Isingeniso: Umkhuba Wokuphikisana Owokuhlawuliswa Kwabantu Ngomphakathi

Ukulahlekelwa kwempahla yomphakathi yinqubo engokomthetho evumela izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba zithumbe impahla − → i-cash, izimoto, indawo, noma ezinye izinto − kuthiwa zihlangene nobugebengu, ngaphandle kokumangalela umnini-mkhakha ngobugebengu. Ekuqaleni ekwakhiweni kwemithetho yasolwandle futhi kamuva yanwetshwa phakathi nempi yezidakamizwa, lelithuluzi liye laba isisekelo semisebenzi yamaphoyisa esemthethweni eUnited States. Nokho, isicelo salo siye sabangela ukucubungula okukhulu okungokomthetho nokukhala komphakathi eshumini leminyaka elidlule. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwemithetho eyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe kululaza isivikelo, ikakhulukazi iSichibiyelo sesine sokuvimbela ukuphehlwa okungenangqondo nokuquleka kwenqubo efanelekile. NjengeSishaya umthetho neSiphakamiso sesihlanu esimelene nalokhu kuphikisana nalokhu kuphikisana nokuxabana komthetho, ukuphakama kwezindawo ezingokomthetho kuyaqhubeka, ukuphakama kwemipasomthetho phakathi kwezindawo ezingokomthetho nezimiso zomthetho.

Le nqubo ihluke kakhulu ekulahlekelweni yizigebengu, okuthi kwenzeka ngemva kwemvume yomphakathi. Ekulahlekelweni yiyo, indawo ngokwayo ibhekwa njengommangalelwa − inganekwane engokomthetho eyaziwa ngokuthi 'in rem'aments. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ungathatha impahla ngisho noma umniniyo engasolwanga, ingabekwanga icala, nanoma yibuphi ubugebengu. Umthwalo wobufakazi ngokuvamile uwela kumniniyo ukuze abonise ukuthi impahla itholakale ngokomthetho, ukuhlehla okungathwini lwecala elibusa izigebengu. Lokhu kubhebhetheze igasi elikhulayo lenselele, inguquko engokomthetho, nezinqumo zenkantolo eziphethe kabusha indlela edinga ngayo.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sezimpahla Zomphakathi Eziwubala

Imvelaphi Nokuziphendukela Komthetho Wokuzitika

Impahla yomphakathi ithathela umsuka wayo emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile nomthetho we-admiralty, lapho imikhumbi kanye nemithwalo esetshenziswa ekushushumbiseni ingabanjwa khona ngaphandle kokubeka umnikazi isigwebo. I-United States yamukela lezizimiso ekhulwini le-18 nele-19 leminyaka, ezisebenzisa ngokuyinhloko ekuphucweni kwemithetho yezemidanti nakwezentengiselwano. Nokho, inkathi yanamuhla yokulahlekelwa yaqala ngobuqotho ngomthetho weComprehensive Crime Act ka- 1984 kanye noMthetho wokungakhokhi wo-Drugcusbeza ka-ase ka-1980, owandisa amandla ombuso onciphisweyo kanye nokuthatha iqhaza kombuso ngokwesivumelwano [[FLT:] nokuhlanganyela uhlelo [FLT]. Ngaphansi kwalo hlelo, amaphoyisa angasebenza kanye nezinhlangano zezinhlangano ze-ondsme ukuze zithathe izimpahla futhi zigcine imithetho eqinile ka-80% yemithetho eqinile.

Kulelozinga lombuso, imithetho yokulahlekelwa ihlukile kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukukhokhwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba impahla ilahlekelwe, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukuquleka okusekelwe ekuhloleni kobufakazi obuqanjiwe kuphela, okudinga uhulumeni ukuba kubonise ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba impahla ihlanganiswe nomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. Lendinganiso esobala ephansi ibe yikho okuyisisekelo sezinselele ezingokomthetho, njengoba ibeka ukubekwa kwecala okungasho ukuthi umsulwa futhi kubeka umthwalo obizayo futhi oyinkimbinkimbi kumnini-mpahla ukuze athengenwe impahla yabo.

Umshini [[QT] Ku-Rem uqhubekela phambili

Endabeni yokulahlekelwa kwesizwe, uhulumeni ufaka icala ngokumelene nempahla ngokwayo (umz. United States v. $500 000 e-U.S. Mali). Impahla ibanjwa futhi ilindele imiphumela. Umniniyo kumelwe afake icala futhi afaka isiqinisekiso sobumniniyo nemithombo yezimali engokomthetho. Le nqubo ingaba nzima kubantu ngabanye ngaphandle kokumelelwa ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi uma inani lempahla ephangiwe lingaphansi kwentengo yemali. Ukuswela kwelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esimisiwe [[[FLT]:3] ezimweni zomphakathi eziqhubekayo eziveza ukungalingani. Njengomphumela, abanikazi bempahla abaningi bamane balahlekelwa yinzuzo yabo, "inzuzo yenzuzo yenzuzo yezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezentengozo zeze.".""] Ukungamela kwelungelo lokubekwa kwezeluleko ezibekweyo [[FLT:]:3]] ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni.] ezimweni zo

Izinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo: Izinqumo Zesine, Zesihlanu Nezesishiyagalombili

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukucwaninga Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphepha ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Nokho, ukulahlekelwa komphakathi kusebenza ngaphansi kwendinganiso ehlukile kunokuseshwa ubugebengu. Amaphoyisa avame ukuthatha impahla esekelwe entweni okungenzeka ihlangene nobugebengu, kodwa ukuthatheka kokuqala kungase kwenzeke ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokuma kwezimoto, isikhulu singathatha imali etholakala emotweni uma ihlangabezana nezingcacazo ezithile zokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, njengamahlelo amakhulu afihlekile, noma izindaba eziguquguqukayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomkhuba ulingana nokuphanga ngokungenangqondo ngenxa yokuthi uhlasela impahla kunokuba ushiye abantu futhi ungabi naso isivikelo seselathanga.

Isifundazwe esiningana nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zahlola lokhu kuquleka. kuUnited States v. $24,700 [R1] eU.S. Imali [8th Cir. 2006], inkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba ukuqubuka ngokwako kube okusesilinganisweni, ngisho noma ukuquleka okulandelayo kuyinto yomphakathi. Muva nje, iNkanto ePhakelele [iNkanto] v. Madrid[FLT:] [202] yaphinde yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthatheka uma isikhulu sisebenzisa amandla angokomzimba empahla, ngisho noma umniniyo engaphucwa lutho. Nakuba icala likhululwe nge-mo ehlukile, liye lacashunw ekuphikiswaneni okungathwathwalwa yimali okungakho okungaculwa yimali enkulu.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuqashelwa

I-Grast Process Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu idinga ukuba abanikazi bempahla bathole isaziso esanele nethuba lokuzwakala njalo ngaphambi kokuba impahla yabo ithathwe. Emongweni wokuhoxa lokhu kuye kwabonakala kuphikisana kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, isaziso sinikezwa kuphela ngokukhishwa ephephandabeni lendawo noma isaziso esithunyelweyo, abanikazi bempahla abangase bangasiboni ngesikhathi. Imithetho eminingi elahlwayo incike ezinhlelweni ezingafanele.

Enye inqubo efanelekile ukukhathalela ukuhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala. Ezinye izizwe zivumela impahla ukuba ithathwe futhi igcinwe izinyanga ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukubukeza kokwahlulela. Inkantolo e- United States v. UJames Daniel Good Real Prealment[ [1993]) wakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze isaziso kanye nokulalelwa ngaphambi kokuthatha impahla yangempela, kodwa umthetho wemali nempahla yomuntu siqu uhlala ucacile. Izinkantolo ezisezantsi zihlukene ngokuthi ukuzwa kudingekile, kuholela ekuvikelweni okungaguquguqukiyo kwezindawo ezinqamukiyo.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Inzuzo Edlulele

Mhlawumbe intuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-mthetho eminyakeni yamuva nje yavela esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme esavunyelwana ku-Timbs v. Indiana (2011). INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo Esingaphezulu se-Eighth Finers Reconf. INkantolo yagunyaza u-Claus ezwe nohulumeni bendawo ngokunciphiswe kweSichibiyelo seNkampathi se-1459. Ngaleyondaba indoda yabanjwa iRovern ngemva kokuba yalahlwa icala lokuthengisa i-heroin. Imoto yaziswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezine zenani elifaneleyo lobugebengu. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwayo kwakuwukweqikelele kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho inguquko elinganiswe yizentengo. [FLT:][FFFOT] [F:] [F3] impost ngokomthetho efuna ukucustomfa isilinganiso semithetho efuna ukucustolisiwe phakathi kwezelelwe inzuzo yecala lezezezelele.[icence

Naphezu kwe ama-Timbs, impi ayikapheli. Izizwe eziningi zisavumela ukulahlwa kwempahla ehlangene nenani lobugebengu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani, futhi iNkantolo yashiya kuvuleka umbuzo wokuthi isho ukuthini "i-euctive" enhle. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nokusebenzisa isilinganiso emacaleni ahilela imali, engenayo ipesenti, ehlangene nempahla yangempela noma izimoto.

Amalungelo Empahla, Inqubo Efanele, Nokuzivikela Komnikazi Ongenacala

Ukuzivikela Komnikazi Ongenacala: Ingabe Kuyisivikelo Esiyisifuthefuthe?

Umthetho we-freaderl nemithetho eminingi kahulumeni ihlanganisa "umnikazi wendlu" wesivikelo, uvumela umnikazi wempahla ukuba aphinde athole impahla uma engafakazele ukuthi akaziwa noma azi ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokungemthetho impahla yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, umninikhaya angalahlekelwa indlu yakhe uma utshala insangu ngaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kolwazi. Ukuphumelela, umnikazi kumelwe abonise ukuthi abangazi ukuthi umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ngamabomu. Nokho, umthwalo wobufakazi ukhona kumnikazi, futhi untula ingcebo eningi yokulwa nemali. Umbiko ka-2019 ungathi umikwe [[FLT:] Imboni yezomthetho uthola ukuthi ezindaweni eziningi, imboni emsulwa ayiphumele, futhi ilahlekelwe impahla yabo ezindaweni eziningi kunokulwisana nemithetho. [FOFORD] [2] Izinhlangano zezentengo yomthetho esetshenziswa njalo, izinhlangano zezentengozo zeze yeze yezengameli, i-FFoctive.[3]

Qaphela Nelungelo Lokuzwa Ngokushesha

Ngisho noma ikhona i-instructure commetics, izithiyo ze-procedal ziyaculuka. Ngemva kokuthatheka, abanikazi bempahla kumelwe bafake isikhala ngaphakathi kwefasitela elimfushane (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30) noma bazifaka engozini yokulahlekelwa impahla yabo unomphela. Amazwe amaningi adinga ukufakwa kwesibopho esilingana ne 10% yenani lempahla ngaphambi kokuzwakala, ngokuphumelelayo ikhiphela ngaphandle labo abanemali elinganiselwe. Izinkantolo ezisezindaweni eziningi zishaye zashaya izibopho ezibophayo ezifanayo njengesephula inqubo efanele. Krimschock v. Kelly [2] ngenani elivamile lempahla, inkantolo eyayiphethe ukuthi ukulalela okusheshayo kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi kubangelwa yini noma yini inqubo edingekayo.

Imbobo Ehlanganyelwayo Engenakulinganiswa

Enye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu zokulahlekelwa kwesizwe yi-Universal Equitable Program. Ngaphansi kwalohlelo, umbuso namaphoyisa endawo angasebenza nezinhlangano zikahulumeni (njenge-DEA noma FBI) ukuze athathe impahla ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ngokuvamile enezindinganiso eziphansi nezisusa ezinkulu zemali. Lokhu kuvumela izimemezelo ukuba zijike imithetho yazo siqu yokulungisa inguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuso odinga ukuvunyelwa kwecala ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kungamane nje wamukele i-"mestorial" yokuphulwa, futhi i-General ye- Ericney ingenweba i-all. [i ACU] ibhale phansi indlela ukuhlanganisa okungafanelekile ngayo imizamo yokulungisa nokuhluza. [FL:1]

Izinguquko Zezinga Likahulumeni Nokusabela Kokwahlulela

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho: Ukukholelwa Okudingekayo Nemithwalo Ephakeme Yobufakazi

Ngenxa yezinselele eziyandayo zomthetho, okungenani izifundazwe ezingu - 37 ziye zamisa izinguquko eziye zabangela ukuba imithetho yezakhamuzi ilahlekelwe yizo kusukela ngo - 2014. Izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Ufuna ukukholisa kobugebengu ngaphambi kokuba impahla ilahleke (umzk., New Mexico, Nebraska, North Carolina). E-New Mexico, umthetho ka-2015 waqeda ukulahlekelwa kwesizwe ngokuphelele, ufuna uhulumeni ukuba abonise icala elingenakungabaza okunengqondo enkantolo ngaphambi kokuthatha impahla. Nokho, umthetho wanciphiswa ngo-2019 ngemva kokuba iminyango yamaphoyisa ikhononde ukulahlekelwa.
  • ufaka umthwalo wobufakazi kuhulumeni futhi uphakamisela indinganiso ku "ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo" (umz., Ohio, Florida). Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngamaphoyisa ukuba athathe impahla ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqinile.
  • Ukwanda kokukhanya [ ngokudinga ukubika kwaminyaka yonke kokuquleka, kuhlanganise nohlobo, inani, nesimo sempahla. Izifunda eziningi manje zinyathelisa ukwaziswa kuyi-inthanethi, nakuba ukuvumelana kuhluka kakhulu.

Naphezu kwalezinguquko, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuhlala kungahambelani. Umbiko ka-2020 ovela ku- U.S. uMnyango we-Hhovisi loMahluleli we-Ejenerer wathola ukuthi izinhlangano eziningi zokugcinwa komthetho zehluleka ukubika ngokunembile ukulahlekelwa ulwazi, futhi izimiso zobubonisi zazibuthakathaka. [Umbiko weDOJ OIG] uqokomisa ukuswela okuqhubekayo kokulandisa [[.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zenkantolo Ezilimaza Umkhuba Kahulumeni

Ngalé ama-Tims, ezinye izinqumo eziningana ziye zathonya imithetho kahulumeni yokulahlekelwa. State v. Owonyaka 2008 uTakuta Tavoma [U-AT. App. 2020], inkantolo yathi ukulahlekelwa kwemoto elingana no-R120 000 ngecala elincane elidayisa ngezidakamizwa. kwaphula umthetho wemithetho ephakeme kahulumeni wemithetho engokomthetho. Ukugobeka kweFofiture engaphezulu kakhulu [R1],159,20] [i-20:] (iphawu.i-Mk.Act.App.21, inkantolo yakhipha imvume esemthethweni engekho ngokomthetho wokuziboshekela ekuhlanganeni kwezindawo ezingokomthetho.

However, state supreme courts have sometimes upheld aggressive forfeiture practices. In Hand v. State (Iowa 2020), the Iowa Supreme Court rejected a due process challenge to the state’s forfeiture law, finding that the low burden of proof and lack of a hearing requirement did not violate constitutional guarantees. The split among state courts creates a fractured legal environment, with property owners’ rights heavily dependent on their location.

Izimfune Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezakhamuzi

Ukuphatha Inzuzo Ngenhlonipho: Ukuxhaphaza Nokuxhaphaza

Izisusa zezimali ezakhelwe ukulahlekelwa kwesizwe ziye zathola ukugxeka okukhulu. Iminyango yamaphoyisa ivame ukusebenzisa ukulahlekelwa ukuze ixhase imisebenzi, imishini, namaholo, ibangele ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2017 kwe-Chicago[ kanye [[FLT:] ne[FLT] State [Arizona] State University [ [inzuzo] yathola ukuthi iminyango yamaphoyisa ethola ingxenye enkulu yemali elahlekile isengozini kakhulu yokuthatha imingcele nokukhuthuleka, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini emincane. [[FLT:]] inikeza ubufakazi obungathandekiyo bezentengo yezentengo yezinhlanga[FFFFF:]." Lokhu kunciphisa ukuthembana kwenzuzo enkulu ngenxa yezentengo yomthetho. [FLT:]

Izakhamuzi ezithathelwe impahla yazo ngokuvamile zibhekana nobunzima obukhulu. Ukuquleka kwemali kungaqeda imali egciniwe, kuyilapho ukuquleka kwemoto kungavimbela othile ukuba aye emsebenzini. I-Institute yeJaji [ ibhale izenzakalo eziningi lapho abantu belahlekelwa amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi ngaphandle kokukhokhwa ngobugebengu. Izindleko zengqondo nezezimali zinzima, futhi abaningi ababutholi nhlobo umphako wabo.

Ikusasa Lezigwegwe ZoMbuso

Ukubheka phambili, indawo engokomthetho cishe izoqhubeka iguquka. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabonisa ukuzimisela okwandayo ukunqanda ukulahlekelwa ngokweqile, futhi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingaphansi kokucindezela okuvela kokubili emaqenjini abambelele ngokwesiko nakhululekileyo okumisa izinguquko. Imizamo ye-Bpartistan eqophelweni lezwe, njenge[FL:] FLT [[FLT]][FLT:] [1] [FLT]] [1] [INK] (inguquko ye-Humelelo Inguquko yomthetho), iye yamiswa kodwa ayidlulangadlulanga. [[FT] I-Activeractive-'s Active-sment Active-' ye-octives ye-'irighted Active Actives [FT], futhi idinga ukuvuse-active-octive-octivestion (intellignsity) ngemist yemist yemicine yemist.[F.[FFoption:7] Inteaveriverive

Ekuphetheni, ukulahlekelwa inzuzo yomphakathi kuwumkhuba oncintisana kakhulu noweziphakamiso zokulawula ubugebengu nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Izinselele ezingokomthetho ezibhekene nazo − kusukela ekulungiseni komthetho-mthetho kuya ekulinganiseni okungokomthetho-mthetho("iphoqelela amaphoyisa ombuso nabenzi bomthetho ukuba bahlole indlela abaphatha ngayo ubulungisa. Nakuba izinguquko ziye zenza intuthuko, isimiso sihlala sikhungathekiswa ngokungalingani, futhi umthwalo kubaphathi bempahla ukuze baqinise amalungelo abo ngokuvamile uyavinjelwa. Njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zilinganisa izilinganiso nezimiso zomthetho, umphumela ngeke nje ukwakheka kwezimiso ezithathe ingcebo kodwa ubuhlobo obubanzi phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso.