I - Digital Ballot: Ukuvumela Izithembiso Nezingozi Zokusakaza I - Internet

Ukushintshela kwezinqubo zokhetho kumele enye yezinqamulo zobuchwepheshe nokulawula ezilandelana kakhulu. Izimiso zokuvota zangaphakathi zithembisa ukuhlanganisa ukuthatha i-demokrasi ngokususa imingcele yendawo neyomzimba, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ziveza imingcele engakaze ibonwe. Njengamazwe nezinhlangano ezilawula i-inthanethi yokuxhumana, ubunzima phakathi kokuzinza nokuphepha, ukufinyela nobuqotho, akukaze kube bukhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlola ubuchwepheshe, izenhlalo, kanye nezilinganiso ezilawulayo ze-electivessss zomhlaba ukuze kudwebe imaphu emaphutheni yombili ekwazi ukuqeda nokuguqula amandla okungawadlula.

Ukuchaza I - Internet Voting Systems: Ukusuka Endleleni Elula Ye - Internet Kuya E - Cryptographic Frames

Ukuvota kuyi-web site kuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zobuchwepheshe, ngayinye enezici ezihlukene zokuvikela, ukufihla imfihlo, nokusebenziseka. Kulula kakhulu, isimiso sovota kulayini, kuyindlela yokusebenza evumela abavoti ukuba banikeze ukhetho lwabo nge-i-internet. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okuyisisekelo kuncike kuzinto zokuhlola ezikhona ezikhona ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kugcinwe amavoti kanye nokukhomba okuvamile kwe-HTTP ukuze kuvikelwe ukudlula. Izimiso eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi zisebenzisa imingcele ekhondweni lokuvota, zivumela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhola labo abavoti libalwe ngaphandle kokuveza okuqukethwe yikho. Amapulatifomu ambalwa ahlolayo asakaza i-injini eholishi (injini) anganikeza i-ethoboliti (ibhaltin) ehlangene kakhulu, nakuba izazi zihlala zihlukene ukuthi ukubonakala obala komgemgeboshele omphakathi ovamile. Ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezivamile, izinhlelo ezivamile zingavumelana kanye nezikahlwini ezisemuva (ie, zingahlangana kanye nezin

Ukulondeka Nokwethenjwa: Izinselele Eziyisithiyo

Usongo Lwe - cyber Nokuhlasela

Isithiyo esivame ukukhonjwa ekuvotelweni kuyi-inthanethi. Isimiso ngasinye solwembu jikelele singaba isisulu sabadlali besizwe, abavoti, nabagebengu. Ngokungafani nebhokisi le-collet engokoqobo, elingaqashelwayo, i-protoctop yovota ku-inthanethi yokuvikela ukuncintisana nokuphikwa okungahlanganwa kwe-i-i-inthane no-inthanethi-i-i-i-i-i-inthanethi ye-i-inthanethi engaqinisekisa ukuthi akukho simiso samanje esingaqinisekisa ukuphuma kwe-odoli evota, nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingabangela ukukhomba i-injini eqokisayo. I-'i-FLT'[FLTY] [21] .NSCSCSCSCT [ist:] ihlale ikhona nge-ivolunter enkulu ye-octiver ephuma ka-octiver.

I-eyescredical Tightrope ye-Cryptographic.

Izindawo zovota zidinga ukuba ama-democraccacy afihleke ukuze avimbele ukuphoqelelwa nokuvota. Kuhlelo lwezinombolo, lokhu kudinga ukuba i-create i-copt ingebophe ibhola elithile kumvoti othile, ngisho noma amalogi akhona. Izimiso zokuqinisekisa zisebenzisa amarisithi okugcina ashicilelweyo avumela abavoti ukuba bahlole ubuqotho babo ngaphandle kokwembula ukuthi isiphi isigqebhezana abasikhethayo. Nokho, la mathigidi angenza isibalo sokuphoqelela ukuba sibe yi-inseka uma umvoti ephoqelelwa ukubonisa i-lisithilogodi yabo. I-estonia, umholi wembulunga yonke evota i-inthaneti, uvumela lokhu ukuba kuphinde kubonakale izikhathi eziningi njengangaphambi kohlelo, kuphela umsebenzi onzima owenziwayo kodwa unezela ubunki obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesimiso sokuphoqa.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwezobuchwepheshe Nobukhazikhazi Bezimo Ezingaphandle

Ukukhetha kuthatha isikhathi esiphezulu, izenzakalo ezithatha isikhathi esibucayi. Noma isiphi isimiso esibhekana nesikhathi phakathi namahora okuvota singazidida izakhamuzi. i-Online covota plat coptions kumele iklanyelwe ukutholakala okuphezulu, nezisebenzi ezisebenza ngokubomvu, ihluleke izinqubo, futhi ithwale ukulinganisela okungalinganisa ukuphatha izimoto eziphezulu (ngokuvamile ngosuku olulodwa). I-2020 Democraticism eNevada esebenzisa i-nevacus app ezenzeka ka-nethi, ebangela isiphithiphithiphithi futhi ithatha imiphumela. Ukuhluleka okunjalo kuqeda ukuthemba umphakathi futhi kugcizelela isidingo sokuvivinya ukucindezeleka okuqinile nokushaya izigaba. Ngisho ukuhlasela okubuhlungu, i-software eyodwa ingalula ukhetho, njengoba kuboniswa emihlelweni yezinhlelo lapho i-ogadayworden i-obrot.

Ukwehlukana Kwezinombolo: Ukukwazi Ukufunda, Ukubhala Nokubhala

Izingozi zokuvota kuwe-inthanethi zibangela ukuncishiswa kokungalingani okukhona manje uma kungaklanywanga ngokucophelela. Amavoter asezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezine-Internet ehamba kancane, abantu abadala abangajwayelene nemishini ye-tem-m-mnums, amakhaya angenayo imali ephansi ngaphandle kwemishini yabo siqu, nabantu abakhubazekile abadinga ubuchwepheshe obusizayo bonke bangase bashiywe ngemuva. [202] CD umbiko kahulumeni wamanani [[FLT] [FLD:1] uphawule ukuthi nakuba i-intanethi iyanda, ihluleka ukusebenzisa inzuzo kuyaqhubeka ngeminyaka yobudala, inzuzo, nemingcele yemfundo. Abenzi be-Pyclime kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi ukuqalisa ukuvota okunga okungahambisa izigaba ezindleleni zokumelela i-injini yokuxhumana. I-HPybrid / proced factivesssstions ortionstions prosethi interdiationstionstionstionstions provertives.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemithetho Nokungaqiniseki Ngokomthetho

Imithetho ye-Electoral yabhalelwa iziteshi zephepha nezikhungo zokuhlola ezingokoqobo. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimiso ze-minustry kudinga umthetho wokuthi i-accompliation protoctal, i-application, inqumbi yokuphikisana, nesijeziso sobugebengu ekungeneni kwe-inthane. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States noma i-Switzerland, imingcele iyahluka kakhulu, ukwenza umsebenzi wemithetho enziwayo owenza ukuba abathengi bangakwazi ukuthenga izinto kanye nezimiso ezivumelanayo. Imithetho ye-eIDAS inikeza isakhiwo semininingwane yezibalo, kodwa impumelelo yesizwe iyahlukahluka, futhi ukuthobela akuyona njalo izinhlelo zokuvota ezicacile ezisemthethweni. Ngaphandle kokuhlola okucacile, ukuvota okusemthethweni kuhlala kunezinyathelo ezilula futhi kungenangozi ekubekeni izinselele ezingokomthetho ezingaphazamisa imiphumela.

Amathuba Okushintsha Ukuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Ukutholakala Kwezinti Zomsindo Ezinganqamuki

Mhlawumbe impikiswano enamandla kakhulu yokuvota nge-intanethi ingeyokukwazi ukuvota abavoti ababhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezindaweni zokuvota. Abavoti abanokukhubazeka okungokomzimba, ukugula okungamahlalakhona, noma imithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela, izakhamuzi ezihlala kwelinye izwe, izisebenzi zezempi ezimi phesheya, nezakhamuzi zasezindaweni ezikude konke kungcono. Isimiso sovota sase-Estonia sokuvota, esiye sasetshenziswa kusukela ngo-2005, njalo sibika ukuthi ingxenye yesithathu yabavoti iphonsa ibhola labo ababoshela i-intanethi, ikakhulukazi ukutholwa kwezakhamuzi zasemaphandleni. Ikhono lokuvota kunoma yiziphi izifunda ezixhumana ezithatha isikhathi sokuhamba futhi zinganciphisa isikhathi sokulinda, okwenza ukuhlanganyela kulabo abasebenzisa isikhathi esilinganiselwe.

Ukwaneliseka Nokuncishiswa Kwezindleko Zokuphatha

Ukhetho olusekelwe ephepheni ludinga ukunyathelisa, ukuphepha okulondekile, ukuhamba, ukubala ngezandla, nokuhlola okungokoqobo kwezindlela ezithwala izindleko ezinkulu zemisebenzi kanye nezinto. Imishini yokuvota ehamba nemishini ebolekisayo eningi yale misebenzi, inciphisa izindleko ze-vota ngayinye. Ukuhlola kwe-Australian Electoral Commission kwathola ukuthi ukuvota ngemishini ye-elective kwabavota abakhubazekile kuncitshiswe isikhathi sokulungisa ngokuhlola cishe 40% ngokuvota okunezelelwe. Nakuba ukutshala isamba sephepha esilondekile kungakhulu, izindleko zemali ezigciniwe ezithatha isikhathi eside zingaba nkulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindawo eziphethe ama-bolottes (g. g., ukuthumela, iziteshina, amabhodi esikole, amabhodi esikole esikole.).

Ukubika Nemiphumela Yesikhathi Sangempela

Emazweni amaningi, igebe phakathi kokuhlola okuvaliwe nemiphumela yokugcina elimenyezelwayo libangela ukusola kanye nemibono yozungu. Izimiso zokuvota ngo-Unline zingaveza amanani alandelanayo cishe ngokushesha, nobufakazi obucashile obuvumela ababali abazimeleyo − futhi mhlawumbe umphakathi (ukuqinisekisa ubude). U-2019 Switzerland ewe amshayeli osebenzayo [[[FLT] embonini ye-Neuchâtel [] isebenzisa isimiso sokuziphendulela ngokwezisekelo somthetho esivumela i-onke i-omfonsoo evuma i-onqanyuliwe ukuba ihlanganiswe exubile, futhi i-Genearly ephethe i-octives. Uma isetshenziswa ngokukhanya, imiphumela yangempela ingaqinisa ukuqiniseka kunokuba inciphe.

Ukusebenzisa Imishini Yomdabu Encane Neyimidwebo

Umphakathi uveza ukuthi izizukulwane ezisukela ku-minuber zilindele izinkonzo zikahulumeni ukuze zifanelane nokusiza kwe-inthanethi nokuthenga. Nakuba i-producement iphansi kakhulu. Ukucwaninga okuvela ku- i-Electoral Commission (UK) kusikisela ukuthi izizukulwane ezihamba ngenombolo zilindele izinkonzo zikahulumeni ukuze zifanelane nokusiza kwe-ielebhusayithi yebhanki nokuthenga. Nakuba ukubonelela kukodwa komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wobukhomba-gesi kungeyona i-palthiki, ukususa isidingo sokuvakashela ifasitela elilinganiselweyo kunganciphisa isithiyo. I-ivote, esungulwe ngempumpuma neso, isetshenziswe izinkulungwane zabasha abasha abasha abakwazi ukuveza indlela yokusebenza kahle ebanzi ngaphandle kwe-injini yokuqala yokuqala.

Ukulondolozwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Umjikelezo ngamunye wokhetho usebenzisa itsheyina lephepha, ukhiphela ikhabhoni ekuhambeni kwevoti nezisebenzi, futhi ukhiqize udoti ngezinto ezilahliwe. Ukuvota nge-Online kunciphisa kakhulu lomshini wokuhlola indawo ezungezile. Isimiso sokuvota sase-Estonia siye savezwa njengesinengxenye ekuncipheni okunganqamukiyo ekusetshenzisweni kwemicebo ehlobene nemali. Uma kulinganiswa nokhetho lwesizwe emazweni amakhulu, inzuzo yendawo ezungezile ingaba eqinile, inzuzo ehlela imisebenzi yokukhetha izindawo ezimelelwe kakhulu nezisulu zikahulumeni eziqinile.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Ensimini: Ukuhlola Izihloko Nge - Internet

Estonia: Indinganiso Yegolide Nenani Labantu

I-Estonia ilokhu iyizwe eliwukuphela kwesizwe elifuna ukuvota nge-inthanethi njengendlela eyinhloko yokukhetha kwesizwe. Isimiso sayo sivumela ukuvota kunoma iyiphi ikhomphyutha esikhathini sangaphambi kokukhethwa kosuku oluningi, ukusebenzisa ikhadi le-ID yesizwe eline-crippocporation for reconfincing. Amavoter angaphinde avule i-panethine noma umuntu, futhi ngemva kokuba i-intanethi ye-internet ivale iqedis iyasuswa uma umklamo wephepha elingubo wokuvotela ngenhloso ukuvimbela ukuphoqeqelelwa. Izibalo ze-ontaneti ze-v ziveze zambule impumelelo e-Estonia, kuhlanganise nezifundo ezingu-2019 ezibonisa ukuthi isimiso sovotiwe cishe sikhona nge-master'. Kodwa i-osekuningi i-overenside% ye-ovotalsties.

ISwitzerland: Ukulingwa Okulawulwayo Nokubuyiselwa Kwe - Cryptographic

ISwitzerland iye yathatha indlela yokuqapha, yokuqapha, yokuqondisa ukuvota nge-inthanethi emakhethini amaningana kusukela ngo 2003. Isimiso saseSwitzerland siphawuleka ngokusebenzisa kwaso ukuvela kwemibhalo ebhalwe phansi ngokubhalwe phansi − futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwaso kombhalo ocacile kuqashelwa obala . Ukulingwa kwabekwa phansi ngo-2019 ngemva kokuba kutholakele ukuchayeka, kwase kuphinde kwaqalwa ngemithetho eqinile. I-Systys ibonisa ukuthi ukuqaqashelwa kancane kancane kancane, ukuqondisa kwemfundo eqinile, nokuzimisela ukumisa futhi ukuthatha i-screeting kudingekile ekukheni isimiso esikwazi ukumelana nokuhlola kokubili kwezesayensi nezombangazwe.

ENorway: Isimo Esibi Esiyigugu

INorway yaqulwa nge-intanethi ngo-2011 nango-2013 ukuze kukhethwe okhethweni lukamasipala, ivumela abavoti kumasipala abakhethiwe ukuba bafake amavoti nge-Internet. Naphezu kokwaneliseka okukhulu kwesakhamuzi, uhulumeni wanquma ukungaqhubeki nohlelo. Isizathu esiyinhloko sasiwukukhathazeka komphakathi ngengozi yokusetshenziswa kwempoqo okungabonwa kalula [1] Ngisho noma kungekho gebezo olukhona. Isenzakalo saseNorway siqokomisa indima ebucayi yokuqonda umphakathi. Ukuvikelwa kwezobuchwepheshe akwanele; izakhamuzi kumelwe zikholelwe ukuthi isimiso silondekile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngisho nesimiso esigunyazwe kahle singahluleka ukuzuza ukwamukelwa.

I - Australia: Ifuna Ukutholakala

Isimiso se-iVote yase-Australia, esasungulwa ngo-2001, saklanyelwa ngokukhethekile abavoti abayizimpumputhe noma abanombono ophansi, kanye nalabo abahlala phesheya kwezwe noma ezindaweni ezikude. Sisebenzisa i-metary-mdia yocingo neweb esekelwe ku-teksi ebhalwe ngokubhala. Isimiso siye sadunyiswa ngokukwazi ukutholakala kwaso kodwa sagxekwa ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwephepha lendlela. U-2021 watusa ukuba i-Vote ihlukaniswe ekusekeleni isimiso sogesi esilondekile kakhulu, kodwa isimiso siyaqhubeka ngenxa yokuqinisa ukulawulwa kwe-athoriccovo emaqeleni akhubazekile. Lokhu kuveza ukungezwa kwendlela yokuthola nokuphepha nokuncintinyela kwezombangazwe ukuxoshwa kwenkonzo exhomeke kubantu abasengozini.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuyisebenzisa Ngokuphepha

Ukuphenya nokuhlola ukuzimela

Noma isiphi isimiso sokuvota esithembekile ku-inthanethi yokuvota kumelwe sivumele abavoti ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi ibhodi lezindaba zomphakathi lamukelwe futhi babalwe, ngaphandle kwembule indlela abavota ngayo. Izimiso zokuphela-ukuqinisekisa (E2E-V), njenge-Helios noma i-Louvegratity, zinikeze amalishishi acwebezelayo angahlolwa ebhodini lezindaba zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso kufanele zithathe izinombolo zokuhlola okuzimele ngamaqembu amathathu afanelekayo. Isimiso somsuka sezakhi ezigxekayo kumelwe sivuleke ukuba zihlolwe umphakathi, njengokwenziwa eSwitzerland, ukuze kugwenywe inkinga "ibhuthi elimnyama" egadla ukuvotahliswa kwezinhlelo zokuvota.

Umshini onemininingwane eminingi uqinisekisa kanye nemininingwane elondekile

Isiqiniseko sobuso singencike kuma-password kuphela. I-Estonia isebenzisa i-ID ye-chip-par esekelwe kwi-PIN; ezinye izindlela zihlanganisa i-codensic yesikhathi esisodwa ethunyelwe ngeposi ebhaliwe, i-biometric yiqiniso (nezivikelo eziqinile zemfihlo), noma ukuhlanganiswa nezimiso zokuzichaza zikahulumeni ezikhona njenge-eID ye-Jalimane noma i-UK's GEV.UK K Qinisekisa kumele kulinganiswe ukulondeka nokusebenziseka (* uma inzima kakhulu, uma i-biocoffator izokhetha noma ilahla lenqubo.

Ukuklanywa Kwendlela Yokufinyelela Neyomhlaba Wonke

Imiboniso yokuvota ku-ilayini kumelwe ivumelane ne-WCAG 2.1 AA ngokwezinga eliphantsi, iqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwabafundi be-creen, i-keyboard, nemishini yokufaka. Ngaphandle kokuvuma kobuchwepheshe, ukuhlolwa kwabantu abadala abahlukene − kuhlanganise nabantu abadala, abakhubazekile engqondweni, nezingakhulumi nge-"inzima. I-AA"umxhumo kumele ube lula, ngolimi olucacile, imiyalezo yamaphutha, nekhono lokubukeza nokuqinisekisa ukukhetha ngaphambi kokuzithoba.

Ukuzihambela Kwamagilabhu Nokuvaleka Kwezingozi

Akufanele kuthathelwe indawo ukusuka ephepheni kuphela ukuya ekuvoteni kuphela emjikelezweni wokhetho olulodwa. Okungcono kakhulu umkhuba uhilela ukulingwa okugadiwe: uqala ngokhetho oluncane, oluphansi (isigungu sendawo, izinyunyana zabafundi) usebenzisa isisekelo sephepha elifanayo. Ukusebenza kwe-monitor system, ukwaneliseka komvoti, nezenzakalo zokuphepha. Kuphela ngemva kokuhlola okuphumelelayo okungathathwa njengemincinti yonyuko ephezulu. Crucily, uvota akumelwe kube yindlela yokufaka i-bolotat-joa yephepha elifanayo kuphela okungasoze kwatholakala njalo ukuze kuvinywe ukukhipha i-bonfraise.

Intuthuko Eqhubekayo Nokusabela Okusheshayo

Usongo luyazivelela, ngakho-ke kufanele luvikele. Abasebenzisi besimiso sokukhipha imishini kufanele babe necebo elicacile lokusabela elihlanganisa isaziso esisheshayo seziphathimandla ezisebenza ngokhetho olufanele, ukususwa kwesikhashana kokuvota uma kudingekile, nokuxhumana okucace kakhulu nomphakathi. Ukuhlola iposi lokukhetha kufanele kukhishwe, kucaciswe nganoma yiziphi iziphetho zokulungisa ezithathwayo. Umgomo awusona isimiso esiphelele, esingafinyeleleki esingekho esikhona, kodwa isimiso esiqinile esingabona, esikwazi ukugcinwa, futhi sibuye sibuye sibuye ekuhlulekeni kuyilapho sigcinwa ngokuthemba komphakathi.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Eliphelele

Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi ukuvota akuyona indlela yokukhetha phakathi kokutholwa noma ukulahlwa. Kunalokho, kuyisethi yamathuluzi angasetshenziswa, uma esetshenziswa ngokuphepha okunzima, ukutholakala okubanzi, nokulawulwa ngokukhanyayo, ephelelisayo kunezindlela ezingokwesiko. Indlela ethembisa kakhulu itholakala ngezindlela ezixubile ezinikeza ukuvota kuyi-intanethi njengendlela eseduze kwephepha lephepha, iposi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-complot, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola, ezikwazi ukuthembeka okukhulu nokuhlola ezakha ukwethenjwa emhlabathini phezulu. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka ngokuhlukanisa i-index bukhona, ukuqinisekisa okukude, kanye nokulinganisela kwe-misebe ye-minumbe, kanye nokungalingani kwethuba lokuzibeka engozini. Ngoba manje, ukusetshenziswa kwentando yentando yeningi kusobala ngokuqapha, kodwa akuyishiyideli.