I-United States Constitution, eyamiswa ngo-1787, yamisa uhlelo lwesisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika. Nokho, abasunguli baqonda ukuthi incwadi eklanyelwe ukubusa isizwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ayinakuhlala ikhona. Ukufakwa kwenqubo yokulungisa eSigabeni V kwakuyikhomba eliphambili lokubona kusengaphambili, ukunikeza indlela engokomthetho yoMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ishintshele eduze kwezwe. Ukulungisa umthetho akuyona nje imibhalo engokomlando; zingamathuluzi anamandla aye avikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, achaza kabusha imvume yokulunga, futhi andisa isithembiso senkululeko kubantu abayizigidi ngezikhathi ezidlule. Ukuqonda lokhu kuveza, indlela abamiswa ngayo, nendlela ababaluleke ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke abafundi nomlando waseMelika. Bamelela ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwesizwe samanje, ukuqinisekisa inzuzo yomphakathi edinga ukumiswa kwesivumelwano somphakathi.

Isisekelo Sesisekelo: Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Ohlanganiswa Ngayo

Inqubo yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo inzima ngamabomu, isici esiyinhloko esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho lubanzi futhi lusekelwa ngokuqhubekayo ezweni lonke. Lendlela eqinile ivimbela abaphathi bezombangazwe abadlulayo ukuba bashintshele kumthetho-mthetho wezwe oyisisekelo. Ukuqonda inqubo ehleliwe kuyisihluthulelo sokwazisa ubunzima nokubaluleka kwezinguquko ezingu-7 esinazo namuhla.

Indlela Eqinile Yesihloko V

ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo sibala izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene zokulungisa: isiphakamiso nokuhlaziywa. Zombili izigaba zidinga ukusekelwa okukhulu, okuwumgogodla wokuzinza kwesimiso.

  • Incazelo: Inguquko ingahlongozwa ngenye yezindlela ezimbili. Eyokuqala, nendlela esetshenziselwa zonke izinqumo ezikhona, inguvoti eyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuyo yombili indlu yabameleli neSigele. Indlela yesibili, engakaze isetshenziswe ngempumelelo, ingeyozintambo ezimbili eziphindwe kathathu zezindlu zikahulumeni ukubiza umhlangano wesizwe ngenjongo yokuthumela i-andonding.
  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ lapho kuhlongozwa, ukulungisa akube ngumthetho kuze kube yilapho kugunyazwa izifunda ezintathu kwezine zezwe (manje ezingu- 38 kuya ku-50). Umhlangano unquma ukuthi lokhu kuqashwa kumelwe kwenziwe izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni noma ngemihlangano ekhethekile kahulumeni.

Kungani Lenqubo Idingeka Kangaka?

Imikhawulo ephakeme yezicelo nokuhlohlwa iwuphawu oluqondile lwesifiso samaFramers sokuzinza nokuvumelana. Babefuna ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ube umthetho ophakeme wezwe, umelane nezifiso zenkanuko ethandwayo noma zezombangazwe zesikhashana. Lokhu okwakhiwa nge-interia kusho ukuthi ukulungisa kuthambekele ekuboniseni ukuvumelana kwangempela kwesizwe kunokusekela ukunqoba kombuso. Igunya licindezela abameleli ukuba bakhe imifantu ebanzi enqamula indawo ethile nehlukana kwezombangazwe, kuholele ekuzinzeni nasekuzinzeni imiphumela eqinile.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Isisekelo Senkululeko Nganye

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njenge-Bill of Rights, zagunyazwa ngo-1791. Zadalwa ngokuyinhloko ukuze zikhulume ngokwesaba kwabamelene ne-AntiFederalist, ababekhathazekile ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo omusha wanika uhulumeni oyinhloko amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kwemibuso nabantu. Lezi zinguquko zakha umnyombo wenkululeko yaseMelika, zibeka imingcele eqondile nenamandla egunyeni likahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Izinsika Ezinhlanu Zomphakathi Okhululekile

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sisendaweni ekhethekile eMalaternal Justice. Sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu edingekayo ekulawuleni kwentando yeningi okusebenzayo: inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yezindaba, inkululeko yenkolo (kuhlanganise kokubili uKumiswa kuka-Claus no-Free Expression Claus), ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Lezinsika zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke uhulumeni wazo, zisebenzise ukholo lwazo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, futhi zisekele ushintsho lwezentengozo zezentengo. INkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ivikela amalungelo ezicikweni ezingokomthetho, nakuba imingcele eqondile yalenkululeko isendaweni enjengezempikiswayo yenzondo nezentengo yezempi.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Impikiswano Yesizwe Eqhubekayo

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela "ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali" ngomlando omkhulu waseMelika, ukuchazwa kwayo kwakunempikiswano ebalulekile. Emacaleni eSikhathi esivelele iHeller [2008] [FLT] ne [FLT]MD [Donald] v. Chicago[ [2010], iNkanto echaza ukuthi iSiphendulo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu siqu lokuzidubula ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi i-effecteds phakathi kwekhaya. INkanto yanquma ukuthi lelungelo lisebenza esimweni nasezindaweni zomphakathini phakathi kwe-General Reformation. Le komiti yanquma futhi ukuthi lendawo isebenza kuhulumeni phakathi kwe-Genegallertion. Lendawo yomthetho womthetho womthetho wombuso ihlala iqinile futhi iveza ukuphepha okukhulu kwenkathi yanamuhla, eveza ukuphepha komphakathi nenhlangothi zomphakathi.

Ukuvikela Ummangalelwa: ISichibiyelo Sesine, Sesihlanu, Sesithupha Nesesishiyagalombili

Lezi zinguquko ezine zakha "inani lamalungelo" kubantu abasebenzelana nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Isichibiyelo sehora siqaphe ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuqubuka, sifuna ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuze sithole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni engenzekayo ngaphambi kokuhlola umuntu noma impahla yakhe. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]... Indinganiso ye-FFT iqinisekisa imfuneko yejajini lomphathi omkhulu ezicabeni, ivikela abantu ekuzibekeleni izingozi eziphindwe kabili nakwehlulele, futhi isiqinisekiso sokuthi akukho muntu oyophucwa "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla" ngaphandle kwenqubo yomthetho. [[FFFF:] [FF] Isijeziso secala elivamile] [Foct: FF] siqinisekisa ukuvinja okungamele ukukhohlakala, ukukhohlakala okunga okunga, ukukhohlakaza okunga okulungile, nokunga okugcwele ukwahlulela okunga ukwahlulela okungahle. [Fonele], okunga, okungalé

Izinqumo Zesi - 19 Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Angenamkhakha Namandla Agciniwe

IziNguqulo ze-Ninth ne-10th zivame ukunganakwa, zibalulekile ekwakhekeni kweSimemezelo Samalungelo. ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sisho ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo akunakuthathwa njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa amanye amalungelo alondolozwa abantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngenxa nje yokuthi ilungelo alikho ngokuqondile, akusho ukuthi alikho. ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisa isimiso sombuso ngokuthi amandla angagunyazwanga i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma avinjelwe yiwo, agcinelwe eUnited States, noma agcinelwe abantu.

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Zimisa Ubumbano Oluphelele Kakhulu

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, lelizwe langena enkathini yoshintsho olujulile noluguqulayo lomthetho - sisekelo. IziNguqulo zekhulu le - 13, zekhulu lama - 14 nele - 15, zonke ezaziwa ngokuthi iziHlanzi zokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo, zaziklanyelwe ukuqeda ubugqila nokumisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lokulingana kwezinhlanga. Ithonya lazo lidlulela ngalé kwekhulu le - 19, lisebenza njengesisekelo esingokomthetho se - Civil Rights Movement yekhulu lama - 20 leminyaka futhi liqhubeka lilwela ubulungisa namuhla.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nantathu: Ukuphela Kobugqila Bezithembu

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-13 samiswa ngo-1865, kwaba ukuqedwa okuqondile nokuwujuqu kwesimiso sokuxhumana sezwe eUnited States. Kusho ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo kwesisekelo sokuziphatha nesomthetho sezwe, ukushintsha unomphela isisekelo sezenhlalo nesezomnotho sezwe. Ingxenye yaso yesibili inikeza amandla okuphoqelela lesihloko ngomthetho ofanelekile, okwenza imithetho kahulumeni yesikhathi esizayo imelane nokugqilazwa ngempoqo nempoqo.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Inqubo Efanele, Isivikelo Esilinganayo, Nokuhlalisana

ISichibiyelo se-14, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, singesinye sezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu nezivame ukuhlaziywa kuwo wonke uMthetho-sisekelo. Sanika i-projekthi "bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadalwe e-United States," sigumbuqela i- DDred Scott[ isinqumo. Ingxenye yayo enamandla kakhulu yi- i-Cal Programme ne-[FLT:] Equal Isivikelo sika Claus . Isivikelo esingumthetho elinganayo, [isisekelo semithetho] [FLT] [2] [5]

Mhlawumbe ukusungulwa kwayo okuthathelwe kude kakhulu okungokomthetho yi-Incorporation Doctrine. NgeSimemezelo se-Act Procession Claus ye-14 Computement, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane iye yasebenzisa isivikelo esikhulu seSigqizo samalungelo kahulumeni nohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ohulumeni bombuso kumelwe bahloniphe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, iSichibiyelo sesibili, namalungelo abamangalelwe. Ngaphandle kweSichibiyelo se-14, iSiphendulo samalungelo eSivumelwano-malungelo abantu, iSivumelwano sasiyosebenza kuphela kuhulumeni wezwe.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ilungelo Lokwenza Imisindo

Ngo-1870, iSichibiyelo se-15 sasiyintuthuko enkulu yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Sisho ukuthi ilungelo lezakhamuzi lokuvota alisoze laphiwa noma lavinjelwa ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili. Nakuba isithembiso salo sacindezelwa imithetho kaJim Crow, ukuhlola ukufunda nokukhokha izintela zokuvota cishe iminyaka eyikhulu, sanikeza isisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo soMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-656 futhi sihlala siyithuluzi elibucayi ekulweni okuqhubekayo okungokomthetho kokuvota nokungena ebhokisini lokuvota nokungena.

Ukwandisa Intando Yeningi: Inkathi Eqhubekayo Neziphendulo Zekhulu Lama - 20

Ngekhulu lama - 20 kwaba negagasi lenguquko eyayihloselwe ukwandisa umbuso wentando yeningi, ukulungisa isimo sikahulumeni, nokunweba imingcele. lezinguquko zabonisa ukukholelwa okukhulayo emandleni ezakhamuzi ezivamile okuhlela ngokuqondile isimiso sazo sezombangazwe futhi zigcine abaholi bazo benecala.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabahlaziyi

Ngaphambi kuka - 1913, izimemezelo zase-U.S. zakhethwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. ISichibiyelo se - 17 ngokuyisisekelo sakushintsha lokhu ngokumisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabavoti bombuso ngamunye. Lolushintsho lwaba ukunqoba okukhulu kwenhlangano ethuthukayo, eklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukonakala, ukususa ithonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile kuhulumeni, futhi yenza iSigele sisabele abantu ngokuqondile.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane

Ngo-1920 ngemva kokulwa iminyaka engamashumi amaningi nomzabalazo wenhlangano yabesifazane, iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 ekugcineni saqinisekisa abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Simelela intuthuko enkulu ekunyukeni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi silungisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu phakathi kwemibono eyisisekelo yesizwe namaqiniso aso angokomthetho. Siyisibonelo esinamandla sendlela ushintsho olungokomthetho olungaqhutshwa ngayo yizinhlangano eziqhubekayo zezenhlalo.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yokudla

Phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, ukumemeza okuhlanganisayo "kwanele ukuba kulwe, kudala ngokwanele ukuba kuvote" kwaholela ekuncishisweni ngokushesha kweSichibiyelo sama-26 ngo-1971, okwanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu-18 ezweni lonke. Kubhalwe ukuthi yinguquko esheshayo eyagunyazwa emlandweni, okubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kwezombangazwe ukuthi labo ababhekene nesimiso sobusosha nemithwalo yemfanelo egcwele yobuhlalo kumelwe babe nezwi enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Izingxoxo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zanamuhla Nemibuzo Engaxazululwanga

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo usushintshiwe izikhathi ezingu - 27, ingxoxo yezwe ngalokho okufanele ikuqinisekise iyaqhubeka. izinkulumo - mpikiswano eziningana zangalesosikhathi ziqokomisa isimo esinamandla samasiko ethu omthetho - sisekelo nokusebenza okuhlala njalo kwenqubo yokulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo (ERA)

I-ERA, engaqinisekisa ngokucacile ukuthi inamalungelo alinganayo angokomthetho kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zaseMelika kungakhathaliseki ubulili, yadluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho ngo-1972 kodwa yahluleka ukudlula kumazwe angu-38 adingekayo ukuze ahlawuliswe ngenkathi yayo yokuqala emisiwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, imibuso eminingi eyengeziwe iye yawagunyaza ngokomfanekiso, iholela ezimpikiswaneni ezintsha ezingokomthetho nakwezombangazwe ngokuthi lo mkhawulo ungavuselelwa noma ususwe. Le ngxoxo iveza ingxoxo eqhubekayo yesizwe ngokuphathelene nomthetho wesilisa igitsina ngaphansi komthetho.

Umkhankaso Wezimali Nesichibiyelo Sokuqala

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme silinganiselwa [ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala]. IFEC (2010) ilokhu inempikiswano enkulu nento eyinhloko ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngaleyondlela, iNkantolo yathi ukuxhasa kwezinhlangano zezezimali ezizimele zezombangazwe akunakulinganiselwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuQala. Abagxeki baphikisa lesi sinqumo sivumela ithonya elingafanele lemali kwezombangazwe, kuyilapho abasekeli besibeka njengesivikelo esidingekile senkulumo yezombangazwe. Lobunkithano phakathi kwenkulumo ekhululekile neyobuqotho buyaqhubeka beletha ukubuyiselwa komthetho wemithetho ye-transportation ukuze kugumbule isinqumo.

Imingcele Yemithetho Yobumbano

Iziphakamiso zokulinganisela inani lamagama umuntu angawasebenzisa eSixukwini kuye kwaba isihloko esiphindaphindwayo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sama-22 silinganisela uMongameli ukuba abe yizinombolo ezimbili, akukho mingcele enjalo kumalungu endlu noma eSigele. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi imingcele yokubekwa kwamagama ingavimbela ukuvinjelwa kwesigaba sezombangazwe futhi ilethe imibono emisha eWashington, kuyilapho abaphikisi bethi ukukhetha ngokwabo kunikeza indlela efanele yokususa izikhundla futhi leyo mingcele ingalulaza ulwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho.

Izinqumo Zokufundisa Zomthetho - sisekelo: Ukuhlomisa Isizukulwane Esizayo

Ukwenza uMthetho - sisekelo uphile kubafundi kuwumthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile nethuba eliyigugu. Ukuthatha ikhanda ukuze uthuthukise ukuqonda kwangempela nokuthembisana izakhamuzi kubalulekile empilweni ye - republic.

  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa uphawu lwecala leLandmark Courts: Incazelo yangempela yokulungisa ivame ukwembulwa ekusebenzeni kwayo kwangempela kwezwe. Ukutadisha amacala anjengo Marbury v. Madison[ [ukubukeza okungaphezulu], [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] Gedeon v. [I-FLT] [indlela] Inkulu yokulungisa i-imvilogo [[FLT:]] [ilungelo] [i-FLT]] [impepha] [impelesia] [impelesime] [impere:] [inkulu] ukuhlala buthule] abafundi banikeza abafundi ibala elivezayo ekuboneni ukuthi basebenza kanjani.
  • Impikiswano eHlaziyayo: Ukulinganisa abafundi babe amaqembu ukuphikisana nokubaluleka kwenguquko ehlongozwayo noma umbuzo womthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla, njengemingcele, i-ERA, noma ukusebenza kweSichibiyelo sesine sezindaba zobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kwakha ukucabanga okugxekayo, ukukhuluma obala, kanye nokucwaninga kuyilapho kujulisa ukuqonda kwabo izindinganiso zomthetho ophikisanayo.
  • Ihlanganisa iziHlulelo zezeNhloko zezomlando ku-Current Ezehlakalo: Izinguquko zomlando ezihlangene nezihloko zezindaba zanamuhla zibonwa nsuku zonke. Isici seSichibiyelo sesibili sisebenza kanjani ezimpikiswaneni zokuphepha komphakathi? Isivikelo esilinganayo sika Claus sisebenza kanjani ezindabeni zobandlululo? Ukwenza lokhu kuxhumene kubonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona into engokomlando ewuthuli kodwa uyincwadi ephilayo ewusizo.

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliphilayo Lomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko ezingu-7 ze-E.Azizona nje izinto zomlando ezingokomlando; zinezingxenye eziphilayo zesimiso esinamandla sokubusa. Zimelela izikhathi eziyinhloko lapho isizwe sihlangana ukuze sandise inkululeko, silungise ukungalungi okukhulu, futhi siqinise uhlelo lwentando yeningi. Kusukela kuyiBill of Rights kuya kwiSivumelwano seSimemezelo sokwandiswa kweSimemezelo somthetho-sisekelo esiqhubekayo, ukuhlenganyezwa ngakunye kusebenza njengesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nomfanekiso wesigebengu esiqhubekayo se-Melika ukuze sakhe isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe. Ukuqonda akusona nje inqubo yemfundo yezemfundo kodwa ingxenye eyisisekelo yokuba i-Reconsolation andisigractivementation, ukukwazi ukwazisa kokubili izimiso ezihlala njalo kanye nokwakheka komthetho womthetho womthetho waseMelika.