Isingeniso: I - calculus Yezombangazwe Emuva Kwesinqumo Se - covid - 19 EJapane

Isifo se-COVID-19 esiwubhadane esiphoqelelwe ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke ukuba benze izinqumo ezisheshayo, eziphakeme ngaphansi kokungaqiniseki okukhulu. Indlela yeJapane yabonakala ingengenxa yokubeka imingcele eqinile noma ukuhlola okukhulu, kodwa ngenxa yokuthembela ekuhlanganiseni ukuvuma ngokuzithandela, ukunqanda okungokomthetho, futhi basebenzise ngokucophelela ukuxhumana komphakathi. Lelisu lalingelona nje icebo lobuchwepheshe lokukhetha kwezempilo yomphakathi olusheshayo, "I" lalingalawuliwe kakhulu. Uhulumeni waseJapane kwadingeka ukuba usebenzise imingcele ekwakheni imingcele ezindaweni eziphuthumayo, icebo elihloniphekile lezentengiselwano, futhi icebo elinamandla elilungiselelwe umphakathi amashumi eminyaka enhlekelele ehlela inhlekelele. Ukuqonda amasu ezombangazwe angemva kokusabela kweJapan kwezentengo yomphakathi, ukuhleleka kwezomnotho, nokusinda kwezombangazwe okulungisa ukwanda kwezwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola isinqumo sezentengosi yeze yezombangazwe sezwe kusuka elulekwe kuhulumeni kusetshenziswa kuhulumeni kunyaka nenkambiso sezwezwe.

Ukusabela Kwasekuqaleni Nezakhiwo Zikahulumeni: Isiqondiso Esisezingeni Eliphakathi, Ukusebenza Kwendawo

Ukusabela Okungokomthetho

Impendulo yokuqala yeJapane ku-COVID-19 yakhiwa ngo-2012 Isenzo Ngezindlela Ezikhethekile zemithetho yePandemic Influenza ne-New Infectious Diseases. Lomthetho wanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo, kodwa awunikanga uhulumeni amandla okuphoqelela izitshixo noma ukuphoqelela iziyalezo zokuhlala emakhaya. Kunalokho, umthetho wavumela ungqongqo ukuba amemezele isimo sesimo esiphuthumayo, ngemva kwalokho ababusi besifundazwe babengase “bangeni elingokomthetho lokuvala futhi bahlale ekhaya. Lezizicelo zazingagcinwa ngokomthetho; zazingagcinwa ngokuzithandela. Lokhu kwaboniswa ngokomthetho ukuthandeka isikhathi eside kweJapan ukubusa nokubusa kwayo okuhlangene nokulawula amandla okubusa kwezombangazwe.

I-Prefectral Autonomy

Uhulumeni omkhulu, oholwa nguNdunankulu uShinzo Abe kwaze kwaba ngo-Septemba 2020 futhi wabe esethiwa nguYoshihide Suga, wanikeza iziqondiso zesizwe mayelana nokugqoka izifihla - buso, ukuxega kwezenhlalo, nokuhlola imithetho elandelwayo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwanikezwa izikhulu ezingu 47 zeJapane. Isikhulu ngasinye samisa amabutho aso siqu, samisa imikhawulo esendaweni yokumemezela izifunda, futhi sasebenzisa iziqondiso eziyinhloko ezisezimweni zesifunda. Lesi sakhiwo esihloniphekile savumela ukuvumelana nemithetho eqinile nesibonelo, iTokyo yakwazi ukuyekelela lapho i Hokkapean iveza imingcele evimbela ukubambisana. Izikhulu ezihlukahlukene zamukela izinhlelo zokuhlola ezihlukene, ihosholo yezombangazwe yavumela uhulumeni omkhulu ukuba uhlanganyele umthwalo wemfanelo nabaholi bendawo, lapho imelana nezindlela zokugxeka.

Iqhinga Elisekelwe Ebunzini

Kunokuba kuhlolwe kakhulu, icebo lokuqala leJapane laligxile ekuboneni nasekutholeni amaqoqo ezifo. Uhulumeni waqondisa izikhungo zezempilo zomphakathi (hokenzo ) ukuze alandelele amaketanga okudluliswa kwemiyalezo nokuhlukanisa amaqembu asengozini enkulu. Lendlela yayikhanga ngokwezombangazwe ngoba yayigwema ukukhucuthwa kwesimiso sokunakekela impilo ngokuhlola okukhulu, okwakunzima kakhulu nokubiza. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi icebo leqoqo laholela ekubaleleni izenzakalo futhi libambe imingcele yomphakathi. Ukubalwa kwezombangazwe kwakusobala: ukuphatha izinombolo, uhulumeni wawungalondoloza ukulandisa kokulawula kuyilapho ugwema ukulimala kwezomnotho ezweni lonke.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Aphuthumayo: Ezombangazwe Zegunya Eliphansi

Izinhlangano Zomthetho - sisekelo Nenkomfa Yokuzithandela

Umthetho-mthetho waseJapane awunawo umthetho ovamile owenzelwe ukuhlanganisa izikole, futhi uhulumeni akanawo amandla angokomthetho okuphoqa ukuhlukaniswa kwamadolobha onke noma ukumiswa kwemisebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni waseJapane wathembela cishe kuphela ezicelweni ezingaboshelwanga (]yōsei[)) [ukuvala izikole], ukucisha izenzakalo, nokucela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale ekhaya. Lokhu kwakungesona nje isidingo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho, kwakuyinqubo engokomthetho engokwezombangazwe. Ngokugwema imibandela ephoqelelwe, uhulumeni wafuna ukulondoloza ukwethemba umphakathi nokugwema izinselele ezingokomthetho ezingalulaza igunya lawo. Ukugcizelela “ukuzilawula okuzenzekelayo” kwaphendula umqedazwe njengesibopho esingokwenhlalo kunokuba kube yindawo ephezulu.

Isimo Sezimemezelo Eziphuthumayo

IJapane yamemezela izikhathi ezine zesimo esiphuthumayo phakathi nobhadane: ngoApril 2020 (igagasi lokuqala), ngo-January 2021 (igagasi lesibili), April 2021 (igagasi lesithathu), noJuly 2021 (wesine, isilinganiso se-olympics yaseTokyo). Isimemezelo ngasinye savumela ababusi ukuba “balungise” ibhizinisi nokuvinjelwa kwezenzwe, kodwa ngaphandle kwesijeziso sokushaya umthetho, kodwa ngaphandle kwesijeziso sokushaya isigwebo sokungahlangani kwezabeki. Isezombangazwe zaziyisibonakaliso esibekwe ngokucophelela ngaphandle kwezindleko zezombangazwe zokuvala i-Tokyo Olympiclympics. Uhulumeni wagcizelela ukuthi lezi ziwukukhipha “imibandela ephuthumayo ngenxa yokulalela umphakathi ngamandla, kodwa empeleni, ukuvuma, okuhlukahlukene. Izindawo zokudlela zokudlela ngokuvamile zazihlala zivulekile, futhi zigcwele abantu. Inselele yayiyimpicaba yezombangazwe lapho inselele yempi yeze yezentebe yemali.

Izikhulu zezentengiselwano zezombangazwe: Impilo iphikisana nezomnotho

Kulo lonke lolubhadane, uhulumeni waseJapane wabhekana nobunzima obungapheli phakathi kwezinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi nokuzinza kwezomnotho. I-LDP (Liberal Democratic Party) ngokwesiko yayithembele ekusekeleni amabhizinisi amancane nesigaba senkonzo, okwathi kwagadla kakhulu imingcele. Abezombangazwe babemadolonzima ukumisa izinyathelo ezazizobangela ukuba lamabhizinisi aphelelwe imali. Umphumela waba uchungechunge lwezilinganiso eziphuthumayo: izimo ezimfushane eziphuthumayo, ukuvaleka kwebhizinisi, nokuthembela kakhulu ezingxabeni zezokulawula ukuziphatha kunokuba kugunyazwe. Lokhu kulinganisela kwezombangazwe kwabangela ukugxekwa kochwepheshe bezempilo ababiza izinyathelo eziqinile ekuqaleni emkhuhlazweni.

Izinyathelo Zezomnotho Nokusekela: AmaStimulu Awukusinda Kwezombangazwe

Izakhiwo Eziningi

IJapane yathatha amaphakethe amaningana ezinto ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni ngokuphathelene nomnotho wayo. Iphasela lokuqala, elamenyezelwa ngo-April 2020, ingqikithi yezigidi zezigidi ezingu-17 (cishe izigidi zezigidi ezingu-R2,1), lilandelwa amaphakethe engeziwe ngo-202020 no-2021. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuthunyelwa okuqondile kwemali ye-- - 760,000 (cishe ku-R150) kumntu ngamunye, imali ebhizinisini lokugcina izisebenzi, imali ebolenzelwa amanani amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi, kanye nemali eyandayo yezokwelapha. Ezombangazwe, lezi zilinganiselo zaklanyelwe ukuvitha ukusekela komphakathi i-LDP nokunqanda ukuwohloka kwethemba kwezentengo. Isandla sezentengiselwano, ikakhulukazi, sasiyimali esetshenziswayo ezindaweni eziphansi kuphela ezingeni ezitholwa, futhi sandiswa wonke ngemva kokukhononda komphakathi, ukugxeka komphakathi.

Ukuya Emkhankasweni Wokuhamba

Enye yemithetho yezezomnotho ephikiswana kakhulu yayithi “Hambani Ekuhambeni, futhi ngoJuly 2020. Uhlelo lwasungula ukuvakasha kwasekhaya okukhulu, luhlanganisa ingxenye yezindleko zokuhlala ehhotela kanye nezithuthi. Uhulumeni waphikisa ngokuthi yayizovuselela imboni elwayo yokuhamba futhi ivuselele izomnotho zendawo. Nokho, lo mkhankaso waqala njengoba izifo zazilokhu zinyuka, futhi ochwepheshe bezempilo baxwayisa ukuthi ziyokwenyusa amagciwane. Ngempela, ukuhlola kamuva kwahlobana nokwanda komkhankaso ezimweni zezezimali. Ezombangazwe, umkhankaso wawuqhutshwa yizokuhamba nokwamukela izakhiwo zezindawo zezokuvakasha, ezazinezibophokophokomiso eziqinile ze-LDP. Uhulumeni ekuqaleni wamelana nezingcingo zokuwuqeda, waxwayisa ngoDecember 2020 kuphela ngemva kokugcwala kwezindawo zesithathu zezibhedlela. Imiphumela yezentengo yeze yezomnotho yaqokomisa ngisho nangezindleko zezempilo.

Ukusekela Amabhizinisi Nemikhaya

Ngalé komkhankaso wokuhamba, iJapane yasungula izimali zokuxhasa izimali ezinkulu ukuze igcine amabhizinisi ehlala egcwele. Ukulungisa i-Subsidy kwahlanganisa amaholo angu-80% ezisebenzi eziqeshiwe, kukhuthaza izifemu ukuba zigweme ukuphelelwa umsebenzi. Lo mthetho wavikela amanani emisebenzi kodwa wakha futhi imbonakalo yokuzinza ebangela ukucindezeleka okujulile kwezomnotho okungalawuleki, kodwa okuthiwawawawa ukufinyelela kancane kancane kwababekudinga izimpahla, kodwa kwasiza ukuthuthukisa ukuvalelwa kwezentengiselwa kwezepolitiki.

Ukuxhumana Komphakathi Nokulalela Kwezombangazwe: Ukuncintisana Ngaphandle Kokubambisana

I - “3Cs” nendlela Entsha Yokuphila

Isu lokuxhumana komphakathi lakhiwa ngeziqondiso ezilula, ezikhumbulekayo. Uhulumeni wazisazisa kakhulu “ama-3C.[3], izindawo eziminyene, izilungiselelo eziseduze zokugwema ukungenwa yizifo. Lo myalezo waqiniswa ngezithombe, izikhangiso zethelevishini, futhi ngisho nokuvumelana. “New Lifestyle” umkhankaso wakhuthaza ukusebenza ekhaya, ukugqoka izifihlabuso, nokugcina indawo eqinile. I-message yayino engcono neyakhekile, yayikhanga emikhubeni yezenhlalo yemithwalo yemfanelo nezimiso zeqembu. Ngokwezombangazwe, lokhu kwenza uhulumeni wavumela ukuba ulwele uhulumeni ukuba ushintshele eminye imithwalo yezakhamuzi, uqaphele umsebenzi womphakathi othile, uzenza isibopho somphakathi kunokuba ulwele uhulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kochwepheshe Nemihlangano Yezokunyathelisa

UNdunankulu u-Abe noSuga kamuva baba nemihlangano yamaphephandaba eyayihambisana nochwepheshe abaphethe imishini yokuhlola, ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu uDkt. Shigerau Omi, umphathi wekomiti kahulumeni engaphansi kwe-CHOVID-19. Lokhu kubonakala kwaba yikho ukunikeza ukuthembeka okungokwesayensi ezinqumweni zikahulumeni nokugxeka. Ochwepheshe babevame ukwenza indima embalwayo: babenikeza iseluleko sobuchwepheshe kodwa babekhonza njengesihlangu sezombangazwe, bethatha esinye secala ngezindlela ezingathandeki. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uhulumeni wayethatha ijubane lokumisa umkhankaso wokuhamba, ochwepheshe babhekene nomphakathi emuva, kuyilapho izazi zezombangazwe zazilokhu zibekwe isivikelo esimweni esiqondile.

Ukusingatha Ama - Olympic: Ukugembula Kwezombangazwe

Isinqumo sokuqhuba ama-Olympic aseTokyo angu-2020 ehlobo lika-2021 mhlawumbe kwakuyinselele yokukhulumisana ebekwe icala elikhulu kwezombangazwe. Uhulumeni wagcizelela lemidlalo “ilondekile futhi ilondekile,” njengoba nje ukuphenya kwabonisa iningi lezehlakalo zomphakathi ezimelene nokuyilawula phakathi nobhadane. Abaholi bezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi uNdunankulu we-Suga, bafaka intengo yabo enkulu kulesi senzakalo, bephikisa ukuthi i-Olympics yafanekisela ukuvuleka kweJapane. Isinqumo saqhutshwa yizibophophothi zemali ezinkulu futhi ingcindeze i-IOC, kanye nokukhathalela isithunzi kwezwe laseJapane. Uhulumeni wazethemba kakhulu i-Suparth comsss, futhi wafaka i-Olympic. Umphumela wempilo womphakathi wawungaxube ukugqashukwa okukhulu, kanti imidlalo yanikela i-ogcoptic embusweni kahulumeni kahulumeni womhlaba wonke ukuze ubonise ukukholeka kwezeke kakhulu.

Izinselele Nokugxeka: Lapho Iqhinga Lezombangazwe Lihluleka Khona

Ukuvivinywa Nokushintsha Kwemikhuba

Ukunqikaza kweJapane ukunqanda ukuhlolwa kwasekuqaleni kwagxekwa kakhulu. Uhulumeni walinganisela ukuhlolwa kwePCR kulabo abanezimpawu noma abasondelene kakhulu, wacaphuna iziphazamiso zekhono nesifiso sokugwema izibhedlela ezinamandla. Kodwa abacwaningi abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sokuhlola esilinganiselwe sasishukunyiswa kwezombangazwe, izibalo zokuhlola eziphansi zazivimbela ukuphakama kwecala elingokomthetho, okwakuyophoqelela izinyathelo eziqinile nomonakalo womphakathi. Umphumela wawuyinkathi ende yokungaqiniseki ngesilinganiso sangempela salo mqedazwe. Imininingwane yokufa okukhulu nokuhlolwa kokulwa nokwehlanya kamuva yasikisela ukuthi inani langempela lezifo laliphakeme kakhulu kunokuba kwabikwa.

Inkosana Yedayimane Eliyi - jazi Eliyi - “Cruise ”

Ukuphatha umkhumbi we-Daiman Princess othwala izifo ngoFebruary 2020, lapho abagibeli abangaphezu kuka - 700 bangenwa khona yigciwane, kwakuyisixwayiso sokuqala sokuhluleka kwezimiso zokubambisana. Isinqumo sikahulumeni sokuhlukanisa umkhumbi ngezinyawo izinsuku ezingu - 14 kunokuba uwise abagibeli phansi sagxekwa kabanzi njengesinqumo esiwubukhakhaba esasingazinaki izimiso zokulawula izifo. Ngokwezombangazwe, lesisehlakalo salimaza idumela lezwe lonke futhi saqokomisa izinselele zesinqumo esihlukene phakathi kwezwe lonke neziphathimandla zempilo yendawo. Kamuva uhulumeni wavuma amaphutha kodwa lesi senzakalo sabeka isithunzi eside ngenxa yentethelelo yaso.

Amabhodlela Asongwe Ngemithi

Umkhankaso wokugoma waseJapane, ekuqaleni owephuzayo ngenxa yezithiyo ze-bureaucrates, ukuntuleka kwemijovo, nenqubo yokugunyaza ngokuqapha, waba umthwalo omkhulu wezombangazwe. NgoMay 2021, abangaphansi kwamaphesenti amahlanu abantu babethole isibhamu esisodwa, bebeka iJapane phambili kwamanye amazwe amaningi athuthukile. Uhulumeni wabhekana nokugxekwa okunzima komphakathi nabezindaba. Ezombangazwe, ukucotha kwemishosha kwadala inkinga kuNdunankulu uSuga, owayefake i-Olympics eziphepheni. Wagcina esheshisa umkhankaso ngokuthumela amaBuself-Densendsss ezindaweni zokugoma, okwaveza ukuhoxa okuphawulekayo ehlobo langonyaka ka-201. Isenzakalo sabonisa ukuthi ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungayibangela kanjani inkinga yokuzinza, kodwa futhi ngokungafanele nakuqala kwakuqala ukuguqula i-Olidili.

Ukugxekwa Kokwenziwa Kwesinqumo Okusezingeni Elikhulu

Naphezu kwesakhiwo esihloniphekile, izinqumo eziningi zabekwa ngokuphumelelayo eTokyo. Ababusi bezemfundo babevame ukuveza ukukhungatheka kokugeleza kancane kokwaziswa nokuxhasa ngemali kuvela kuhulumeni ophethe. Umncintiswano wezombangazwe futhi wafeza indima: ababusi beqembu eliphikisayo (umz., i-Yuriko Koike yaseTokyo, owayezimele) ngezinye izikhathi wathatha iziphakamiso zobudlwangudlwangu kunomphathi we-LDP enkantolo evuma umphakathi. Laba badala ithonya eliyinkimbinkimbi lezombangazwe lapho abaholi bendawo babengathi bayaphumelela lapho besola khona uhulumeni omkhulu ngenxa yamaphutha.

Umphumela Wesimo Sezombangazwe: Ukushintsha Kwemibuso Nokuthenjwa Komphakathi

Ukushintsha Kwe - Abe Nokufinyela Kwe - Suga

UShinzo Abe, undunankulu wezwe waseJapane owathatha isikhathi eside kunaye, wayeka ngo-September 2020 ecaphuna izindaba zempilo, kodwa ukuphatha kwakhe lesi sifo kwase kulimaza isilinganiso sakhe sokuvunyelwa. UYoshihide Suga, owalandela uYoshihide Suga, wathatha isithembiso sokuhlela i-CHOVID-19. Nokho, ukugunyazwa kukaSuga kuncitshiwe njengoba umkhankaso wokugoma wawuntenga futhi untengantenge kakhulu. Ukuphatha kukahulumeni wakhe i-Olympics kanye nombuso wesine wesimo esiphuthumayo ehlobo lika-2021 kwabonisa ukuthi ulelekile.Nkanga 2021 wamemezela ukuthi akafuni ukuphinde afune ukuvotelelwa njengomongameli we-LDP. Umqeda owenziwe uSugadayd futhi wabonisa imiphumela engcono kakhulu.

Ukwanda Nokulungisa Izimiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwe - kisida

Fumio Kisida, owalandela uSuga ngo-Okthoba 2021, ekuqaleni wathatha indlela yokuqapha, eqinisa ukuphathwa kwemingcele kanye nokwandisa amandla ezokwelapha. Wathembisa futhi ukuqinisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lwempendulo ewumqedazwe, kuhlanganise nezingxoxo eziphathelene nokushintsha umthetho-sisekelo ukuze anikeze imibuso elinganiselwe edinga usizo oluphuthumayo . Nakuba uhulumeni kaKishida ekugcineni walawula ukuguqukela “ekuphileni ne-COVOID” indlela eqhubekayo, umqedazwelo oqhubekayo ngenguquko yemithetho yezomthetho-geometry kanye nempi.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Nezinguquko Ezikhona

Lolubhadane lwaqeda ukuthembana komphakathi emandleni e-LDP okusingatha izinkinga, njengoba nje amaqembu aphikisayo ayezama ukuveza indlela ethembekile. Uphengululo lwabonisa ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kwenqubo kahulumeni yokusabela kobhadane kwakuphansi njalo, nakuba i-LDP yalondoloza ukubusa kwayo okhethweni ngenxa yobuthakathaka bokuphikiswa. Inhlekelele yaqokomisa izikhala ezisekelweni zempilo yomphakathi eJapane, ibangela izinguquko ezinjengokumiswa kwe- Inhlangano ye-National of Ivolution Diseases [ isikhungo sokuphatha izingozi zezifo ezithathelwanayo nokubukezwa kwemithetho yezifo. Ngokwezombangazwe, lezinguquko ezihlukene zaziwumkhiqizo zezifundo ezifundwe ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lezombangazwe Lokusabela Kwezwe LaseJapane

Ukusabela kwe-COVID-19 eJapane kwakuwumphumela wemingcele yayo yezombangazwe kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukuncika kukahulumeni eziceliwe, amasu asekelwe ngokuhlangane, kanye nokushukumisa okukhulu kwezomnotho kwabonisa isenzo sokulinganisela ngokunakekela phakathi kokuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukulondoloza ukuqina kwezomnotho, nokulondoloza inhloko yezombangazwe. Nakuba iJapane yagwema inani eliyinhlekelele labafayo elabonwa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu noma e-United States, indlela yayo yokusondela yayingenakwehla ngaphandle kwezindleko eziphawulekayo zezicelo ezithiwayo, ukuvivinywa, ukugoma, nomkhankaso wokugoma owaqala kancane kancane. Umqedazwela odabula ukwakheka kweJapane, ikakhulukazi ukungenwa kwemithetho ephakathi kokwenza izinqumo ne-ejomensi, nokuntula amathuluzi angokomthetho ngenxa yesimo esibucayi. Ezombangazwe, ukuguqula kabusha, ukuthembana nokunye ukuhlasela kwemibuso emishayo emishaneni yesikhashana nangokwezingeni leze, futhi kuqhubeke ngokulungisa ezinye izimo zezombangazwe phakathi nezindlela zezombangazwe phakathi nezokuhlikiswe ngokuzinswe ukuhlasela kwezentengo.

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