Ukuqashelwa Kwezindlebe Zezisebenzi

Izikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezomthetho ziwukuqulwa kwecala okwenziwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano ezibangelwa yizinqumo. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwecala elingokwesiko, lezi zinkantolo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqondile futhi ngokuvamile azikho ngokomthetho, kodwa zinesisici esiphawulekayo ekunqumeni amalungelo ahlobene nezincwadi, izinzuzo, imvume, nokulalela. Kuzo zombili izazi zomthetho nabantu abavamile, ukuqonda izigaba ezivamile zezindaba ezizwiwayo kulezi zinyathelo lokuqala ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezindaba zokuphathwa kwecala futhi sinikeza amasu asebenzayo enqubo yokuhamba ngempumelelo.

Izinhlobo Zecala Ezizwakalayo Ezindlebeni Zokuphatha

Umthetho ophethe uhlanganisa izingxabano eziningi. Nakuba yonke inhlangano inegunya layo, izinhlobo eziningana ziphindeka ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nezendawo. Ngezansi sihlola izigaba ezivame kakhulu, ngayinye inezindinganiso zayo ezicacile kanye nezingaqondakali.

Ukuphonsa Amalambu Namacala Okuqinisekisa

Izingxabano ezilungisayo zihlanganisa izigungu ezingochwepheshe zomthetho, njengezibhodi zezokwelapha, izinxulumano ze-bar, imishini yezindawo, noma iziphathimandla zokulungisa indawo. Lezi zimemezelo zikhuluma ngokuphika, ukusula, noma ukungasunguli kabusha kwamaphepha-mvume ochwepheshe. Izimo zokuthatha isinyathelo zingahlanganisa ukungakholeki, ukuziphatha okubi, ukukhwabanisa, izinkolelo zobugebengu, noma ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zemfundo eziqhubekayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, udokotela omangalelwe ngokugunyaza ama-opioid angaphandle komkhuba ovamile angase abhekane necala phambi kwebhodi yezokwelapha. Ibhodi kumelwe ihlole ubufakazi bokuziphatha okubi ngokumelene namalungelo afanele udokotela. Ngokufanayo, umakhampani ogunyaza ilayisensi yakhe incishiswa ngenxa yokwephulwa kwemithetho yokwakha angakhanga enkantolo ephethe. Izenzo ezinjalo ngokuvamile zivumela ukuxoxa ngezindawo zokuhlala, kodwa uma kuphikiswana, zingaba nobuchwepheshe obukhulu, zincike ebufakazinisweni obungokwekhono nezincwadi eziningi.

Ukuhamba ngemikhumbi okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuyiqonda kahle indlela efanelekile yokuhlela imithetho nenhlangano. Ukuhlanganisa iziteshi zokufakaza, amarekhodi emisebenzi, nesiqinisekiso somsebenzi kusemqoka. Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga ukuba isicelo sokuzwa sifakwe efasiteleni elifushane (umz. izinsuku ezingu-30 zesinqumo esibi senhlangano). Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuncipheni amalungelo.

Imithetho Yokuhluleka Nezinzuzo

Phakathi kwezikhulu ezivamile kunalezo ezithi zifanele izinzuzo zikahulumeni. I-Social Security Administration (SSA) isingatha inqwaba yezindlebe zokukhubazeka unyaka ngamunye. Abamangalelwa abazicelo zabo zokuqala ze-Social Security Infication (SDI) noma i-Someral Security Income (SI) incishwa ukuba icele ukuqulwa phambi koMahluleli woMthetho we-Administrative (ALJ).

Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala kugxila ebufakazini bezokwelapha: ukuxilongwa, umlando wokwelashwa, ukulinganiselwa kwemisebenzi, nokuthi umuntu okhokhayo angenza noma yini umsebenzi ozuzisayo. I - ALJ ingase icabangele nobufakazi obungochwepheshe bemisebenzi ngokuphathelene nokulinganiselwa komsebenzi onikezwa umqashi. Le nqubo ayiyona esemthethweni kuneyokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni, kodwa isalandela imithetho eqinile yobufakazi nenqubo.

Ezinye izinzuzo zihlanganisa izinxephezelo zenkokhelo zemisebenzi (zesifundazwe) kanye nonomakadebona abathi bahlolwa phambi kwebhodi ye-Veterans Appleares. Ezimweni zokuswelakala kwemisebenzi, ngokuvamile indaba iwukuthi uma umqashi eshiye umsebenzi ngokuzithandela ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle noma wakhishwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Ubufakazi buhlanganisa ubufakazi bomqashi, izincwadi ezixwayisayo, kanye namarekhodi ababa khona.

Kubantu abagomele ukukhubazeka, ukunikeza ukulandisa okulungiselelwe kahle kwezokwelapha kuyisihluthulelo. I-Sacial Security Administration’s Blue Book ibala ukukhubazeka okufanelekela izinzuzo zokukhubazeka okuzenzekelayo. Ngisho noma isimo singabalwanga, ukuhlola okusebenzayo okuhlangene nokunakekela imibono yodokotela kungasekela ukusho. Ukumelelwa komthetho (kaningi) ngokusuka ekusizeni okungenzuzo noma ekukhubazekeni abameli abasebenza ngokuvumelana nezinzuzo.

Indawo Ezungezile Nezwe Kusetshenziswa Amacala

Izindawo ezizungezile ziqulwa lapho izinhlangano ezinjenge - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), iminyango kahulumeni yokuvikela indawo ezungezile, noma amabhodi okuhlela endawo evumela, enikeza iziyalezo zokugcinwa kwemithetho, noma isijeziso.

  • Imvume yokulahla izindawo zezimboni (isib., izinga lomoya noma lokukhipha amanzi iyakuvumela)
  • Izenzo zokuphoqelela ukuphulwa kwe - Cruse Act, I - Chên Air Act, noma imithetho eyingozi yemfucumfucu
  • Izicelo zokushintshashintshana kwezindawo noma ukusetshenziswa kwemibandela kuvumela ukuthuthuka kwezwe
  • Izinselele ezinqunyweni zezinhlangano mayelana nokuncipha kwamaxhaphozi noma indawo ehlala kuyo esengozini

Le zindaba zivame ukuhlanganisa ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi obungokwesayensi, njengokwenziwa kwezifundo ezithena amandla, ukuphenya, noma ukuhlelwa kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Imithetho elandelwayo ingavumela ukuba kungenelwe umphakathi noma kubekwe izikhundla zomphakathi. Amabhizinisi, ukuhluleka ukuvumelana nemvume yezimo zingaphumela ekujezisweni kwansuku zonke. Ngokuhlukile, izakhamuzi noma izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zingabekela inselele imvume yokukholelwa ekuphuleni izindinganiso zomthetho.

Ukunquma ukuqulwa kwezindlebe zendawo ezungezile kudinga uchwepheshe wezenhlalakahle wakudala. Ukuvimbela uchwepheshe wendawo ezungezile ukuba aqondise noma alungise icebo lokulandela inqubo kungaba okubaluleke kakhulu kunempikiswano yomthetho kuphela. EPA’s Office of Administrative Law Bhost [ inikeza isiqondiso ezinqubweni zayo zokuzwa, ezihlanganisa izingqungquthela zokuzwa kwangaphambi kokuzwa kanye nezindlela zokuthola.

Izinkinga Zomsebenzi Nezezisebenzi

Izikhulu zezikhulu zixazulula izingxabano ezingaphansi kwemithetho yemisebenzi. Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-Aumeter Opportunity Commission (EOC) ne-National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) ziphatha ukuqulwa kwamacala obandlululo, imisebenzi engekho ngokomthetho, nokuphindisela. Izinhlangano zesigaba sesigamu zisingatha imiholo nezingxabano zamahora, iziphakamiso zezisebenzi, kanye nezikhangiso zokuphepha ezisebenza.

Icala le-EEOC lilandela uphenyo futhi lizame ukuqulwa; uma linganqunywa, ummeli omangalelayo angacela ukuqulwa phambi komahluleli we-Australia. Umahluleli unikeza isinqumo esingahlanganisa ukukhokhelwa, ukubuyiselwa, noma ukukhokhiswa. Ngokufanayo, ukuqulwa kwecala le-NLB kunquma ukuthi umqashi ungene emikhubeni engafanele yezisebenzini enjengokuphazamisana nokuhlela inyunyana noma ukwenqaba ukuthelekisana neqembu.

Izindlebe zenkokhelo zezisebenzi zivame ukuhilela izingxabano zezokwelapha − noma inxeba “lavela futhi lavela emsebenzini.” Umthwalo wobufakazi uxhomeke kumphathi wezindawo eziningi, kodwa indinganiso ingaba phansi kunesenkantolo yomphakathi (umz., “ubufakazi obuningi” kunokuba“ bungakhathazeki futhi bukholise”).

Ukuze baphumelele ekuqulweni kwemisebenzi, amaqembu kufanele alondoloze zonke izingcingo (i-email, imisebenzi, ukubukeza ukusebenza) kanye nokuphawula ofakazi kusenesikhathi. Ukumelelwa ummeli okhethekile emsebenzini noma umthetho wezisebenzi kutuswa kakhulu ngoba imithetho ye-procedment ihluka kakhulu ngokwenhlangano. EOC yengxenye yokuzwa yezwe [[ ihlukile ezicaleni zangasese, inezela olunye ungwengwengwezi lwezi oluyinkimbinkimbi.

Intela Necala Lemali

Abakhokhi bentela bangancintisana nemvume yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano noma intela yesifundazwe ngokuqulwa kwecala. IHhovisi lezikhalo linikeza i-international Revenue Service imvume yokuphikisana ngezinqumo, izijeziso, noma izenzo zokuqoqa. Ngokufanayo, iminyango yezimali yamazwe idlulisela izindaba ngentela yentela, intela yeholo, kanye nentela yempahla.

Lokhu kuhlola kudinga ukugcinwa komlando ocophelelayo: amasheke, amathikithi, iposi, nanoma yiliphi igunya elingokomthetho elingokomthetho (izimiso zentela, iziqondiso zomnikelo, noma izenzakalo zokwahlulela). Ekudluliseni intela yempahla, iziqu, ukutusa nemininingwane efanayo yokuthengisa kubaluleke kakhulu. Inzuzo eyinhloko yezindlebe zokuphatha ikhono lokunikeza ubufakazi ngaphandle komthetho wenkantolo yentela kahulumeni, nakuba umthwalo wobufakazi ngokuvamile uwela kumkhokhisi wentela.

Abakhi bavame ukusebenzisa ababali-mali abasemthethweni (CPAS) noma amanxusa abhalisiwe ukuze amelele amakhasimende phambi kwe-IRS. inqubo yezikhalo ze-IRS [ iklanyelwe ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuzicazulula, futhi ukuxoxisana okuphumelelayo kungaholela ekunikezeni izivumelwano ze-commonsole noma zesivumelwano sengxenye.

Indlela Yokulalela Izindlebe Zabanye

Nakuba inhlangano ngayinye inemithetho ehlukahlukene, imikhuba eminingi engcono kakhulu engokwesiko isebenza ezikhungweni zokuqondisa.

Qonda Umsebenzi We - Agency

Ngaphambi kokuzwa, hlola ngokucophelela umthetho wenhlangano owenza ukuba ikwazi, imithetho, nanoma yiziphi izincwadi zedesiki noma iziyalezo ezinyathelisiwe. Izinhlangano eziningi zikhipha “imithetho yokusebenza” yokuthi ukuhlelwa kwezikhathi ezimisiweyo, imithetho esobala, ukunyakaza, neziqondiso ezinephutha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Social Security Administration’s ALEX (Ukulalela, izimfihlo, noMthetho wokwethula) kubusa izinqubo zokukhubazeka.

Nakuba zingasona isenzakalo esisandulelayo, zembula indlela i - ALJ evame ngayo ukuhlola ubufakazi obuthile noma ukuchaza ulimi oludidayo.

Lungiselela Ngokuphelele Futhi Usheshe

Ngokushesha nje lapho kuhlelwa ukuqulwa kwecala, qala ukuhlanganisa iphakethe lobufakazi obuningi. lokhu kufanele kuhlanganise:

  • Zonke izincwadi ezibhalwe kule nhlangano (izincwadi, ama - email, izimemezelo)
  • Izivumelwano ezingokomthetho, imvume, amalayisense, noma izicelo
  • Amarekhodi ezokwelapha, imibiko yokuxilonga, nemibiko yokwelapha (ngeziguli ezikhubazekile)
  • Amarekhodi emisebenzi, ukubukeza umsebenzi, nezinkulumo zobufakazi
  • Imibiko ehlakaniphile (yokusebenza kwemali, yezokwelapha, yendawo ezungezile, noma yezomnotho)
  • Izithombe, imidwebo, noma ubufakazi be - computer

Hlela amadokhumende ngokulandelana okunengqondo, ngethebula lokuqukethwe kanye nama-tab anezinombolo. Nikeza amakhophi kuphikisayo (iseluleko esiqinile) ngaphambi kokuzwa, njengoba ukuhluleka ukuveza kungaholela ekulahleni ubufakazi. Izinhlangano eziningi zidinga ukuthengiselana imibukiso ngaphambi kokuba ubuke.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Sesayensi Yemvelo

Administrative hearings follow a predictable sequence:

  1. Ingqungquthela yokuzwa ngaphambi kokuba kuhlolwe (ukuxoxa ngezibalo, uhlu lofakazi, kanye ne-ward line)
  2. Izinkulumo zokuvula (ngokuvamile ezinqumayo noma ezilinganiselwe ngesikhathi)
  3. Ubufakazi obunikezwa yinhlangano (umthwalo wobufakazi ngokuvamile uxhomeke eqenjini elifuna isenzo esibi)
  4. Ukunikezwa kobufakazi ngomphendulayo noma ozisholo
  5. Ukuveza kabusha (ubufakazi obungenamkhawulo bokuphikisa amaphuzu amasha)
  6. Izimpikiswano eziphethayo (ngezinye izikhathi ezilotshiwe noma ezishiwo ngomlomo)
  7. Ukuguqa amafiji okulandela (uma ivunyelwe yimithetho)

Ukujwayelana nalokhu kugeleza kukwenza ulindele ukuphikisa nokujika ngokushesha. Uma kungenazo izikhalo ezingokomthetho (isinye, ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi), i-ALJ ingabuza ufakazi ngokuzikhandla. Ezimweni ezingokomthetho kakhulu (isimo, ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho), imithetho yobufakazi ingayilingisa ngokuseduze inkantolo kahulumeni.

Ukwazi Ukungcola Kwesiphambano

Nakuba ukuqulwa kwezindlebe zomphathi kungavumelekile, ukuphenywa kwecala kuseyithuluzi elinamandla. Injongo akukona ukuphikisana nobufakazi kodwa ukuvulela ukuvunyelwa noma ukwethenjelwa. Lungisa uhlu olufushane lwemibuzo edinga ubuthakathaka bekhokhasi noma ukungavumelani ezingcangweni zofakazi zangaphambili. Gwema imibuzo ephendulwe ngokuphazima kweso; kunalokho, buza imibuzo eholelayo (umz., “Awuqeqeshelwanga kahle ngemoto, ngokulungile?).

Izizathu zokungavumelani nemithetho yenhlangano zenza kube nemibono evamile (engase ivunyelwe kodwa ingabi nasisindo), isisekelo esincane, noma ukungasinaki. I-ALJ eningi iyayekelela i-seligister kodwa iyophoqelela imithetho uma umcimbi ukhona.

Usizo Olungokomthetho Nolwezohwebo

Nakuba amanye amacala eziphathimandla evumela ukudluliselwa komuntu ngokwakhe, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho elandelwayo nezindinganiso ezisobala kwenza kube kuhle ukuba kusizwe ochwepheshe. O-Attorney abanolwazi ngomthetho wokuqondisa baqonda ukuguquguquka kokudluliswa kwezicelo, ukuhlela ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, kanye nokuxoxa ngaphambi kokuzwa.

Kuzo zonke izenzakalo zobuchwepheshe (umz., indawo ezungezile noma zezokwelapha), ufakazi ongochwepheshe angahumusha ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi ebufakazini obucacile. i-American Bar Association’s Language of Administrative Law and Regatorial Practice [[[FLT: 1] ikhipha imithombo yezindawo nezindawo ezigciniwe. Izinhlangano eziningi ze-bar ye-applicator zinikeza izinkonzo zommeli zezindaba zezomthetho.

Cabangela Enye Impikiswano

Izinhlangano eziningi zikhuthaza ukuhlangana noma ukuhlanganisa izingqungquthela ukuze kugwenywe ukuzwa ngokugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-SSA inikeza umhlangano wokuzwa kwangaphambi kokuzwa lapho ummangaleli no-ALJ bangaxoxa khona ngephutha. Ngokufanayo, i-EPA isebenzisa izinqubo zokuzixazulula ngokusheshisa ezenzweni ezithile zokuphoqelela. Ukuhlanganyela kulezi zinqubo kungasindisa isikhathi, kunciphise ukucindezeleka, futhi kuveze imiphumela evumelanayo.

Nokho, qaphela: noma isiphi isivumelwano sokuhlala siyobopha cishe futhi singase siwalahle amalungelo okudlulisa isikhalo.

Amalungelo Okulondoloza

Ngemva kokuba umthetho wezomthetho wezwe unikeze isinqumo, umkhandlu olahlekelwayo ngokuvamile unefasitela elilinganiselwe lokudlulisa isikhala (kaningi izinsuku ezingu-30) ebhodini ye-appelte, ikhomishane, noma ngokuqondile enkantolo yezwe noma kahulumeni. Indinganiso yokubukeza ekudluliseni ingobu “ubufakazi obuyinqaba” noma“ okungaqondakali nokungaqondakali,” okusho ukuthi okutholwa yikho kunikezwa ukudebeselelwa okukhulu. Ukuze ulondoloze iphutha, kumelwe ukuba wenze izimpikiswano ezifike ngesikhathi phakathi nokudluliswa kwecala futhi uhlanganise nazo nge-post - programme kafushane.

Qopha zonke izinsuku ezimisiwe ekhalendeni bese ufaka isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo ngokulalela ngokuqinile. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kuyimbangela evame kakhulu yokulahlekelwa amalungelo. [[FLT: 0] i-APPELTA Practice Committee Komiti [[[FLT: 1]] inikeza iziqondiso zokudlulisa isikhalo sesinqumo sokuphatha.

Ukunakekelwa Okukhethekile Kwezisulu

Ukuzimelela enkantolo ephethe kuyinselele kodwa akuyona into engenakwenzeka. Imithombo enjengezikhungo zosizo, imitapo yomthetho womphakathi, kanye neziqondiso ze-inthanethi (isib., i-Nolo Press’s “Zinikezele enkantolo” inganikeza isisekelo. Noma kunjalo, lezizihibe ezilandelayo zivamile:

  • Ukuhluleka ukunikeza izincwadi engosini ezikuleso simiso kwakudingeka zigcinwe ngesikhathi esimisiwe
  • Ungekho usuku lokuzwa (olungase luphumele ekwahlulelweni okunephutha)
  • Ukungenisa ubufakazi obungashiwo lutho ngezizathu ezifanele
  • Ukwehluleka ukumelana nobufakazi obungafanele obunikezwa yinhlangano
  • Ukubekezelela imibono yomuntu siqu noma ubufakazi obungokomzwelo obunciphisa ukwethenjwa

Uma ukhetha ukuqhubeka ne-se, yiba khona okungenani kanye lapho uzwa izilaleli kanye ukuze uqaphele izinqubo, izinhlangano eziningi zivumela umphakathi ukuba ube khona.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ezindlebeni Zanamuhla

Kusukela kulolubhadane, izinhlangano eziningi manje ziphethe ukuthethwa kwezindlebe ngevidiyo noma ngocingo. Lokhu kushintshwa kwenza ukuzwa kutholakale kalula kodwa futhi kuveza izinselele ezihlukile. Ababambi-qhaza kumelwe baqinisekise ukuxhumana okuqinile kwe-nethine, ukukhanya okufanelekile, nendawo ezungezile ethulile. Amabhukwana kufanele ahlangane ngemishini esetshenziswayo kukhululeke phambili noma phakathi nokuzwa. Ukulungiselelwa kwe-screenture glish/lips, okanye i-Internactive social. Ezinye izinhlangano, njenge SSA, ziye zanyathelisa [[FLT: 0]] ukuzwa okukude . Ukuzwana nohlelo lwesiteji (umz. g., i-Webster, Forlance, noma i-programme) kubalulekile.

Isiphetho

Izindlebe zezisebenzi ziyisisekelo sokubusa kwanamuhla, zinikeza indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano ezikhona ngokuphathelene nezincwadi, izinzuzo, imvume yendawo ezungezile, amalungelo emisebenzi, intela, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa. Ukuhlukahluka kwezindaba kusho ukuthi akukho ukuzwa okufanayo okukodwa, kodwa imicu evamile (ukulungiselela), ukuqonda imithetho yezinhlangano, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nokusebenzisa inqubo ephumelelayo kochwepheshe (hwnl.)

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esibhekene nenkokhelo elawulayo, uchwepheshe onelayisense esengozini, noma umuntu ofuna izinzuzo zokukhubazeka, ukuphatha izindlebe zehhovisi ngokuqiniseka kudinga ulwazi nokulungiselela. Ngokufunda izimpawu zecala ezichazwe ngenhla nangokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlela ezixoxwe, ungavikela amalungelo akho futhi ufinyelele isinqumo esilungile. Kulabo ababhekene nezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi noma eziphezulu, abahlanganyela ummeli wezobuphathiswa umthetho onolwazi kuhlala kuyindlela eqinisekile yokuphumelela.