Umtapo womtholalwazi wegatsha lomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho liyindikimba yomthetho emisa umthetho kahulumeni. Libhala, izimpikiswano, futhi lidlulisa umthetho othinta zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi (kusukela emazingeni entela nasemfundoni exhasa ukulondeka kwesizwe nesimiso sendawo ezungezile. Ngaphandle kokwenza imithetho, igatsha lomthetho liphethe amandla esikhwameni semali, lilawula indlela esetshenziswa ngayo imali yokukhokha intela. Livumela izimali, ligunyaza izindleko, futhi lihlola indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo. Igatsha futhi liqondisa ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe igatsha, ukuqinisekisa noma ukulahla izilungiselelo, ukuphenyanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokwenjongo.

Kuyi-demokrati emelelwa yintando yeningi, igatsha lomthetho liyinhlangano esondelene kakhulu nabantu. Amalungu alo akhethwa yizakhamuzi futhi kulindeleke ukuba akhulume izithakazelo nezinkathazo zabameleli bawo. Lokhu kuhlobana ngokuqondile nokhetho kwenza isishaya-mthetho sibe iphecana elibalulekile ngokuphathelene namandla aphethe kanye ne-parme yengxoxo yomphakathi ezindabeni ezinkulu. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine abameleli bazo benombuzo futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Umlando Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Umklamo wegatsha lemithetho e-United States wathonywa kakhulu iPhalamende laseBrithani kanye nemihlangano yakuqala yamakoloni. Abameli boMthetho-sisekelo bafuna ukwakha isishaya - mthetho esinamandla esasizomelela abantu kuyilapho sivimbela noma yimuphi umbango ukuba ungayibusa. Ukuhleba okukhulu kwango-1787 kwaphumela ekubekeni i-bidaral Congress: iNdlu yabameleli, enezihlalo ezabelwe umphakathi, neSishaya-gelethi, okwakunemikhomba, okwakuzomelela isifunda ngasinye.

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sifaka wonke amabutho omthetho eSishaya-mthetho eKhongomeni. Sichaza izimfanelo zamalungu, izinqubo zokudlulisa imithetho, kanye nemibuso ethile enikezwa igatsha lemithetho. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, futhi senza yonke imithetho idingeke futhi ifaneleke ekukhipheni lemibuso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igatsha lomthetho liye lashintsha ngokulungisa izinqubo, izibopho zenkantolo, nokuguqula izimiso zezombangazwe, kodwa indima yalo eyinhloko njengegunya eliyinhloko lokubeka umthetho lihlala lingashintshiwe.

Imithetho Engaphucuzeki

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zesizwe emhlabeni wonke zingama-baobaral (amagumbi amabili) noma unitamaral (kamelo elilodwa). I-United States, i-United Kingdom, iCanada, ne-Jalimane zinezimiso ze-bidamaral. Kundlu yomthetho we-bidamaral, lezi zindlu ezimbili zinezigunyazeke ngokungafani, zinikeza ungwengwengwezi olungaphezulu lokuhlola umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-U.S., iNdlu yabameli iqala izindleko futhi ingazikhokhi izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuyilapho i-Gasartheral iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kanye nezivumelwano zokugunyaza.

Izishaya-mthetho ezingekho ngokomthetho, njengalezo zaseSweden, e-New Zealand, nase-U.S. zilula ekwakheni. Zingaphumelela kakhulu kodwa zingantula iziphetho ezinikezwa igumbi lesibili. Izimiso ezikhethelweyo phakathi kuka-uncameral no-bidaral zibonisa umlando wezwe, ubukhulu, kanye nefilosofi yezombangazwe. Zombili lezizimo zizimisele ukumelela abantu futhi ziveze imithetho ecatshangelwa kahle, kodwa zikwenza ngezindlela ezihlukene.

Inqubo Yokwenza Umthetho Ngokuningiliziwe

Ukuqonda ukuthi isikweleti siba umthetho kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni umsebenzi wegatsha lomthetho. Lenqubo iqala ngomqondo", ngokuvamile kulungu leKhomishane, umongameli, inxusa likahulumeni, noma isakhamuzi esizimele. Lowo mbono ufakwa esikweletini futhi wafakwa eMzini noma eNdlweni noma eNdlwini yeNdlu (ngaphandle kwezindleko zemali, okumelwe ziqale eNdlulweni).

Ukumiswa Kwekomiti

Lapho selenziwe, izimali zibhekiswe ekomitini ephethe izihloko zemali. AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi omkhulu wemithetho wenzelwa khona. Athatha ukuqulwa kwamacala, aqoqe ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, aphawule imvume-yokwenza izinguquko newengeziwe. Ikomiti ingavota ukuze ibike incwadi yemali ngokufanele (indima encomekayo), itafula ngokungenasiphelo, noma ibulale ngokuphelele. Yimali kuphela edlula isigaba sekomiti ehamba phansi kulelo gumbi.

Impikiswano Nezingoma Zokuhlobisa

Kuphansi, izimpikiswano ezigcwele ezikhona ziwumthetho. Amalungu anganikeza izinqumo, eziphikiswana futhi zivotelwe. Ekhaya, imithetho ilinganisela isikhathi sempikiswano nenani lokubuyiselwa. ISigele, nesiko laso lengxoxo engenamkhawulo, ngokuvamile kudingeka ukuqapha okukhulu ukuze kuvuswe i-athoring futhi kuphele i-palbuster. Ngemva kwalokho, impikiswano ivota yegumbi enguqulweni yokugcina. Uma idlula, umthetho uthunyelwa kwenye igumbi, lapho lenqubo iphinda khona.

IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma lamakamelo amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela − iqoqe amalungu avela kokubili eNdlu neSigele (izigebengu) ukuze ixazulule ukungezwani. Ikomiti ikhipha isimemezelo sokuhlehla okumelwe sivunyelwe ngawo womabili amakamu ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa. Lesinyathelo siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wokugcina uyafana ngaphambi kokuba uye kumongameli.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma la maqembu amabili esevumelana, imvume ithunyelwa kumongameli. Umongameli angasayina umthetho, awufake, noma awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (lapho uMkhandlu ukhona). Uma umongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa u-veto kanye neningi eliyi-3-3 emagumbini amabili. Amandla eveto ayinhlolongwa okubalulekile isikhulu, kodwa igatsha lomthetho lisengawumisa umthetho uma lihlangana nesisekelo esanele.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Umsebenzi Wangempela Wenzeka Khona

Amakomiti ayinjini yegatsha lemithetho. Avumela ukuba iSishaya-mthetho sihlukanise umsebenzi waso emaqenjini amancane ochwepheshe. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti:

  • Amakomiti amisayo [ ayizindawo ezihlala njalo ezisingatha izindawo ezithile ezimisiwe, njenge-Agriculture, Appropriation, izinkonzo ze-Admin, ne-Judiary.
  • Khetha noma amakomiti akhethekile akhiwa okwesikhashana ngenjongo ethile, njengokuhlola ihlazo noma ukuhlola indaba ecindezelayo.
  • [ amakomiti angenayo ahlanganisa amalungu asendluni naseSigeqeni kanye nezindaba zokukhathazekana, njengentela noma i- Library of Congress.
  • [ Amakomiti e-Conference ayizindawo zesikhashana ezakhelwe ukuhlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwendlu nezinguqulo zegele.

Izihlalo zamakomiti, ngokuvamile ezivela eqenjini elikhulu, zinamandla amakhulu okuhlela izinqumo nokuhlela ukuqulwa kwezindaba. Isimiso sokuhola esinqunyiwe ngokwesiko, kodwa umkhuba wanamuhla ngokuvamile uhilela ukukhethwa nge-caucus yeqembu. AmaKomiti futhi anezibopho ezincane ezigxila ezindabeni ezilula, ezivumela ukubukezwa okukhethekile. Isimiso sekomiti siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwe kahle ngaphambi kokuba ufike egumbini eligcwele.

Amandla Okuthenga: Ukuhlelwa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokuhlolwa Kwayo

Igunya elibaluleke kakhulu legatsha lemithetho ukulawula izindleko zikahulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo unika uMkhandlu igunya lokukhokha intela, ukuboleka, nokusebenzisa imali ukuze uvikele inhlalakahle nenhlalakahle evamile. Minyaka yonke, uMkhandlu kumelwe udlulise isinqumo semali ehlela izisulu zonke ezisetshenziswayo, kulandelwe izikweletu zemali ezikhokhwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlelo.

AmaKomiti okuhlolwa kuwo womabili anomthwalo wokulungisa lezizindleko. Bahlukanisa imali kahulumeni yaba izikweleti ezingu-12 zaminyaka yonke ezimboza izindawo zokuzivikela, ezolimo, ezokuthutha, nezempilo. ISishaya-Mkhandlu singadlulisa futhi izingcingo eziphuthumayo zezimo eziphuthumayo. Ngokulawula uhlelo lwemali, izimo zegatsha lokulawula izindleko, ukubekwa kwemingcele, futhi bafaka izinhlangano ezizahlulelayo ngokusebenzisa imali ekhokhwayo.

I-Governmentability Office (GAO), inhlangano ezimele phakathi kwegatsha lemithetho, ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi inikeza iSishayamthetho ukwaziswa ngendlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo. Imibiko evela kubaphathi bemithetho beGAO iveza imfucumfucu, ukukhwabanisa, nokungasebenzi kwazo, iqinisa indima yabo.

Ukuqondisa Nokuhlola Isikhulu

Umsebenzi wokwengamela we-Congress uyisisekelo sesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokuzwa, ukuhlola, nezicelo zezincwadi, igatsha lezemithetho liqondisa indlela igatsha eliphethe imigaqo nezinhlelo ezihlelwayo. Ukuqondisa kungaveza ukungasetshenziswa kahle kombuso, noma ukuhluleka kwezimiso.

UKhongolose unamathuluzi amaningana okuqondisa:

  • [ Ukuzwa:[ namakomiti angaphansi babiza ofakazi − kuhlanganisa onobhala bamakhabethe, amanhloko ezinhlangano, nochwepheshe ."to ufakaza ngezindaba ezithile.
  • Inguquko: Izikhondla-Mkhandlu zingaqala uphenyo olungokomthetho emisebenzini yegatsha eliphethe, okungase kuholele emibhalweni, ekutholweni, noma ngisho ekuhlolweni.
  • [ I-Subpoenas:[ ngaphandle kokuba kuhileleke ukwaziswa okukhethekile, uMkhandlu ungaphoqelela ubufakazi nokhiqizo lwezincwadi.
  • [ Indlu inamandla okubeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, futhi iSigele siphethe icala.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa okuningi komongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu ekhathekthi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa, sikubeka ngokuqondile izisebenzi eziphethe igatsha.
  • Izivumelwano:[ ISigele kumelwe sivume izivumelwano zamazwe ngevoti yama-3, sinikeza i-exakelo lomthetho enkambisweni yakwamanye amazwe.

I-Governmentatability Office ne-Congregational Research Service isekela ukwengamela ngokunikeza ukuhlaziya okungekona okwangaphandle kobuparti nokwaziswa.

Izinkonzo Zokumelela Nezokuvikela

Ilungu ngalinye legatsha lemithetho limelela isifundazwe esithile noma umbuso. Umsebenzi wommeleli uyisici esibonakala kakhulu somsebenzi wesishayamthetho. Amalungu achitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sawo ezifundeni zasekhaya, ukuhlangana nabameli, ukulalela, nokusiza abantu ukuba baqondise i-compatical communmentation. Izinkonzo zihlanganisa ukusiza ngezinkinga ezihlobene ne-Social Security, izinzuzo zomuntu osemshadweni wezomthetho, izimo zezentengiselwano, nokuthola imali encane yezebhizinisi.

Abameleli bakhonza futhi njengabameleli bezithakazelo zendawo. Basebenzela ukusekela ukuxhasa ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi − njengokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zezemisebenzi, ukunikeza, nosizo lwenhlekelele ("ngezikhombi noma ngenhlangano eqondiswe ngemali esetshenziswayo. Ngokuhlala bexhunyiwe nabantu abamelelwe, amalungu egatsha lezenqobo aqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ezakhamuzi ezivamile azwakala empikiswaneni yesizwe.

Isilinganiso sabameleli siyahlukahluka. Endlini, ilungu ngalinye limelela abantu abangaba ngu-760 000, kuyilapho kuSigele, i-senator ngayinye imelela sonke isifundazwe, esinabantu abasukela ku-60 000 kuya ku-40 000 000. Lomehluko uthinta indlela amalungu axhumana futhi asabelele ngayo kubantu bawo.

Izivumelwano Nokunqunyelwa

ISigele sifeza indima ekhethekile kweminye inqubo yakwamanye amazwe nasezisebenzini zamagatsha eziphethe ngesivumelwano nangemibuso yokumisa. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, umongameli angangena ezivumelwaneni, kodwa angaba isibopho kuphela uma amavoti amabili-mithathu eSigeqe efuna ukugunyazwa. Lemfuneko iphoqelela umphathi ukuba axhumane negatsha lemithetho futhi afune ukusekelwa kabanzi kwezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuveza izivumelwano zezizwe zonke manje njengezivumelwano zezikhulu, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishayalathi, kodwa izivumelwano zihlala ziyithuluzi elibalulekile lokulawula izivumelwano ezinkulu njengokulawula izikhali noma amafomu ezokuhwebela.

Ukumiswa kukaMongameli ezikhundleni eziyinhloko − abameli be-cabinet, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, nezikhulu zezezikhundla eziphakeme − kumele kuqinisekiswe yiningi elivamile leSigele. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa inikeza iSigele iphimbo elinamandla ekulolongeni umholi wegatsha eliphethe. Amakomiti eSishaya-gele ahlola izimfanelo zomuntu, ukuqulwa kwezindlebe, nokuvota ukuthi angatusa yini. Inqubo egcwele ivota. Lenqubo ingaba engcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekumiseni kokwahlulela okuthinta isiqondiso sejaji eliphethe igatsha ephethe i-jajidiciliary amashumi eminyaka.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho Esikhungweni SikaHulumeni

Isakhiwo nomsebenzi wezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ubonakalisa i-conomont ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa ngezindlela eziningi ezingafani. Izwe ngalinye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska linendlu yomthetho ephansi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-assenate) nendlu ephezulu (i-senate). Isishaya-mthetho sika-Nebraska sihlukile. Izishayamthetho zisebenza izinombolo ezimfushane futhi zivame ukuba inxenye, ikakhulukazi emazweni amancane lapho isimiso somthetho-mthetho singathatha khona izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ngonyaka.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinamandla afana nalawo eSishaya-mthetho kodwa zilinganiselwe ezindabeni ezisebusweni bukahulumeni: imfundo, ezokuthutha, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, nentela kahulumeni. Zinamandla okuguqula indawo ngemva kobalo ngalunye, ziveza imingcele emisha kuzo zombili izigodi zemithetho yezwe nezindawo zendlu zase-U. Le nqubo ivame ukuphikisana futhi ibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezisezingeni eliphansi.

Ngenxa yokuthi abashaya imithetho bakahulumeni basondelene kakhulu nabantu ababambisene nabo, ngokuvamile basingatha izindaba ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile, njengokuxhasa kwesikole sendawo, imigwaqo, negunya lamaphoyisa. Ukuhlanganyela negatsha lombuso lomthetho kungezinye zezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ukuze izakhamuzi zithonye isimiso somphakathi.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Negatsha Elisemthethweni

Igatsha elisebenza kahle lomthetho lixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi nezikhuthele. Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho:

  • Isenzo esiyinhloko sokukhetha: ukukhetha abameleli abanezici ezihambisana nawe nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukhetho oluyinhloko lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba banquma abazokhethwa kukhetho oluvamile.
  • Xhumana nabameleli bakho: izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, nemilayezo yezokuxhumana kuvumela abameleli ukuba baveze imibono ezikweletini ezizayo noma komagazini. Umqaphi alandele lezokuxhumana abese efingqa lelungu.
  • Amahholo asemadolobheni athengwe kanye nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi: izishayamthetho eziningi ziba nemihlangano yomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingabuza khona imibuzo nezindaba ezikhathazayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lekomiti ezikweletini ezithile kungenye indlela yokuthonya isimiso.
  • ulandela umsebenzi womthetho: I-Websters ezifana .gov inikeza ukufakwa kombhalo wezindleko, imibiko yamakomiti, amarekhodi okuvota, kanye nomsebenzi wephansi. Ukuhlala ufundile kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine abameleli bazo benobuphikisi.
  • Amaqembu afuna ukuphatha:[ Izinhlangano ezigxila ezimpikiswaneni ezithile", ezifana nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, inkululeko yomphakathi, noma isimiso sezomnotho, cishe udwendwe lwemithetho kanye nokuxhumanisa izimpande ezisemizamweni ekhuthaza.
  • phunyukela ihhovisi: Indlela eqondile kakhulu yokuthonya igatsha lomthetho ukuba libe ummisi-mthetho. Isifundazwe namahhovisi endawo anemingcele ephansi kakhulu yokungena, inikeza indlela yokungena kwamazwi amasha.

Ukuthembisana ngesivumelwano kuqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokwenza indida phakathi kwabantu nabenzi bomthetho wabo.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Negatsha Lanamuhla Elisemthethweni

Namuhla, igatsha lezemithetho libhekene nezinselele eziningana eziphawulekayo ezithinta ikhono lalo lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Ukubekwa kwezindawo kwenza kwaba nzima ukukhipha imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezivumelwano, okuholela ekuncikeni kwemithetho ye-rock kanye nokuncika ekwandiseni kwemithetho yezezikhundla zezomthetho. Ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe − ngeminikelo yomkhankaso nokugqugquzela ukukhathalela ukuthi abashicileli bemithetho bamelela ngempela yini izikhundla zabo noma izithakazelo ezikhethekile.

Izinqubo zomthetho ziye zaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngokusebenzisa kaningi amasu e-procedromest e-Ndlu yeSigele. Izinguquko ezinjengokwenza imithetho elandelanayo, ukuvela kwezezimali, kanye nokusebenzisa i-bipartisan i-couciss ezilungisa izinkinga ezikhona ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, igatsha lezenhlala liyigatsha likahulumeni elilawulwa ngentando yeningi ngoba likhethwe ngokuqondile futhi lisondele kakhulu kubantu. Ukuqinisa ikhono lalo lokuthatha isinyathelo kudingekile empilweni yeRepublic.

Enye inselele yinani elikhulu lokwaziswa nejubane lapho izinqumo zesimiso zidinga ukwenziwa khona. Abameli bancike kumanxusa asekelayo njenge-Congregational Research Service ( CRSS) neHhovisi le-Augrance ( GAO) ukuze banikeze amakhono angekho ngxenye. Ukuvikela ukuzimela nemithombo yalezi zinhlangano kusiza ekulondolozeni ikhono legatsha lokuhlola inqubo yobukhazikhazikhazikhazikhazikhazi nolwazi ngemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezandla.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwegatsha Elisemthethweni

Igatsha lemithetho liyilapho izwi labantu lihunyushelwa khona emthethweni. Kusukela kumthetho wendawo olula kakhulu kuya kusetshenziswa kwemali yesizwe eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, wonke umthetho unezisusa zenkulumo yomphakathi nohlongozo olumele. Ukuqonda lokho igatsha lemithetho elikwenzayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela kulo ngokuphumelelayo, ukuvikela indima yalo ekuhlukaniseni kwemibuso, futhi lifuna ukuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe zilandiswe. Kulenkathi yoshintsho olusheshayo nokungaqiniseki kwezombangazwe, igatsha eliqinile nelizimele liseyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu sokubusa kwentando yeningi.