Ukusabela enhlekeleleni kuyinsika ebucayi yezindlela zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo, futhi ukuqonda indlela amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni asebenza ngayo phakathi nezinhlekelele kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa ukuqina.lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlola okuningi okuphathelene nokusabela kwezinhlekelele emazweni ahlukahlukene, sihlaziya izindima ezihlukahlukene zezinhlangano zendawo, uhulumeni nohulumeni, izinselele ezibhekene nazo, nemikhuba engcono kakhulu ephuma esimweni ngasinye.

Ukuqonda Izinga Lokusabela Enhlekeleleni

Ukusabela kwenhlekelele e-United States kusebenza phakathi kwesimiso esinemikhawulo eminingi esakhiwe ngesimiso sokusebenza okuphansi: izinga eliphansi kakhulu likahulumeni lihamba phambili kuze kube yilapho imithombo yalo ikhushulwa. Amazinga amathathu ayinhloko (endaweni, ezwe, nakuhulumeni) aletha iziphathimandla ezithile, amakhono, nokulinganiselwa kokuphuthuma. Ukusabela okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ekuxhumaneni okungenamsoco kanye nasemigqeni ecacile yokuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zingqimba.

Izinga Lasendaweni: Umngcele Ongaphambili Wokusabela

Izinhlangano zendawo, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, kanye namahhovisi ezempilo omphakathi, zingezokuqala ukufika enhlekeleleni. Ziqhuba ukusesha nokuhlenga, zinikeza ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo, zisungula isiyalo esiyenzekayo, futhi ziqale ukuthutha. Ngenxa yokuthi zisebenza phakathi kwe-igeometry nezimiso zomphakathi ezijwayelekile, iziphetho zendawo zingathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, kodwa futhi zisengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa yinhlekelele ngokwazo. Izisebenzi, imishini, nokunikeza imingcele ngokuvamile isobala phakathi namahora okuqala. Izimiso zesizwe zokulawula i-Information Istemment systemssssss (NUMS) ezivamile, kanye [FLT] ne-FOP] systemmentssion (FFFON]) IZEHLEcteddiations] inqubo yazo esebenzayo.

Izinga Lezwe: Ukubambisana Nokuphambaniswa Kwemithombo

Ohulumeni basebenza njengebhuloho elibalulekile phakathi kwemizamo yendawo ne-ohulumeni. Uma inhlekelele inqoba izikhali zendawo, umbusi angase amemezele isimo esiphuthumayo, esigunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zikahulumeni, sishukumisa isikhungo semisebenzi yesimo esiphuthumayo (EOC), futhi siqoqa amanxusa kahulumeni anjenge-National Guard, amaphoyisa kahulumeni, neminyango yezezokuthutha nempilo. Amazwe futhi aphatha izivumelwano zokusizana nge- Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zikahulumeni (EMAC), futhi avumela ukuba acele izisebenzi nezikhali ezivela kwezinye izizwe. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yezwe iwukuhlela, ukusekela nokusekela okungasekelwa kohulumeni bendawo kuphela. Nokho, ukusabela okuncishiniswa kwezombangazwe, kungathi kuxhaswe ukuvikelwa kwe--biotault, ukucindezelwa kwe-scratioct, ukuvicet, ukuvincelwa kwe-octive.

Izinga Eliphakathi: Ukumiswa Kweqolo Nebutho Eliningi

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, ngokuyinhloko nge-FLT:0] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), ungena lapho inhlekelele idlula umbuso kanye nezindawo zendawo. Isimemezelo se-stafford esivela kuMongameli sivula usizo lwamazwe, kuhlanganise nosizo oluqondile lwamazwe, ukukhokhelwa kwezindleko zempendulo, nokubekwa kwempahla yezwe enjenge-dolobha elifuna umsebenzi, i-frecue, i-Route, i-Autest, nemithombo yezempi. FMA ihlangene nezinye izisebenzi ze-ozwelo njengokungathi [[FLT:]] izikhundla zezokulawula izifo nokhuthulo (CDCC)[FLT] kanye nezinhlangano ze-octives, i-FOKProucean.[5]

Ukutadisha Isenzakalo 1: ISiphepho uKatrina (2005) – Uphawu Olungaphumelelanga

Ukuwa kwezwe ngo - August 29, 2005, njengesiphepho seSiphepho sesithathu, uKatrina wabangela ukugadla kwenhlekelele nokuhluleka kwezikhali eNew Orleans, washiya amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu futhi kwabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka - 1 800.

Ukusabela Kwendawo

Idolobha laseNew Orleans nezindawo ezizungezile zanqotshwa ngokushesha. UMnyango wamaphoyisa waseNew Orleans walahlekelwa izimiso zokuxhumana, futhi izikhulu eziningi zashiya izikhungo zazo. Icebo lokuthutha laleli dolobha lathembela kakhulu ezimotweni ezizimele, lashiya abantu abangenazo izimoto bengenakho. Imizamo yokuhlenga yaqhutshwa amaqembu azimele avamile nawabantu bokuqala abaphendulayo besebenzisa izikebhe ezizimele, kodwa ukubambisana kwabekhona. Ihhovisi lendawo eliphuthumayo lalingakulungele ukulahlekelwa yimithombo ephuthumayo ukuze kuqondiswe inhlekelele. Njengoba amanzi akhukhula ayenyuka, iSuperdome neConven Center yaba izindawo zokukhosela amanzi okugcina okudla okunganele, amanzi, nesimiso sokuhlanza.

Ukusabela KukaHulumeni

UMbusi weLouisiana Kathleen Blanco wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo ngaphambi kokuhla, kodwa umbuso wabhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu zokubambisana. I-Louisiana National Guard yathunyelwa, kodwa amaqembu amaningi kakade ase-Iraq, anciphisa amandla akhona okuxhumana. Ukuhluleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwesifundazwe i-EOC nezinhlangano zendawo kwabambezela ukuhanjiswa kwezinto. Isicelo sikahulumeni sokucela usizo lukahulumeni sathatha isikhathi eside ukuba lugcwaliseke, futhi ukungathandi kukambusi ukuba anikeze umyalo ophelele kuhulumeni wakha ingxabano. Izwe futhi lalwa nokuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuthutha nokukhosela, njengoba amapulani angaphambi kwe-distaster ayengashongokuba kugcwaliseke ukuhluleka ngokuphelele kwe-leves.

Ukusabela Kwamanxusa

Impendulo kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-FEMA yagxekwa kakhulu njengehamba kancane, ehluliwe, futhi encishiswe. [FEMA Umqondisi Michael Brown] waba uphawu lokungabi nampumelelo ngemva kokutshela izintatheli ukuthi inkampani isanda kufunda ngezimo ze-Convention Center ngemva kwesiphepho. Umnyango we Homeland Security, osanda kudalwa ngemva kuka-9/11, wahluleka ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano zayo ezisengxenyeni ngokuphumelelayo. .S.Guard waqhuba amaqhawe, kodwa wonke umzamo kahulumeni wathintelwa ukuswela iminikelo yangaphambi kokubekwa kwezakhiwo, ukuhlelwa kwezwe neziphathimandla zendawo, nokuhluleka ukuqaphela ukuqina kwesimo. Uphenyo olulandelayo lwaholela ekulungiseni okukhulu enhlekeleleni inhlekeleleni, kuhlanganise nokusabela okukhulu kwe-Foctal-Foct:[3]

Isifundo esiyinhloko: Izindlela zokuxhumana ezicacile, ukufakwa kwempahla kahulumeni, kanye nohlelo lomyalo oluhlangene kuyadingeka.

Ukutadisha Indaba 2: Imililo YaseCalifornia (208) – Ukuhlasela Okuhlangene

Ngo - 2018, iCalifornia yabhekana nenkathi yequbula lomlilo obhubhisa kakhulu futhi eqophelweni layo, yafinyelela umvuthwandaba eCamp Fire (November) eyabhubhisa idolobha lasePharadesi futhi yabulala abantu abangu - 85. Ukusabela kwabonisa kokubili ukuphumelela kokubambisana nokuchayeka kwemiphakathi ezindaweni zasendle zase - Urban.

Ukusabela Kwendawo

Iminyango yomlilo yendawo, kuhlanganise ne-Cal Fire (inhlangano yokulwa nomlilo kazwelonke), yayikhona kuqala embusweni. I-Comp Fire yaqhuma kakhulu ngenxa yesomiso, imimoya ephakeme, nezinto zokuphehla ugesi. Ukugcinwa komthetho nendawo kanye nabaphathi besimo esiphuthumayo bakhipha iziyalezo zokuthutha, kodwa isivinini somlilo odlula izimiso zokuxwayisa. Ezinye izakhamuzi azitholanga zisaziso sokubalekela okungokomthetho futhi kwadingeka zibaleke ngezinyawo. Ihhovisi laseButte County Sheffiffiff lisebenzisa ukuhlehlisa izingcingo ezingu-911, kodwa izinqaba eziningi zamajele zahluleka. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, abalaleli bendawo basindisa izinkulungwane zokuphila, futhi ngemva kwemibiko yokusabela baqokomisa ukusabela kobuphili bezisebenzi zokuqala.

Ukusabela KukaHulumeni

UMbusi uJerry Brown wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo futhi washukumisa i-National Guard, eyanikeza ukusekela komoya, ukusesha nokulungisa i-operacs, ne-logists. I-Office yase California yeMinyango Yezengozi (Cal OES) yaxhumanisa usizo lweminyango yomlilo phakathi kwezwe futhi yathumela imithombo yemali evela iCalilifornia Fire and Porence Mutual Aid System[FLTY:1]. Izwe lasebenzisa izinkonzo zalo ezibikezelwe kusengaphambili nemifanekiso ye-tellite ukuze lilandele ukuziphatha. Nokho, inani elikhulu lemililo ekhishwe kanye kanye kanye kanye, liveza ukuthi ngisho nesifundazwe esiphambili singalungiswa isimo sezulu esidalwe nge-megamivra.

Ukusabela Kwamanxusa

I-FEMA evunyelwe uLawulo lomlilo Iright Gans (FMAGs) phakathi namahora, ehlanganisa 75% yezindleko ezifanele zokucinezela umlilo. Inkonzo yasendle . Inkonzo yasendle yathumela ezinye imishini yomkhumbi-moya kanye namaqembu ezisebenzi zezandla, kanye ne-National Motal Enternational Service [ Inkonzo ye-FOLT] inikeza izibikezelo zezulu ezibucayi. Impendulo kahulumeni yanconywa ngesivinini nangokubambisana, ikakhulukazi noKatrina. Noma kunjalo, isigaba sokululama esiqoko: ukufika okuphansi kanye nabasindileyo abasinda abazama ukufinyelela usizo lwe-FEMA, futhi ukubuya komshuwakhelo-mshuwa. Indaba igcizelela isidingo sokusekela kwezwe phakathi kokusekela kuphela phakathi kokusebenza kanye nokuvuselelwa isikhathi eside.

Isifundo esiyinhloko: Izimiso zosizo ezikhona ngaphambili kanye namakhono okubikezela isimo sezulu athuthukisa ukusabela, kodwa ukulungiselela komphakathi kanye namasu aqinile okuthutha kubucayi ngokufanayo.[[FLT: 1]

Ukuhlolwa kwendaba 3: I-COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2022) – Ukuvivinywa kokucindezeleka kwesizwe sonke

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sasingafani nanoma iyiphi inhlekelele emlandweni wanamuhla, sithinta zonke izinga likahulumeni ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi siphikelela iminyaka. Ukusabela kwembula ukulinganiselwa kwendlela yokusabela enhlekeleleni eklanyelwe ukuthatha inhlekelele, ngokwezwe kwakunezenzakalo lapho ibhekene nenkinga yempilo esheshayo, eqhubekayo yomphakathi.

Ukusabela Kwendawo

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo yaba amathuluzi aphambili okuhlola, ukuxhumana, nokugoma. Amadolobha kanye namabhizinisi akhipha iziphakamiso zokufihla isikhumba, izikole ezivaliwe namabhizinisi, futhi amisa izibhedlela zesikhashana. Nokho, umsebenzi wendawo wahluka kakhulu: iminyango ekhucululwa kahle ezindaweni zasedolobheni yaphumelela, kuyilapho iminyango yasemaphandleni neyayilwa kanzima. Ukuthembela esenzweni sendawo kwaholela ekuvinjelweni okudidayo okuhlanganisa ukuthobela komphakathi nokuyinkimbinkimbi. Izikhulu eziningi zendawo nazo zabhekana nokuvinjelwa kwezombangazwe nezinsongosi, okubonisa ukucindezeleka kwezenhlalakahle yezindlela eziphuthumayo eziqhubekayo.

Ukusabela KukaHulumeni

Ababusi bakahulumeni babephethe iziyalezo eziphawulekayo, ukukhipha iziyalezo zokuhlala ekhaya, ukuphatha izibhedlela, nokusakaza imishini yokuvikela yomuntu siqu (PPE) nemithi yokugoma. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge New York neCalifornia, zathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha; ezinye zalibala, zaholela ekuncipheni kwemiphumela. Umthetho wesizwe wafakwa ukuba usekele izindawo zokuhlola, izibhedlela zezisebenzi, futhi kamuva usize ngemijovo yokugoma. Izwe futhi lancintisana nohulumeni wombuso ukuze lithole ukudla okuncane, lidalula ubuthakathaka ebukelweni besizwe. Ukungabikho kwencwadi yokudlala yezinga elihlangeneyo ye-omgadi ye-omgadi ye-omgant, imiphumela exubileyo.

Ukusabela Kwamanxusa

Impendulo kahulumeni yaqala ukuntengantenga. Ukuhlola kwabambeka, futhi amathuluzi okuqala okuhlola ayenephutha. Trump Administration [ yacela [[FLT]] i-Defense Production Act [ ukusheshisa ukukhiqiza izikhungo zokukhipha i-athonsi ze-metropial ne-PPPE, kodwa ukusakaza kwagxekwa njengokuthonyekile ngokwezombangazwe. Ijubane lempi kamuva lanikeza izitoliki eziningi eziphumelela kakhulu esikhathini esigciniwe, ukuphumelela okukhulu kukahulumeni. I-FEMAM i-FM isekela izikhungo zokugoma, kanye nokuqoqwa kwe-onda yosizo oluphambili, futhi kudinga ukuthunyelwa kwe-okhelo.[FLD] CD [FLD:5] [FLD] ikhipha iziqondiso ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisana nemithetho.

Isifundo esiyinhloko: Izimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi zidinga iziphathimandla ezizinikezele, amandla akhulayo ekunakekeleni impilo, kanye necebo lesizwe elivumelanayo elihlobana nokuzibusa kwendawo kuyilapho liqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki.

Ukuhlolwa Kwesici 4: ISiphepho uHarvey (2017) – Amandla Okusizana Nokuzithandela

ISiphepho iHarvey savala iTexas ngoAugust 2017, salahla imvula engamasentimitha angaphezu kwangu - 40 kwezinye izindawo futhi sabangela izikhukhula eziyinhlekelele eHouston nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu bafa, futhi umonakalo wangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - R25.

Ukusabela Kwendawo

Abaphendula kuqala eHouston baqhuba izinkulungwane zosizo lwamanzi, ngokuvamile besebenzisa izimoto zamanzi aphakeme nezikebhe ezinikelwe yizakhamuzi ezizimele. Idolobha lashukumisa isikhungo salo esiphuthumayo, kodwa izikhukhula ezisheshayo zashiya abaningi bengenamzabalazo. Izikole zasendaweni yakhona zavula izindawo zokukhosela, futhi i-“Cajun Navy”[ [izisebenzi zokuzithandela] @ i-lotilla yaba uphawu lokuzinzisa umphakathi. Ukusabela kwendawo kwabonisa ukuthi i-official, i-hod systromsss, i- hocc ingagcwalisa izikhawu ezibucayi uma izimiso zemithetho zinwe.

Ukusabela KukaHulumeni

UMbusi waseTexas uGreg Abbott waqoqa wonke amaqembu okutakula amanzi asheshayo eTexas, wahlela namaqembu okutakula amanzi, futhi wabambisana noMnyango weTexas we-Emergency Management. Izwe lasebenzisa i-Texas ye-Intrastatic Fire Aid System [ ukuletha iminyango yomlilo evela kwezinye izindawo. ITexas yandisa futhi yamisa indawo yokukhosela futhi yamisa iSikhungo soMnyango wezentengiselwano e-Aus e-Austinst ukuze ilawule izicelo zemithombo yezezimali. Izifundo zezwe zangaphambi kwezeziphepho, zaziswa kakhulu ngezifundo zezeziphepho.

Ukusabela Kwamanxusa

I-FEMA ebekwe imishini ngaphambi kokuba kufike izisebenzi, ifunda ekuhlulekeni kukaKatrina. Inhlangano yasebenza eduze nombuso, futhi uMongameli uTrump wasayina izimemezelo eziningi zenhlekelele ngokushesha. IButho laBanqobi be-Engineers lase-U. Lase-U.S. lakwazi ukulawula izikhukhula futhi kamuva lasiza ngokususa imfucumfucu. Nokho, ukululama kwathatha iminyaka, futhi imikhaya eminingi esele kancane yazama ukuthatha inqubo yosizo lwe-FEMA. Isiphepho sagcizelela nokungagculisi kwe-National Flammussurar Program, okwaholela ekulungiseni inguquko.

Isifundo esiyinhloko: Ukubekwa kwezimpahla zangaphambi kwe-disaster kanye nokwamukela izinhlanganisela zokuzithandela kungathuthukisa imiphumela kakhulu, kodwa ukululama kudinga isibopho esiqinile sikahulumeni.

Izifundo Ezafundwa Ekuhlolweni Kwabantu Ababhekana Nenhlekelele

Ngalé kwalezi zinhlolo - vo ezine, kuba nezihloko eziningana eziphindaphindayo ezingaqondisa isimiso sesikhathi esizayo, ukuqeqeshwa, nokutshala imali:

  • Ukulungisa kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, hhayi isenzakalo. Izinga ngalinye likahulumeni kumelwe liqhube izijwayezo, amapulani okuvuselela, nokufaka isisekelo sesisekelo ngaphambi kwenhlekelele. UKatrina noHarvey bobabili babonisa ukuthi izinto ezibekwe ngaphambi kokubekwa zisindisa ukuphila.
  • Ukubambisana nokubambisana kuwumgogodla wokusabela. Ukwehluleka kukaKatrina kanye nokusabela kwasekuqaleni kwe-COVID-19 kuvela ezinhlanganweni ezihlotshisiwe nasemilayeni ephikisanayo. I-NIMS ne-ICS kunikeza uhlelo oluyisisekelo, kodwa ukubambisana kwangempela kudinga ukwethembana nokuqaphela izimo kanye nokuzwana.
  • [ Ukungaguquguquki nokucazululwa kubalulekile. Umfutho we-Fire we-Kampa nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 lwesikhathi eside zombili zafuna ukuba abaphendulayo balungise amapulani ngesikhathi sangempela. Imithetho ye-Rigid ingavimbela kunokuba isize.
  • ukulingana kumelwe kwakhiwe kube yimpendulo nokululama. Imiphakathi efikayo ephansi, abantu abanombala, nasebekhulile bathinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa futhi babhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu kakhulu zokuthola usizo. Ukufinyelela nokulungisa izinqubo zosizo olulula kubalulekile.
  • [ Usizo lomunye nobudlelwane bomphakathi ngasese bandisa imithombo yemali. EMAC, i-Cajun Navy, nezinhlangano eziphethe zonke zabonisa ukuthi alikho izinga likahulumeni elingakwenza lokhu kuphela. Ukuhlela lobuhlobo ngaphambi kokuba inhlekelele ikhishwe.
  • Ushintsho lwezimo lukhulisa izinhlekelele. Imililo yequbula, iziphepho, kanye nemiqedazwe iya ngokuya ikhula futhi ibe mikhulu. Izisekelo zokusabela kumelwe ziphenduke ukuze zilindele izenzakalo ezihlanganisayo nezisakhela phansi.

Isiphetho

Ukusabela kwenhlekelele kuzo zonke izifundazwe kuwukuhlelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemizamo yabantu, izakhiwo, nentando yezombangazwe. Ukuhlola ngecala leSiphepho uKatrina, iqulo lomlilo saseCalifornia, umqedazwe weCHOVID-19, neSiphepho iHarvey kwembula kokubili ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kube nokubambisana okungavamile nezingozi zokungalungiseki. Ngokuhlolwa kwalezi zenzakalo, amaqhawe aphuma kodwa imithombo ivele ibe mncane. Kulelozinga likahulumeni, imishini yokubambisana kumelwe ishesheshe futhi isebenzise kahle. Ezingeni likahulumeni, isivinini nesilinganiso kumelwe kulinganiswe nokuhlonipha igunya lombuso nomphakathi okudingayo. Ngokuhlola lezi zenzakalo nokuphumelela kwawo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Akanjani amaqhaza amaqhaza, izinqubo yezimiso, izinqubo, izinqubo zezokusebenza, futhi nezakhamuzi zingakha izimiso eziqinile ukuze kuxazulule izinselele eziphambili.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-FEMA’s ewubufunda.gov iziqondiso zokulungisa, [[FLT:] i-CDC’s Center for Lungding and Resolution , kanye ne-NOA’s imithombo yokuphepha . Izifundo zale nhlekelele aziyona nje umlando kuphela, ziyipulani yokusinda enkathini yokwandayo.