanxusa okuphatha ngokuvamile basebenzisa igunya elinokwahlulela − ikhono lokwenza izinqumo ezimweni lapho umthetho ungabhalwanga ngokuphelele. Lokhu kukhetha kungaba yingozi ngokwezimiso uma kusetshenziswa ukuze kuzuze noma kutholakale inzuzo encipheni. Isibopho sezimiso zokuphatha siwukwenza ngokuvumelana nesithakazelo sasobala, ukwenza isahlulelo esinengqondo, futhi sihlale sinecala kuwo womabili umthetho nabantu. Ukwanda kwemiyalo yezikhulu nomthetho wezenhlangano emashumini eminyaka amuva kuye kwaqinisa isidingo sokuphatha okuhle.

Amandla Okwahlulela Nokungakhethi

Ijaji lichaza imithetho futhi lisebenzisa ubulungisa. Isisekelo salo sokuziphatha sisekelwe ekungakhethini, ekuzimeleni, nasekuthembekeni ekubuseni umthetho. Abahluleli kumelwe balahle ubandlululo lomuntu siqu nokucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuze banikeze izishaya-mthetho ezilungile. Izinselele zokwahlulela njengezenzo zokwahlulela ngokumelene nokuzibamba, ithonya leminikelo ehholweni kwejaji elikhethiwe, kanye nokubheka izinto ngokukhetha ezisezimweni eziphakeme kudinga ukuqapha njalo. Izimiso zomthetho nezindlela zokuzithethelela zisiza ukuba kugcinwe ukuqiniseka komphakathi ekulinganisweni kwesimiso somthetho.

Imibono Yezobufundisi Namandla Kahulumeni

Ukuze kuhlolwe izinga lezimiso zomthetho wegunya likahulumeni, umuntu kumelwe asebenzise izincazelo ezimisiwe zezimiso zezimiso. Lezi zici zefilosofi zinikeza amalensi okuhlola ngawo ukufaneleka kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Imibono emithathu eyinhloko ``uhulumeni, isayensi yokubusa, isayensi yokusebenza kwesimilo, nezimiso zokuhle) . Inye isho ukuthi igunya kufanele lisetshenziswe kanjani nokuthi liqondwa kanjani icala.

Isimiso Sokukhonza Sezindela: Sihle Kakhulu

UbuOlitaliarianism buthi isinyathelo esingcono kakhulu yileso esindisa injabulo noma inzuzo yonke. Emkhakheni we-mongo wegunya likahulumeni, lenkolelo-lwazi isekela izimiso eziveza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu kubantu abaningi. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ulwelwelwe lungathethelela izenzo zokungalungi − njengokudela amalungelo amancane enhlalakahle yabaningi (uma umphumela wenetha ungcono. Ngakho --ke ohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise ukucabanga okungaqondi kahle, beqinisekisa ukuthi abawashalazeli amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphishekeleni i-agbligate-e. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zempilo zomphakathi ezivame ukuthembela enhlalakahleni yomphakathi, kodwa kumelwe zilinganiswe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. [FOL: 0]

Isayensi Yesayensi Yemvelo: Ukuthatha Imisebenzi Nemithetho

I-Deontology igcizelela ukubaluleka kokulandela imithetho nemisebenzi yokuziphatha, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela. Kubaphathi bakahulumeni, lokhu kusho ukusekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlonipha inqubo efanele, nokwenqaba ukwephula amalungelo ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungaveza imiphumela emihle. Isayensi yokuzilawula inikeza isivikelo esinamandla senkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo abantu. Indlela yomthetho womthetho womthetho ingakunqabela ukuhlushwa ngisho noma kungasindisa ukuphila, ngoba isenzo ngokwaso singalungile ngokokuziphatha. Le nkolelo isekela umqondo wokuthi igunya likahulumeni licindezelwa imisebenzi yokuziphatha.

Izimiso Zobuhle: Ubuntu Ekubuseni

Ukuziphatha okuhle kugxila esimweni sokuziphatha esihloniphekile sabenzi bezinqumo kunokuba kugxile emithethweni noma emiphumeleni. Umholi onobuhle ubonisa izimfanelo ezinjengokwethembeka, isibindi, ubuqotho, nozwela. Kuhulumeni, izimiso ezinhle zibuza ukuthi izikhulu zinezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezidingekayo ukuze zisebenzise igunya ngokunengqondo yini. Lombono uqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuqeqesha kokuziphatha, izindinganiso zenkonzo yomphakathi, kanye nomkhuba wobuqotho ezinhlanganweni. Uma abaholi bentula ubuhle, ngisho nezivivinyo ezingcono kakhulu zezimiso zingahluleka ukuvimbela ukuphambuka kwezimiso zokuziphatha.

Igunya Nomthwalo Wemfanelo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya nomthwalo wemfanelo busemqoka ekubusweni kwezimiso. Igunya libhekisela elungelweni elingokomthetho lokuyala nokuphoqelela izinqumo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthwalo wemfanelo uyisibopho sokuthatha isinyathelo esingcono kakhulu kulabo abathonywe yilelogunya. Uma lemiqondo emibili isesilinganisweni, ohulumeni bajabulela ukwethenjwa okusemthethweni nomphakathi. Uma igunya lisetshenziswa ngaphandle komqondo olinganayo womthwalo wemfanelo, umnyango uvulekela ekubushiqelani nasekukhohlakaleni.

Isimiso Sokulandisa

Ukulandisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyaziphendulela ngezenzo zazo. Kusebenza ngezinqubo ezinjengokhetho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, ukuqondisa imithetho, nokuziphendulela. Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela, igunya liba namandla angalawuliwe. Ukubusa kwezikhulu kudinga ukuba izikhulu zingalandeli umthetho kuphela kodwa futhi zithethelele izinqumo zazo emphakathini. Ukulandisa kuhlanganisa futhi ukuzimisela kwezikhulu ukwamukela imiphumela yokwenza okubi, kuhlanganise nokuyeka noma ukungagunyazi uma kudingeka.

Ukubona Okucace Kahle Njengesivikelo

Ukubona ngaphaya kwangaphandle kuhilela ukuxhumana okukhululekile, ukwaziswa okufinyelekayo, nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo ezicacile. Kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izenzo zikahulumeni futhi zigcine izikhulu zinesibopho. Imithetho enjengenkululeko yezenzo zolwazi nokuvula izimfuneko zomhlangano ingamathuluzi asebenzayo okuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwelinye izwe. Nokho, ukubonakala ngokomthetho kumelwe kulinganiswe nezidingo ezingokomthetho zokufihla imfihlo, njengokuvikela kwesizwe nemfihlo yomuntu siqu. Inselele engokomthetho ibhekene nokunquma ukuthi ukufihla imfihlo kulungile nini futhi lapho kuba isihlangu sokuziphatha okubi. [i-TRANTRANTY] inikeza imithombo yemisebenzi yezizwe ehambisana nendima yokuveza ukukhululeka ekulweni kokonakala.

Ukwakha Nokusekela Ithemba Lomphakathi

Ukwethemba umphakathi kuyimpahla engakholeki evumela ohulumeni ukuba basebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Uma izakhamuzi zithemba uhulumeni wazo, zivumelana nemithetho, zikhokha izintela, futhi zihlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi. Ukuthemba kuyaphela lapho izikhulu zenza okungamukeleki, zimisa inzuzo yazo siqu, noma zihluleka ukunikeza izithembiso. Ukubuyisela ithemba kudinga ukuziphatha okungaguquki okuvumelanayo ngesikhathi esifanele, ukuxolisa ngobuqotho ngokwehluleka, kanye nezinguquko zokwakha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuziphatha okubi esikhathini esizayo. Umthwalo wemfanelo ongokokuziphatha kahulumeni awukona nje kuphela ukwenza into elungile kodwa futhi ubonwa njengokwenza into elungile.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekubuseni Kwezimiso Zomphakathi

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zicacisa izinkinga ezikhona ezibangelwa amandla kahulumeni. Izenzakalo ezilandelayo ziqokomisa indlela igunya nomthwalo wemfanelo ongangena ngayo ezimpini naziphi izifundo ezingatholakala kulezo zenzakalo.

Ihlanekezelo Lamanzi

Ihlazo leWatergate lama-1970 liseyisibonelo esivelele sokuhluleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuhulumeni. Umongameli uRichard Nixon's owayehileleke ekunqamuleni indlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee wabe esezama ukulifihla ngokusebenzisa kabi amandla abaphathi. Ihlazo labonisa indlela igunya elingalawulwa ngayo elingaholela ekuziphatheni okungekho emthethweni nokungamukeleki. Ukuyeka kweNixon kanye nokuquliswa kwezikhulu eziningi kwagcizelela ukubaluleka kokulandisa. I-watergate yaholela futhi ezinguqulweni eziphawulekayo zezentengiselwano zezeko, imithetho yezimiso zokuziphatha, nobuphathi be-ngqungqungquthela. Umthombo wangaphandle: [FLT: 0] iResorderss [[FLT]

Ukusabela Kwesiphepho UKatrina

Ukusabela kukahulumeni nombuso eSiphepho uKatrina ngo-2005 kwaveza ukuhluleka okukhulu komthwalo wemfanelo. Ukulungiselela ngokwaneleyo, ukwenza izinqumo, nokungaxhumani okusheshayo kwaphumela ekuhluphekeni okungadingekile ezinkulungwaneni zabantu, ikakhulukazi okuncane kakhulu okuvelayo kanye nemiphakathi emincane. Izilinganiso zezimiso zahlanganisa imibuzo yokungameleli kobulungisa okungahambisani nobulungisa obungabekezelelwe. [FLT:] Indaba yezikhulu yokusebenza ngokuthula lapho kunezingozi ezaziwayo. Inhlekelele kaKatrina yaholela ezinhluphekweni ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kodwa futhi isebenza njengesixwayiso ngemiphumela ye-bhulaucratic incationss nokuntuleka kokulandisa ngezikhathi zenhlekelele. [FLTrac:]

I - COVID - 19 Pandemic

Isifo se-COVOVID-19 sanikeza ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke izinselele zezimiso zokuziphatha ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Ukulinganisela imingcele yempilo yomphakathi ngokumelene nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukuphazamiseka kwezomnotho, kanye nemiphumela yempilo engokwengqondo kwadinga ukwahlulela okuhlukile. Ukuthunyelelwa kwezifihla - buso, izivalo, nemijovo yokugomela kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele yegunya likahulumeni. Abanye ohulumeni bathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha nangokusobala, kuyilapho abanye beyekelela noma befihlekile ukwaziswa. Umthwalo wemfanelo ongokokuziphatha wokuvikela abantu abangavikelekile − ikakhulukazi abadala kanye nalabo abanezimo ezikhona − ngokuvamile babemelene nezingcindezi zezombangazwe nezomnotho. Lokhu kuhlola okuqhubekayo kuyaqhubeka kulungisa izimpikiswano ngokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezingoko zezimiso eziphuthumayo. [[FLT:] I-WHOV kumthetho we-COVID [FFFF:1]

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekubuseni Kwamahlelo

Izakhamuzi azizona ezamukela amandla kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo; zihlanganyela ngentshiseko ezinhlotsheni ezisemkhubeni wokubusa. Ukuthembisana kwazo kuyilungelo futhi kuwumthwalo wemfanelo. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka ohulumeni bazo ukuba balandise, zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igunya lisetshenziswa ngokwezimiso.

Ukuzwakala Njengesenzo Esiwubuwula

Ukuqabula kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthonya uhulumeni. Ngokukhetha abameleli abavumelana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha, izakhamuzi zingaqondisa isiqondiso sesimiso nobuphathi. Nokho, ukuvota kuphumelela kuphela uma kutshelwa futhi kucatshangelwa. Izakhamuzi zinesibopho sokuzifundisa ngezikhundla zabazohlolwa, amarekhodi, nobuqotho. Umvoti ophansi ovotayo noma ukuvota okungenaluzwela kunciphisa ukulandisa okungokomthetho kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Ukuzitika Nokuthatha Isinyathelo

Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuya emahholo edolobha, ukubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuthatha uhlangothi ekubhikisheni, nezinhlangano ezisekelayo ezibangela ohulumeni ukuba balandise. Ukuphamba kunikeza ukuqashelwa ezindabeni ezingase zihlale zifihlekile − njengokungalungi kwamaphoyisa, ukungalungi kwemvelo, noma ukonakala. Ukubusa kwezezikhundla kuqiniswa lapho izakhamuzi ziphakamisa amazwi azo ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya.

Inkulumo Yeningi Nenkululeko

Inkulumo yasobala enempilo ibalulekile ekulawuleni izimiso. Ivumela ukuba kuzweke imibono ehlukene, kuthuthukise ukuqondana, kanye nokuphikisana ngezindlela zobuhlanga. Izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ekuhlolweni ngenhlonipho − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingumuntu noma kuyi-intanethi. Nokho, ukulandisa okunganembile nokuhlukana okunobuthi kululaza lenqubo. Izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokufuna ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa futhi zihlanganyele ezingxoxweni eziqotho eziphathelene nezindinganiso okufanele ziqondise isinyathelo sikahulumeni.

Izinselele Ekulinganiseni Igunya Nomthwalo Wemfanelo

Naphezu kwezinhloso ezinhle kakhulu, ohulumeni babhekana nezithiyo eziphikelelayo zokulondoloza ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya nomthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukuwohloka Kwenkohlakalo Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ukonakala kuwukusebenzisa kabi amandla omphakathi ukuze kuzuze inzuzo yomuntu siqu. Kuthatha izindlela eziningi: ukufumbathisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphatha iziphakamiso, nethonya elingadingekile ezimisweni. Ukonakala kuqeda ukwethembana, kuphazamisa ukwenza izinqumo, futhi kuphula umsebenzi osemthethweni wezikhulu wokukhonza umphakathi. Ukulwa nokonakala kudinga imithetho eqinile emelene nokungalungi, izindikimba ezizimele, ukuvikela abafuyi bekhweli, kanye nempucuko yobuqotho. Amazwe anenkohlakalo enkulu avame ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi ephansi futhi angana kahle emphakathini.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlukana okukhulu okuhlukanisayo kungakhubaza uhulumeni futhi kukhubaze izimiso zokuziphatha. Uma ukwethembeka eqenjini elithile kudlula isibopho seqiniso nokungakhethi, ukwenza izinqumo kuyahlupheka. Ukuqamba umlomo kuvame ukuholela ekuthatheni imingcele, ekugwemeni ukukhetha okuqinile kwezimiso zokuziphatha, futhi ukuwohloka kokuvumelana ngezindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Ukubusa kwe-Ethinia kudinga abaholi abazimisele ukuwela imigqa yeqembu uma kudingekile futhi kubeka phambili inzuzo efanayo kunenzuzo engcono kakhulu.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezingcindezi Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwenza kube nzima ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha ngokumisa abadlali bangaphandle kanye nezingcindezi. Izivumelwano zezohwebo, izinhlangano zezizwe zomhlaba wonke, kanye nezimakethe zembulunga yonke zingalinganisela ikhono lohulumeni bezwe lokuzimela. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni angase acindezeleke ukuba athobe izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile ukuze ahehehe ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, kubangele ukungqubuzana kwezimiso phakathi kokuthuthuka kwezomnotho nendawo ezungezile nomthwalo wemfanelo wembulunga yonke. Ukulinganisela ubukhosi nesibopho sembulunga yonke kudinga ukucubunganisa ngokucophelela okungokokuziphatha kanye nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke.

Isiphetho

Izilinganiso zezimiso zezimiso zegunya likahulumeni akuzona izinkathazo zefilosofi ezingabonakali . Zinemiphumela engokoqobo ekuphileni kwesakhamuzi ngasinye. Ukulinganisela igunya nemithwalo yemfanelo kudinga ukuba ohulumeni basebenze ngokulandisa, ukubonakala, kanye nokuzibophezela okuqotho ekusizeni umphakathi. Imibono yezesayensi inikeza isiqondiso, uma izifundo, futhi ithembisa iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlala ekhona. Njengoba imiphakathi iqala futhi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ezibangelwa ukushintsheka kwezesayensi yemvelo, isidingo sokuqapha okungokokuziphatha kuzakukhula kuphela. Ohulumeni nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo kumelwe basebenze ndawonye ukusekela izisekelo zokuziphatha okungokomthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asebenza ubulungisa, hhayi ngokwayo.