Isisekelo Senqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala

Icala lobugebengu liyikhoshanda lesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, ukuqhubekela phambili lapho uhulumeni uzama ukufakazela icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuqonda izigaba zecala lobugebengu akudingekile kochwepheshe bomthetho kuphela kodwa nezakhamuzi ezifisa ukuqonda indlela ubulungisa obuphathwa ngayo. Isigaba ngasinye, kusukela ekuboshweni ngokugwetshwa, silawulwa yisivikelo somthetho-mthetho, imithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, kanye nezivikelo zomthetho eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ngokulunga. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhamba okunegunya phakathi kwalo lonke icala lomthetho, ngokuqonda indima yabahluleli, abahlali, abameli, nabameli.

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezigabeni, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwecala lebhentshi (elinqunywe umahluleli kuphela) necala lokwahlulela. Icala elikhulu lobugebengu e-United States lixazululwa ngezicelo ezikhokhelwayo kunokuba liqulwe, kodwa uma icala liqhubeka, izinqubo zilandela ngokulandelana okuqinile. Umthwalo uxhomeke ngokuphelele emacaleni ukuze kufakazelwe zonke izici zecala. Isisekelo somthetho ojulile, vakashela i- i-Cornell Information Institute of aget ment system .

Inkathi Yokuqulwa Kwezinkantolo: Ukumisa Umsebenzi Oyisisekelo

Ukuboshwa Nokuqala Ukubonakala

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala iqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bahlale. Ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile − phakathi nalesikhathi sokuvela kokuqala. Phakathi nalokhu, umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, ululeka ngamalungelo abo (kuhlanganise nelungelo lokululeka), futhi abeke izimo zokukhululwa noma ibheyili. Lesisigaba sibucayi ekuvikeleni inqubo efanelekile ngaphansi kweZiphendulo zesihlanu nesaNhlanu.

Ibhayile Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

Ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa ebhekwa njengengozi yendiza noma ingozi emphakathini, ibheyili inganikezwa. ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme. Eminyakeni yamuva, izifunda eziningi ziye zadlulela emamathuluzini okuhlola asekelwe engozini kunokuba zithathe izinqubo ezimisiwe ze-paill ukuze kuncishiswe abamangalelwa abaphansi, abamangalelwa abangakhokhi. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukuthumela ibheyili, bahlala beboshiwe besaqulwa.

Ukubekwa Icala Nokungena E - plane

Enkantolo, ummangalelwa uvela enkantolo ukuze azwe izikhalo ezingokomthetho futhi angene esicelweni: unecala, ungabi necala, noma ungabi namncintiswano (nolo mustatere). Isicelo esingaphoqelelwe simisa iqophelo lokuthatha uhambo lwangaphambi kwecala futhi ekugcineni kuqulwe icala. Ukunxusa okunecala kuvame ukuvala ilungelo lokuqulwa icala futhi kuqhubekela ngokuqondile ekugwebeni isigwebo, ngokuvamile umphumela wesivumelwano. Umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi isicelo sazi, sizimisele, futhi sisekelwe ngesisekelo esiqotho.

Izindlela Zokuhlola Nokuthola

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, bobabili abameli bahlanganyela ekutholeni (ukufaka ubufakazi obuqanjiwe), izinhlu zofakazi, nemibiko yochwepheshe. Babuye bathathe izinyathelo zangaphambi kwecala ukuze baxazulule izindaba zomthetho ngaphandle kwejaji elikhona. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Motion ukuvimbela ubufakazi – ubufakazi obuyinselele obutholakele bokwephula iSichibiyelo sesine (umz., ukuseshwa okungekho emthethweni noma ukuthumba).
  • i-Motion ukulahla[-ukuphikisana nobufakazi obunganele noma ukushiyeka komthetho-sisekelo emshinini okhombayo.
  • [Motion in limine - ukufuna ukubusa ngokungabonakali kobufakazi obuthile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Ukuguqula indawo - ukususa icala ukuya kwenye indawo ngenxa yokudayiswa kwangaphambi kwezindawo.

Inkathi yangaphambi kwenkantolo ingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga kuye ngokuthi indaba iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani.

Ukuncintisana Nendlela Impilo Yengqondo Ehlolwa Ngayo

Uma isimo sengqondo sommangalelwa sihilelekile, inkantolo ingayala ukuba kuhlolwe i-consing. Ummangalelwa kumelwe afaneleke ukuma enkantolo. Lokhu kungenza aqonde ukuqulwa kwecala futhi angasiza ekuvikeleni kwabo. Uma bethola ukuthi aphunyuliwe, icala liyahlehliswa lapho ummangalelwa ethola ukwelashwa. Ukubuyiselwa kokuncintisana akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi amacala angaphambukiselwa ezinkantolo zempilo yengqondo.

Ukukhetha I - “cory ”: Ukuqhuma Kwemisebe Eyingozi

Ilungelo lokukhetha abahluleli abangakhethi lihlanganiswe eSichibiyelweni Sesithupha. Ukukhetha uJury, okwaziwa ngokuthi ivoir brain (elisho ukuthi "ukukhuluma iqiniso") kuqala ngeqoqo labazobe yijaji ababizwa ngokubhalisa ivoti nangamarekhodi emvume yokushayela. Bobabili abameli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umahluleli, bangababaza abangaba nemibono engcono noma enobandlululo olungabavimbela ekunqumeni leli cala ngendlela efanelekile.

Ngesikhathi senhlekelele, abameli bangase basebenzise izinhlobo ezimbili zezinselele:

  • Iqophelo ngenxa yembangela[- – okungenamkhawulo ngenani, okusetshenziselwa ukususa ijaji elivuma ubandlululo, lihlobene ngumuntu siqu nendaba, noma alinakungakhethi.
  • Izinselele - zilinganiselwe (umzk., 10 ezimacaleni ezikhona kuhulumeni), ezivumela ukususwa kwejari ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, uma nje ukususwa kungasekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, noma ubuzwe nge- Batson v. Kentucky

Umgomo uwukukhetha i-aced metracted elungile yomphakathi ezohlola ubufakazi ngokungenaphutha. Abashushisi nokuzivikela ngamunye ofuna abajaji abangase babubheke kahle ubufakazi, benze kube yinqubo yobuchwepheshe obukhulu. Ukuze uthole umqondisi onegunya ezindinganisweni zokukhetha abahluleli, bheka i- American Bar Association's Standards for Jury Trials[.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Uma ijaji selifungele, icala liqala ngokusemthethweni ngezitatimende zokuqala. Abamangaleli baqala, banikeze ukufushaniswa okufushane kobufakazi abahlongoza ukubungenisa. Ukuvikela kunganikeza inkulumo yalo yokuvula ngokushesha noma kuyigcine kuze kube sekugcineni komshushisi wecala lakhe. Izinkulumo zokuvula azizona izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso. Attney bahamba phakathi kwejaji, ikhomba likafakazi abayinhloko, futhi bachaze ukuthi ubufakazi buzobonisani.

Inkulumo yokuvula ephumelelayo ibeka iqophelo lokulandisa. Ukuze kuqashelwe umshushisi, kumelwe kusungulwe indaba ekholekayo yecala. Ukuze ivikele, itshala imbewu yokungabaza okunengqondo noma inikeza i-ethobo (umz., ukuzivikela ngokwakho, i-alibi, ihlanya). Abameli abanolwazi bagwema ihaba futhi banamathele ngokuqinile kulokho okungaqondakali. Uma bengakwenzi kahle, uhlangothi oluphikisayo luyophikisa noma lusebenzise ngokuxhaphaza lokho okuphambene.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Lokhu kuwumsuka wokuqulwa kwecala . Ubufakazi busekelwe ngokuqondile ekumangalelweni, ngakho bunikeza ubufakazi kuqala. Isivikelo singabe sesinikeza ubufakazi baso, nakuba kungadingekile ukuba senze kanjalo (ummangalelwa angase athole ubufakazi obunganikezi bufakazi, obuxhomeke ekutheni umsulwa). Ubufakazi bungena ezigabani ezimbili: ukunikeza ubufakazi nomzimba.

Ubufakazi Nokuhlolwa Kofakazi

OFakazi bafungela ukusho iqiniso, futhi ubufakazi babo bunikezwa ngokuhlola okuqondile yiqembu elibabizayo. ufakazi ngamunye kumelwe abe nolwazi lomuntu siqu ngamaqiniso, futhi ofakazi abangochwepheshe kumelwe bafaneleke yinkantolo. Ngemva kokuhlola ngokuqondile, iqembu eliphikisayo lihlola ngokuqondile, ilungelo elibucayi elivumela ukuhlolwa kwethemba, inkumbulo, kanye nobandlululo.

Imithetho ephethe ubufakazi ibusa ukuhluleka. Indlebe iyabhuntsha qha ukuveza iqiniso lendaba, qhama ukuthi iwubufakazi obungagunyaziwe, nakuba kunezici eziningi ezihlukile (umz., amazwi avusa amadlingozi, amarekhodi ebhizinisi, izinkulumo ezimelene nesithakazelo). Ama-athorney kumelwe athathe impikiswano ngokushesha ebufakazi obungafanele noma ukubuza ukuze agcine umbhalo ukhange.

Ubufakazi Obungokoqobo Nobubonisayo

Ubufakazi obuphathekayo buhlanganisa izikhali, amaphepha, imilaliso, iminwe, amasampula e-DNA nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo. Ingxenye ngayinye kumele "ithathwe" futhi iboniswe njengenzuzo. Ubufakazi bokubukisa `njengemidwebo, izithombe, izifanekiso, noma imiboniso yamacomputer) ibona ngamehlo ezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umahluleli unquma ukuthi inani le-probistic lingaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umphumela ocaciweyo ngaphansi koMthetho 403.

Izindlela Zokuhlola

Ukuhlolwa okungaqondakaliyo kuvame ukusebenzisa imibuzo ephendulwe nge-open?"". Cross-ukuhlolwa [ usebenzisa imibuzo eholayo (umzk., "Ubume uqhele amamitha angu-50, ulungile?"). Umholi unqatshelwe ngokuvamile phakathi nezindaba eziqondile ngaphandle kokuqala noma lapho ehlola ubufakazi obunenzondo. Ukubuyisela nokubuyisela i-fushadi kungalandela ukucacisa noma ukuguqula ubufakazi.

Icala Lokuvikela

Ngemva kokuba umshushisi esephumile, ulwelwe lungase luthathe isahlulelo sokulahlwa kwecala (icala) uma ubufakazi banele ngokomthetho ukuba iziboshwa. Uma bungaphikwa, ukuzivikela kungaveza ofakazi bakho siqu, kuhlanganise nommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo eliphelele lokungafakazeli, futhi abahluleli abangenakukwazi ukuveza incazelo ephambene ekuthuleni. Isivikelo singase sibize ofakazi abanolwazi, siveze ubufakazi obuthi alibi, noma sinikeze ubufakazi obuyinselele.

Ulimi Nesikhalo

Umshushisi angase anikeze ubufakazi bokuphikisa ukuze amelane necala lolwenziwo. Icala lingase lenze i-header ukuze likhulume ngezindaba ezintsha eziphakanyisiwe. Umahluleli wecala uyakwazi ukulinganisela lezi zigaba ukuze agweme ukuphinda futhi abambe.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Uma nje bonke ubufakazi bunikezwa, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha. Izimpikiswano zokuvala ziyithuba lokugcina lokunxenxa abahluleli. Umshushisi uqala, abese evikela, futhi ekugcineni umshushisi anganikeza ukuphikisa. Izimpikiswano zokuvala azibonakali ``ziyincazelo yommeli yobufakazi.

Inkantolo itshela abahluleli ukuthi kungani ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi banecala ngokunengqondo. Isivikelo siqokomisa ubuthakathaka, ukuphikisana, ukuphutha kobufakazi, noma ukwehluleka komthetho. Impikiswano eshukumisayo ihlanganisa amaqiniso nendaba evumelanayo, inxusa ukuba kucatshangelwe futhi ikhumbuze abahluleli abanomthwalo wobufakazi. Ijaji liyala abahluleli phambi noma ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano ngomthetho okumelwe bawusebenzise.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Umahluleli ufunda iziyalezo zejaji (noma "andice"), ezichaza izindinganiso zomthetho, izici zobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi, nenqubo yokuhlongoza. Bobabili abameli bafaka iziyalezo ezihlongozwayo, futhi umahluleli uphethe ingqungquthela ukuze aziqede. Iziqondiso ziyagxeka (uma zinikezwe ngokungafanele, zingaba izizathu zokudluliswa. Iziqondiso ezivamile zihlanganisa ukugcwala ubugebengu, incazelo yokungaqiniseki, nemfuneko yesinqumo esidingwayo ezicatshangelwe ngokuvumelanayo ezinkantolo zobugebengu.

Ukuzimela

Abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlala - phansi wegumbi langasese ngamabomu. Bakhetha umholi ukuze aqhube izingxoxo futhi axhumane nenkantolo. Abaqondisi bangase babukeze imibukiso, bacele amarekhodi, noma babuze umahluleli imibuzo ecacisayo. Izimemezelo zingathatha imizuzu eminingi.

Isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane ekuqulweni kwecala likahulumeni futhi cishe kukho konke ukuqulwa kwecala kwamacala kahulumeni. Uma ijaji lifinyelela ekungangeni emacaleni ( "ijaji eliyi-"hayingxmall"), ijaji lingase linikeze Allen [ icala elibakhuthaza ukuba baphinde balihlole, kodwa uma behlala beboshwe, inkantolo ikhishwe kabi. Umshushisi angase anqume ukulizama ukulinganisa icala.

Isithethi somyalo

Uma ijaji lifinyelela isinqumo, bazisa inkantolo. Isinqumo siyafundwa obala ne-applice. Uma isinqumo singu- ungenacala, ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi akanakubuyiselwa ecaleni elifanayo ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabili. Uma isinqumo singu , ummangalelwa uboshelwe futhi aqhubeke egwetshwa. Ezimweni ezingavamile, uma ijaji lingase libeke eceleni isigwebo uma siphikisana nomthetho noma ubufakazi, ngokunikeza isahlulelo sommangaleli.

Ukugwetshwa

Isigwebo siyicala elihlukile, ngokuvamile eliba ngemva kwamasonto amaningi ngemva kwesinqumo. Umahluleli uhlola iziqondiso zomthetho, izici ezikhuthazayo nezingakhiyo, izinkulumo zezisulu, nombiko wokuhlola kwamanje. Ukukhetha kuhlanganisa:

  • Inzuzo Nokubuyiselwa
  • Ukukhishwa noma ukuqondiswa
  • Inkonzo yomphakathi noma izimiso zokwelapha
  • Ukuthunjwa (ukuvalelwa ejele)
  • Isijeziso esibulalayo (ezivumelwaneni ezigunyaza isijeziso sokufa)

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa futhi indima yamajaji emiphumela eyiqiniso ekhulisa isijeziso esiphezulu (umzk. Apprendi v. New Jersey kanye ne Blakely v. Washington]). Iseluleko sokhuselo singaphikisana ngecala eliqinile, kuyilapho umshushisi emela isigwebo esihambisana nobungako bobugebengu. I-Flectalgatectives ilandela i-U.. i-Sendlineglines, eyi-activections ngemva [[FLT][FL:4] ehlangene nencwadi.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Ummangalelwa oboshelwe unelungelo lokudlulisa amaphutha omthetho owenzeka phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. (njengemvume engafanele yokuvuma ubufakazi, iziyalezo zejaji eziyiphutha, noma usizo lwezeluleko olungaphumeleli.) Ummangalelwa ngokuvamile akanakudlulisa imvume yokuvala icala. Izikhalo zizwakala ezinkantolo eziphakathi, futhi uma kudingekile, izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. Post-acrip ingacelwa futhi izicelo zezicelo zemvume yokuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu inqubo ehlelwe ngokucophelela elungiselelwe ukulinganisela ukuphepha kwezenhlalakahle namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokuboshwa ngokudluliswa, isigaba ngasinye sifeza umsebenzi okhethekile: ukuhlola ubufakazi, ukuvikela abangenacala, nokujezisa abanecala ngokuvumelana nomthetho. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kunikeza ifasitela lokubona izimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa, ukukhubazeka kobufakazi, umthwalo wobufakazi, ukunikeza iseluleko, nokukhipha isijeziso ngokungakhethi. Ngokubeka isisekelo sokuphila somthetho, sihlomisa izakhamuzi ngolwazi ukuze zihlole ukungakhethi besimiso nokusekela ukuthuthuka kwaso.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngesisekelo somthetho-sisekelo, hlola U.S. uMnyango woMahluleli we-101 nochungechunge nokucaciswa kwezephulamthetho [[FULT:2].