Table of Contents
Isingeniso: Ukuthonya Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni Okusemazingeni Ahlukahlukene
Ukubusa kwanamuhla kubhekene nezinselele ezingathathi thizeki imingcele elawulayo. Ukusukela ekusabeleni kobhadane kanye nasekuvuselelweni kwezakhi zemvelo nokuzivuselela kwesimo sezulu nokungalingani kwezomnotho, izimo eziphuthumayo ezifunwayo ezihlangene phakathi kwemisebenzi yendawo, isifundazwe, nesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Nakuba izinhlu zikahulumeni ziletha imithombo ehlukene, iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho, kanye nemiqondo, izindlela ezizihambelayo ngokuvamile ziholela ekungangeni kahle, ekusebenzeni, ekufakeni, noma ekubekeni imingcele yezimiso. Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni akusona nje isidingo esiwusizo sokuhambisa izinkonzo, ukuhlanganisa izimali zomphakathi, nokufinyelela imiphumela engcono kakhulu emphakathini.
Lesi sihloko sihlola izibonelo zangempela zobungane obuphumelelayo phakathi kohulumeni, ukuthatha izifundo ezivela ekuqondiseni inhlekelele, ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, ekungabini namakhaya, ekukhuleni okungagobeki, nangemva. Ngokuhlaziya lokhu kuhlola, sithola izinqubo ezenza ukubambisana kusebenze, izithiyo ezingasivimbela, kanye namasu asebenzayo abaphathi bomphakathi abangawasebenzisa ukwakha izivumelwano ezihlala njalo ezinqamuleni.
Ukwakheka Kohlelo Lwezigaba Zohulumeni Ezihlangene
Ukubambisana kwezezikhundla zohulumeni e-United States kusebenza phakathi kwemikhakha eyinkimbinkimbi yemibuso ehlukene, izifunda ezihlukene, kanye nokuncintisana kwemithetho yezohwebo.
- Izibopho ze-Fassical:[ Iminikelo, ukuhlanganyela kwemali, nokuxhasa ukuxhasana (umz., izikwele zombuso ezinikezwa yizifundazwe).
- [ Ukuhlanganisa umthetho: Izindinganiso eziphakanyisiwe, ukuqaphelana kwemvume, nokwenza imithetho ehlangene.
- Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlangeneyo: kuhlanganisa izimiso zokusabela okuphuthumayo, amandla asebenza ngokuningi, kanye nokuhlanganisa ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo.
- Uhlelo lwe- oluhlanganisayo: ama-complumn esifunda, izinhlangano zokuhlela idolobha elikhulu, kanye nezisekelo ezisebenzisanayo zokuhlela izisekelo.
Ucwaningo olulandelayo lubonisa indlela lezi zimiso ezisebenza ngayo.
Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Ifulegi Yesizwe Yokuphendula — Kusukela Encwadini Yokufundisa Kuya Esithathwini
I-National Response Framework (NRF), eyasungulwa yi-University of Homeland Security yase-U.S. inikeza imfundiso evumelanayo, evumelanayo kubo bonke abalawuli besimo esiphuthumayo. Ihlanganisa indima yabadlali bendawo, umbuso, isizwe, indawo, nombuso ngaphansi kwe-National Incident Management Management System (NMS). Amandla eNRF asekelwe endleleni yayo elandelanayo, ebambisana.
Izinga lendawo: Umyalelo olandelwayo
Ohulumeni bendawo bangabaphendula kuqala kunoma isiphi isimo esiphuthumayo. Ngaphansi kwe-NRF, izinhlangano zendawo zokuqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo zimisa i-Incident Lay Posts (ICPs) futhi zixhumanise amaphoyisa, umlilo, i-EMS, nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Izikhulu zendawo zihlola izidingo, zicela usizo lomunye kumazwe angomakhelwane, futhi ziqala ukuvala izimpahla.
Izinga Lezwe: I - Resource Mulpired Ne - Unicoded Hub
Uma isikhundla sendawo siqinisiwe, uhulumeni uba nendima ehlanganisayo. I-State Emergency Operations Center (SEOC) iyashukumisa, ithumela amahlelo e- National Guard, impahla yezinga likahulumeni, namaqembu akhethekile. Izwe lisebenza futhi njengendlela eyinhloko yezicelo zikahulumeni, igunyaza izidingo zendawo kanye nokwabiwa kwezimpahla kusengaphambili.
Izinga Eliphakathi: Ukusekela Okuhlelekile Nokusabela Enhlekeleleni
Ingxenye ye-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), igcinelwe izenzakalo eziqeda amakhono ombuso. I-FEMA inikeza usizo olungokwezimali nge-PUblic Lumment Grant Program, i-Tudals Incident Management Active Application Applications, futhi ihlanganisa neminye iminyango kahulumeni (isib. HHS ukuze ithole ukusekela kwezokwelapha, i-DOD ngenxa yezimo zomthetho).
Imali efunyenweyo: Phakathi neSiphepho uHarvey (2017), ulwembu lwe-NRF lwenze ukuba kuhlanganwe ngemicebo engenamthungo phakathi kweTexas, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ne-FEMA. Izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kuka-30 000 zasekela imisebenzi yokufuna nendawo, kuyilapho izifunda zalungiselela ukufihla nemfucumfucu. Ukubambisana kwanciphisa izikhathi zokusabela futhi kwasindisa ukuphila.
Funda okwengeziwe:[ REAT.gov — National RelationFramework
Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 2: Imali Ehlanzekile Esetshenziswa Ezweni Elivuselela Amanzi — Imali Iyahlangana Nenhlangano Yempi
I-Clean Water State Revoir Fund (CWSRF), eyakhiwa ngaphansi kwe-1992 Clean Water Act Indimentations, iyisibonelo sobudlelwane obuqinile obunika amandla okulawula ukuvumelana nemithetho elawula ukuvumelana nezindawo kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa izinhloso zezinga lamanzi esizwe. Izwe ngalinye lisebenzisa uhlelo lwalo lwe-SRF, liyifaka inzuzo yemali kahulumeni nemali ehambisana nezwe, bese linika ohulumeni bendawo imali encishisiwe ekungcoleni kwamanzi angcolile nesisekelo samanzi ashisayo.
Inhloko - dolobha Yembewu Yomphakathi Nokuqondisa
I-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inikeza izimali zokukhokha izimali zaminyaka yonke emazweni ngaphansi kwe-CWSRF. Lezi ziphakamiso zihambisana nezimfuneko zohlelo (j._e.h., ukuhlolwa kobulungisa bemvelo, izinhlu zemisebenzi ephambili, nezibopho zokubika. Nokho, izifundazwe zinokukhetha okukhulu ukubeka inzalo, izibopho, nemibandela yokukhokha.
Ukuphatha KoMbuso Nezimfuneko
Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zikahulumeni ziyakwazi ukukhokha imali yokukhokha imali, ngokuvamile zihlanganisa imali yeCWSRF nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinikeza izinhlelo. Ziqhuba imisebenzi engokwendawo ezungezile, imisebenzi esekelwe empilweni yomphakathi nasemgangathweni wamanzi, futhi zinikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe emiphakathini emincane engenawo amandla obunjiniyela endlini.
Ukusebenzisa Imisebenzi Yasendaweni Nenzuzo Yomphakathi
Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa imali yeCWSRF ukuze bakhe noma banciphise imishini yokwelapha imfucumfucu, imigqa yendle, nezimiso zokuchitha amanzi asesiphephweni. Amazinga emali yezentengiselwano aphansi kakhulu (ngokuvamile i-024%), futhi inkathi yokukhokha ingathatha iminyaka engu - 20-30, inciphise umthwalo wentela ezakhamuzini.
Imali efunyenweyo: Kusukela ekuqaleni, iCWSRF iye yanikeza i-odola engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-44 000 (R1,50) ngokwezimali imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-44,000 ezweni lonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iDolobha laseMemphis lasebenzisa imali yeCWSRF ukuze kusetshenziswe i-octive ficurements encitshiswe eT.E. Maxson Wasteater Trap Plan, ukunciphisa i-itrogen kanye ne-phosphorus ephuma ngo-60% futhi ubuyisela izinga lamanzi emanzini esigodini soMfula i-Missississippi.
[[UMTH:0] Impahla yokuhlanganisa:[ [[FTY:2]EPA — Caca uHulumeni wamanzi Ukubuyisana kweNgxoxo yemali
Ukuhlola Inkinga 3: Indlu Kuqala — Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Sokusebenza Ekuphenduleni Ukungabi Namakhaya
IKhampary First, yaphandwa ngezinhlangano ezinjenge Patways to Hospital e-New York, iye yamukelwa njengesimiso sikahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Interigency Council on Homehassiness (USICH). Ihlela ukufakwa ngokushesha ezindlini ezihlala njalo ngaphandle kokufuna ukudakwa, ukwelashwa ngengqondo, noma umsebenzi njengemigomo ehlangene. Lendlela yokubambisana ixhomeke ekusekeleni imali nasekuthunyeni umsebenzi kuwo wonke amazinga ohulumeni amathathu.
Ukuthutha Impahla Nezindawo Zokuhlala
Izinkampani zokuhlela zeCeta (CoCs) zokwenza izinkonzo zokungahlali zindawo ezixhumanisa izinkonzo zokungahlali − ukudliwa kwezisebenzi, ukuhlolwa, nokuhanjwa kwezindawo. Izikhulu zezindlu zomphakathi zendawo zibekela eceleni izimpawu noma amaqembu abantu abangenamakhaya, kuyilapho abaxhasi benzuzo bephethe amakhambi, banakekela impilo, kanye nezinkonzo zemisebenzi.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Kahulumeni Nokuhlelwa Kwesimiso
Ohulumeni boMbuso bahlela imali yosizo lokuqasha, izinkonzo zokusekela, nokutshala izimali ezibizayo ukuze kutholakale izindlu ezibizayo.
Izinhlelo EziwuFederal: IHUD, iHHS, neVA
UMnyango wezezimali nezenhlalakahle wase-U.S. unikeza izimali nge-Continuum of Care Program ne-Emergency Solutions Grants (ESG). Umnyango wezempilo nezezimali (HHS) zezimali zezezimali nezinkonzo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalakahle zidlula i-SAMSA. Umnyango we-Veretans Affairs Affairs (VA) unikeza i-HUD-VASHS izikhombisi zezisebenzi zomhlanganiso zezisebenzi ezingenamakhaya.
Imali ephumayo: Kusukela ngo-2010, isilinganiso sezwe esivikelekile sokungabi namakhaya siye sehla ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwayishumi, njengoba ihholo elinomakad ’ ebona liyehla ngo- 46% (2010-20). Ukusondela kokuqala kwe House, Texas, kwanciphisa ukungabi nakhaya okunganciphisweki ngo- 63% phakathi kuka-2020 no-2020 ngobuhlobo obuhlangene obuhlanganisa idolobha, i- Harris County, isifundazwe, ne-HUD.
Isiqondiso esiphothiwe:[ USIXH — Indlu Kuqala[
Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 4: Inhlangano Yemiphakathi Engantengantengi — Ukuhlelwa Kwesiphambano Esihlangene
I - internate of Sustainable Communities (manje eyi - Livble Communitive) yahlanganisa i - HUD, i - DOT ne - EPA ukuze ihlele ukutshala imali ngombono womphakathi wendawo.
Umholi Ophethe: Usizo Lwezimali Nobuchwepheshe
I-UD Communitivementation Regional Planning Grants ne-DOT’s jajis inikeza imithombo yezindawo ukuze umphakathi uthuthukise izinhlelo ezihlangene. Ubudlelwane basungula izimiso eziyisithupha ezivumelanayo zihlanganisa ukunikeza izinto zokuhamba, ukuthuthukisa izindlu ezithengwa ngokulinganayo, nokukhuthaza ukuncintisana kwezomnotho okungakhokhwa futhi kunikeze usizo lwezobuchwepheshe.
Ukubambisana KoMbuso: Ukuvimbela Indawo Nendawo
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zokuthutha, izindlu, kanye nesivikelo sendawo zahlanganyela ezinqubweni zokuhlela indawo, zisiza ekuhleleni izimali zikahulumeni, izimali zokuthutha, nezimiso zokusebenzisa indawo kanye nokunikeza uhulumeni izinto eziza kuqala. Izwe lasiza futhi ukubambisana okuhlanganisa amanani amaningi nokwaziswa.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwendawo: Amakhambi Omphakathi
Ohulumeni bendawo bahlanganisa abagcini bezindawo kanye nabaholi bamabhizinisi, abakhi bezentengiselwano, nabahleli , ukuze benze amasu abanzi ahlanganisa indawo esetshenziswayo, ezokuthutha, nezindlu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Nashville Oces MPO yasebenzisa isivumelwano esigunyaza ukusungula uhambo lwesifunda kanye nokubona indawo okwanciphisa izimoto ezihamba ngekhulu lama-12% kuyilapho kwanda ukufinyelela imisebenzi nezinkonzo emizini ephansi.
Imali efunyenweyo: phakathi neshumi leminyaka lohlelo, ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 3,5 zemali ezinikezwa uhulumeni ezisekela imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa esekelwa endaweni yakini. Ukuhlola kweHhovisi le-Authority kaHulumeni wa U.S. kwathola ukuthi ubudlelwane bathuthukisa ukubambisana futhi basiza umphakathi ukuba usebenzise imali eyimfihlo.
Ukwaziswa okuningi:[ EPA — Ubuhlobo bezindawo ezisekelwayo[
Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 5: Ukuhlotshaniswa Kwezokuhamba — I - FTA Ne - State DOTS
Izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi zixhomeke ekusekeleni okuqinile kwezimali nokuqondisa. I-Federal Transit Administration (FTA) inikeza inhloko- dolobha nokuhlela ngaphansi kwe-MAP-21 kanye ne-Bipartisan Infraformation Law, kuyilapho iminyango kahulumeni yezokuthutha (ama-DOT) ihlela izintela zikaphethiloli zikahulumeni, izintela zesibopho, kanye nezikweletu zemali ukuze zihambisane ne-dollar kazwelonke. Iziphathimandla zendawo zokuthutha zisebenzisa izimiso futhi zenze ukululama kwemali.
Umsebenzi Wesakhelo Sosizo
Izinhlelo ezinkulu zeFTA ezinikezayo − njenge-Urbated Areace Formula Program (Uhlelo 5307) neState of Good Reformation Program (Ukwandiswa 5337) .Imali edilivwayo esekelwe kubantu, ekugibeleni imikhumbi, nasezimweni zempahla. Amazwe athola ukwabiwa futhi athole imali engaphansi kwemali ezindaweni ezinkulu nezezincane zasemaphandleni, kanye nakubathengisi basemaphandleni.
Ukuhlelwa Kwezwe Nokukhethwa Kweprojekthi
I-State DOTs yakha i-State Experity Transportation Program (STIP) ehlanganisa izinto eziza kuqala zendawo kanye nezikhokhisi ezigunyazwe uhulumeni. Ezimini eziningi, izinhlangano zokuhlela idolobha (MPOs) zibambisana nombuso nezinhlangano ezithuthayo ukuhlela imisebenzi ngezimiso ezinjengokuhlela ukuminyana, ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, nokungalingani.
Ukusebenza Nokubeletha Kwenkonzo Endaweni
Izinhlangano zendawo zokuthutha − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhona emadolobheni, zisebenza esifundeni, noma iziphathimandla zendawo − zisebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni ezihlangene zezwe lakhona ukuthenga izimoto, iziteshi ezikhuphukayo, ukufaka izakhiwo zebhasi ezihamba ngezezelelwe, futhi zisebenzisa imisebenzi yezinsuku zonke. Izimiso zomkhosi, umklamo wendlela, nokuphindaphinda kunqunywe ukuba kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomphakathi.
Imali efunyenweyo: Ukunwetshwa okuphumelelayo kwesimiso se-Los Angeles Metro Rail, exhaswe yintela ye-R yokuthengisa (2008), ehambisana nezibopho zokuthutha zikahulumeni (Iproject 1, 2006), kanye ne-New Stars iyanika (I-Exstation 130,59), inkonzo enwetshiwe esetshenziswayo ezindaweni ezigciniwe futhi incishiswe ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo ngesilinganiso samathani alinganiselwa ku-30 000 ngonyaka.
[[I-FLT:0] Ukwenemba:[ [[FTY:2]] Ukuphatha kwe-Federal Transit Transit — Grants Hub
Izinzuzo Zokuxubana Okuningi: Ngaphandle Kwezimo Ezibucayi
Nakuba ukuphumelela nokusebenza kahle kwezisekelo kuyizinzuzo ezaziwayo, ukubambisana kohulumeni kuveza izinzuzo ezijulile zokwakha:
- URIsk ukuhlanganisa: Amapulani akha izilinganiso asakaza izimali, umsebenzi, nezombangazwe ingozi ngabadlali abanqamula ezindaweni eziphambili zemisebenzi emikhulu nenhlekelele.
- Ukukhulula: Izinhlelo zomshayeli wendawo eziphumelelayo zingalinganiswa ngezindawo noma zithathwe ngokwemithetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho izindinganiso zikahulumeni zinikeza isisekelo se-quity.
- Ukulandisa okungathwi: Uma kuhileleke imingcele eminingi, kuba nzima ukusola; ukuba nomnini kukhuthaza ukuthatha ama-metric abonisayo.
- Isakhiwo sobunhloko:0 [ Ohulumeni bendawo abancane bathola ukufinyelela kuhulumeni nohulumeni onekhono lokunikeza ukubhala, ukuphatha iprojekthi, nokuhlaziywa kokwaziswa, ukulinganisela indawo yokudlala.
Izinselele Ezingapheli Ekubambisanani Kohulumeni
Naphezu kwezinzuzo, imingcele yokwakha namasiko isalokhu ikhona:
- [[[NT.0] Isikhathi sokuhlela asifani:[[FT:1] Imijikelezo ye-Federal appropriations ivame ukuphikisana neminyaka kahulumeni, iholela ekuthatheni isikhashana somsebenzi noma isidingo sokuboleka ibhuloho.
- Umthwalo ophathisiwe: Izibalo ezifunekayo zokubika, ukuhlukanisa izimiso zokwaziswa, kanye nezindinganiso zokubhalisa ezihlukene zinyusa izindleko zokuthengiselwa.
- Ukushintsha kwemithetho eguquguqukayo: ushintsho ekuqondiseni noma ngaliphi izinga lingaphazamisa ubuhlobo obude obukhona(umz., uhlelo lukahulumeni lushintsha uhlelo lwendawo ezungezile noma usizo lwezindlu.
- Isithunzi nezingxabano: izingxabano ezithi zingamazinga angakanani anamandla okugcina okwenza izinqumo, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwenhlabathi noma ekugunyazweni kwempilo yomphakathi, zinganqanda intuthuko.
- Ukungalingani ekuthatheni uhlangothi: Izifunda ezincane, zasemaphandleni, noma ezingaphansi kwesikhundla ezivame ukulwa nokuncintisana ngokufuna imvume noma ithonya lendawo, ukuqhubekisela phambili umehluko.
Imisebenzi Ewusizo Yokuqinisa Ubumbano
Amamenenja omphakathi nabaholi bezimiso bangasebenzisa amasu asekelwe kubufakazi ukuze banqobe le migoqo:
Yakha Izinhlelo Zokubusa Ezihlangene
Amakomiti ahlanganisayo, amabhodi, noma amabutho emisebenzi ashintshashintshanayo nemithetho yesinqumo esicacile asiza ekuxazululeni izingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, iChesapeake Bay Program isebenzisa iKomiti yokulungisa izifundazwe eziyisithupha, iD.C., ne-EPA isebenzisa iKomiti ye-Dreator Board ne-Advisory.
Ukusebenzisa Izindlela Zokugaya
Ukusebenzisa izimpawu ezivamile zemiphumela (isibonelo, ukuncishiswa kokuhambela abantu abangenamakhaya emagumbini okuphuthumayo, izinga lokudayisa amanzi, izikhathi zokuhamba ngezinyawo) kuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abangane bomshado basebenzela incazelo efanayo yempumelelo. I-Government Act (GPRA) Modernization Act ikhuthaza ukumiswa kwenhloso.
Imali Esetshenziswa Ohulumeni Abaxhumana Nezigaba
Izisebenzi ezizinikezele eziqonda kokubili izinqubo zikahulumeni nohulumeni zingakhulumisana ngendlela eshelelayo. Izifunda eziningi zilondoloza iWashington, D.C., amahhovisi okuxhumanisa nezinhlangano zikahulumeni; ngokufanayo, amahhovisi esifunda esifunda awezwe angahlanganisa amaqembu okwakha amakhono ezindawo ezinhloko- dolobha.
Ubuchwepheshe Be - ledderage Bokubona Imibala
Imininingwane ehlanganyelwe emathekwini − njengase Nkonzo yezemishini ye-U.S. enikeza amasiteji abaphathi noma amasiteji olwazi avulekile ombuso (imvume yokuthatha i-memorial) ukuze bonke abangane bahambe ngezindlela zokuxhasa imali, izenzakalo zemisebenzi, kanye nokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuphindaphindeka nokwakha ukwethembana.
Umbambi Wesigebengu Nezwi Lomphakathi
Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo akupheleli kubadlali bakahulumeni. Izinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, imikhandlu yezamabhizinisi, nezakhamuzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yohulumeni icabangela izidingo zezendawo esemhlabeni futhi izuze ukufaneleka kwezombangazwe.
Isiphetho: Ukwakha Isiko Eliyinkimbinkimbi Lokubusa
Ukuhlolwa kwecala okuhlolwe lapha, ukususwa ekuqondiseni isimo esiphuthumayo nakusetshenziswa kwamanzi ukuya ekwakheni indawo eqinile, -- ukulinganisa ukuthi ukubambisana okuphumelelayo phakathi kohulumeni kungatholakala uma izindima zichazwe ngokucacile, ukusekela imali kuyavumelana, futhi ukuxhumana kungenziwa ngenhloso. Lokhu kubambisana kuveza intuthuko engcono ekunikezeleni inkonzo, ukulingana, nokuzimela.
Nokho, ukubambisana akulona ilungiselelo lesikhathi esisodwa; kuyinqubo eqhubekayo yokuxoxisana, ukufunda, nokuzivumelanisa. Njengoba izinselele ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukukwazi ukukhokhela izindlu, nokuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe kukhula, ikhono lohulumeni bendawo, uhulumeni, nohulumeni lokusebenza ndawonye lizoba nokulandelana okukhulu. Ngokuhlela izimiso zokwethembana, ukubonakala, nokulandisa, abaphathi bomphakathi bangaguqula inzuzo yenhlangano yesizwe ibe umkhuba wansuku zonke futhi banikeze imiphumela engcono emiphakathini abayikhonzayo.
[[I-FLT:0] ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ebuhlotsheni bohulumeni, bheka: U.S. iHofisi yoMangalelwano kaHulumeni — Impikiswano yePublicbutholment [