Izinhlangano eziqapha ukugcinwa komthetho zisebenza njengemgogodla wokuphepha komphakathi, zisebenza nomthwalo onzima wokulondoloza ukuhleleka kuyilapho zihlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi. Amasu eziwasebenzisayo kumelwe aqhubeke eshintshashintsha ukusingatha izindlela zobugebengu ezishintshayo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye namathemba omphakathi ashintshayo. Ukuqonda la masu abalulekile hhayi nje kochwepheshe bamazambane kodwa futhi nasezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuqonda ukuthi izindawo ezihlala kuzo zigcinwe ziphephile kanjani. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulu ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zokubekelwa komthetho, amasu amanani ahlukene, amaphoyisa anezinxakeko, i-odollation ephethe, i-zerobolitial , i-applive, kanye ne-alovesss ezisebenza ngokoqobo, amandla, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziwazungezile.

Ukuphatha Umphakathi

Amaphoyisa omphakathi amelela ukushintshwa kwefilosofi ekubekeni umthetho wezenqubo zesiko abe yisifekethiso esiqinile esisekelwe ekusebenzelaneni. Kunokuba abheke umphakathi njengongameleli wamaphoyisa, izikhundla zamaphoyisa zomphakathi njengeziphakamiso ezihlangene zokuphepha. Lolu hlelo lufuna ukuxazulula izimo ezibangela ubugebengu nesiyaluyalu.

Izimiso Zomthetho Nokusetshenziswa Kwazo

Isisekelo samaphoyisa omphakathi sisekelwe ezinsikeni ezintathu: ukubambisana komphakathi, ukuguqulwa kwenhlangano, nokuhlelwa kwezinkinga. Izikhulu zamaphoyisa zabelwa izinsimbi ezithile ezikhethekile isikhathi eside, ziwavumela ukuba athuthukise ubuhlobo nabaphathi bebhizinisi bendawo, abaphathi besikole, abaholi bokholo, nezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuxhumana kusiza izikhulu ukuba ziqoqe ukuhlakanipha okungeke kuvele emibhalweni yezikhulu futhi zibone izimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuba zikhule zibe ubugebengu obukhulu.

Amaphoyisa omphakathi ahlanganisa futhi igunya lokwenza izinqumo ngokunenzuzo. Izikhulu ze-Frontline zinikwe amandla okusebenza namalungu omphakathi ukuze ziklame ukusabela okuvumelana nezinkinga zendawo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwewashi lomphakathi, ukuhlanganiswa nezinkonzo zasedolobheni zokuhlanza ipaki elinganakwayo, noma ukuhlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo. I-COPS Office yeJaji ye-U.S.[ isekele isikhathi eside lesibonelo, inikeza ukuqeqeshwa nenkokheli yezinhlangano ezweni lonke.

Izinzuzo Nobufakazi Bokuphumelela

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi angathuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi, andise ukuthembana komthetho, futhi anciphise ukwesaba ubugebengu. I-meta-analysis ekhishwe yi-Campbell Colnatiation yathola ukuthi izinhlelo zomphakathi zamaphoyisa zihlotshaniswa nokwehla okulinganiselwe kodwa okunenjongo ebugebengwini nasokuphazamiseka, ikakhulukazi uma zihlangene nokuthatha izinyathelo ezilungisa izinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphakathi enobuhlobo obuqinile bamaphoyisa asebenzelana nobugebengu isengozini yokubambisana nokuhlolwa nokubika imisebenzi esolekayo, ibangele umjikelezo omuhle wokuphepha.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kwesithembiso sawo, amaphoyisa omphakathi abhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Kudinga ukutshala imali eningi ekuqeqesheni, esikhathini, nezisebenzi, okunzima ukunikeza iminyango eminingi engenisa imali. Abagxeki futhi baphikisa ngokuthi i-polic yomphakathi ingakha phezulu uma isetshenziswa njengendlela yobudlelwane bomphakathi kunokuguqula impucuko yenhlangano. Kwezinye izimo, izikhulu eziphathiswe imisebenzi yamaphoyisa emphakathini zincishintshwa ngenxa yezingcingo zobupholi, ukukhuthaza ubuhlobo obuphuthumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphumelela kwalendlela kungalinganiselwa emiphakathini egcwele ukungaqiniseki ngokomthetho, lapho amashumi eminyaka ezimiso zokusebenza komphakathi ayeseye aphelelwa ithemba kanye lelo thuba lokufuna ukwakhiwa kweqembu lomphakathi.

Isimiso Esiqanjiwe Senkinga

Inkinga yamaphoyisa (POP) asungulwa nguHerman Goldstein ekupheleni kwawo-1970 njengendlela yokusabela ekuvimbeleni amaphoyisa athatha izenzakalo. Esikhundleni sokuphatha isicelo ngasinye senkonzo njengesenzakalo esisodwa, i-POP ikhuthaza izikhulu ukuba zibone izimo eziyisisekelo ezidala izinkinga eziphindaphindwayo. Lendlela idinga ukuncishiswa kwenqubo ehleliwe ekuncipheni kobugebengu.

Isibonelo Se - SARA

Isimiso esisetshenziswa kakhulu sokuthumba imishini enenkinga kakhulu yisimo se-SARA: ukuxilonga, ukuhlola, ukuphenya, noku-Assessment. Phakathi nenkathi yokuhlola, izikhulu kanye namalungu omphakathi baveza izinkinga eziphindaphindwayo − njengeqembu lemijondolo egcwele, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa eziphikelelayo epakini, noma ukukhononda okungapheli. Ukuhlolwa kuhilela ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni eminingi ukuqonda indalo, ubukhulu, izimbangela. Isigaba sokusabela sihilela ukungenela okungenziwa okungahlanganisa ezinye izinhlangano, njengemikhanka yomthetho, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, noma imisebenzi yomphakathi. Ekugcineni, ukuhlola ukuthi ukungenela kufeza imiphumela yayo.

Izithobo zangempela zohlelo

Esinye isibonelo esibhalwe kahle sobupolisa obunenkinga yiNewport News, Virginia, umsebenzi wango-1980, lapho amaphoyisa ahlola khona uchungechunge lwezebi zezimoto futhi athola ukuthi eziningi zenzeka endaweni yokupaka eduze kwesikhungo sokukhiqiza. Ngokusebenza nalesi sitshalo ukuthuthukisa ukukhanya, ukwenezela, kanye nokushintsha ipali yezisebenzi, lomnyango unciphise ukweba cishe ngo-60%. Izinsinga zamuva zihlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwezinhlelo ze-POPac [ zezinhlelo ze-POP eMbusweni we-United, eyathola ukuthi inkinga engathi sína enziwa ngokushintsha i-palishini yezisebenzi zingaholela ekunciphekeni kobugebengu obungathi sína cishe kube ngu-60%. Izicelo zamuva zihlanganisa ukuncishiniswa kwezinhlelo ze-POPsting ezindaweni eziseduze.

Amandla Nokulinganiselwa

POP utuswa ngokusebenza kwayo kahle, njengoba iqondisa imithombo emisuka ezimfakweni kunezimpawu. Ikhuthaza futhi ukusungulwa nokubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano. Nokho, i-POP idinga izinga eliphakeme lekhono lobuchwepheshe nokwaziswa okungase kudlule amandla eminyangweni emincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo kungaba ukunikeza isikhathi, futhi ngaphandle kokusekela okunamandla, izikhulu zingabuyela ezindleleni ezingokwesiko. Abagxeki baphawula futhi ukuthi i-POP ngezinye izikhathi iye yasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokufakwa komphakathi okubalulekile, okuholela ekuxazululeni okuhlulekayo ukusingatha izinkathazo zezakhamuzi.

Isimiso Esigunyazwe Ubuhlakani

Amaphoyisa aqashelwa ngobuhlakani (ILP) aqala ukuqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziqoqa ukwaziswa okuningi kodwa ngokuvamile azinazo izimiso zokuhumusha leyo mininingwane ngamasu asebenzayo. I-ILP ihlela ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha / okuqoqwe kubantu abayazisayo, abaqaphe, abaqaphe, abahlola ubugebengu, kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenza nabo.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Nezinhlelo

I-ILP incike emjikelezweni wokuqoqa, ukuqoqa, ukuhlola, nokusakaza ukuhlakanipha. Imishini isebenzisa udwebo lwe-software lobugebengu, ukuhlola i-layisensi eklanywe ngemishini, ukuqondisa kwezesayensi yezokuxhumana, kanye nezimemezelo eziyimfihlo ukuze zakhe umfanekiso ogcwele wemiphakathi yobugebengu nezinsongo ezivelayo. Lobu kuhlakanipha kusetshenziswa ukuhlela abantu abaphezulu, izindawo, nobugebengu. Inqubo ye-Profestpart yaseNew York, eyasungulwa kuma-1990, iyisibonelo esidumile sokuhlola ubugebengu ngokuhlanganisa nokulandisa. Nakuba i- Compstat ayigcizelelwa ngokusemthethweni ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wokushayela nokuphatha i-data.

Izikhungo Zokwaziswa Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukubaluleka kokuhlakanipha, izinhlangano eziningi zihlanganyela ezikhungweni zokufakwa kwemidanti yecala ezihlanganisa ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuphepha komphakathi, nemininingwane yezezobuchwepheshe. Lezi zikhungo zisiza ekuhlanganyeleni ukuhlakanipha kulo lonke idolobha, isifundazwe, isifundazwe, nezindawo zombuso, ukuze kutholakale ngokushesha izinsongo ezinjengobuphekula, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, nokuhlasela nge-ibhungane. I-National Counting Exbut Express Center[ ihlangene namakhulu ezikhungo zempi zamazwe ahlangene eUnited States.

Ukuphumelela Nezimpikiswano

Amaphoyisa aqavile athengiselwa ukuphazamisa izinhlangano ezinkulu zokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, nokunciphisa ubugebengu obunobudlova ezindaweni eziphezulu. Nokho, ukuthembela kwawo ekuqapheni nasekuqoqweni kwemininingwane kuphakamisa izimfihlo ezinkulu nenkululeko yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa emiphakathini emincane. Ingozi “yokunyakazisa” [1] lapho ukuhlakanipha kuqoqwa khona ngenjongo eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ILP ingaveza ukuxabana uma imiphakathi inomuzwa wokuthi iphethwe yizena ngokomthetho, isekelwe ekwazini okungakho.

Ukubekezelelana

Ukubekezelelana kwe projekthi kudinga ukuphoqelelwa komthetho oqinile, ngisho namacala amancane anjengokungcolisa udoti, ukuphuza umphakathi, nokubhala imidwebo. Lendlela ihlobene kakhulu “nombono wamafasitela” owenziwe ngoJames Q.Wilson noGeorge Kelling, okuyizimpawu ezibonakalayo zokuphazamiseka okungenisa ubugebengu obungathi sína ngokwengeziwe. Ngokukhuluma ngokungqongqo ngeziphakamiso eziphansi, abasekeli baphikisa, amaphoyisa angabuyisela umuzwa wokuhleleka futhi avimbele ubugebengu ukuba bungabambeki.

Okuhlangenwe Nakho KwaseNew York

Mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokubekezelelana kwamaphoyisa okungalawuleki kwenzeka eDolobheni laseNew York phakathi nonyaka ka-1990 ngaphansi komphathi-bupholi William Bratton noMayor Rudy Giuliani. I-NYPD yagxila emacala aphezulu empilo . Njengamapayipi aphezulu, ukudakwa komphakathi, kanye nezidakamizwa ezisesilinganisweni esiphansi ezisebenza ngo-"nezikhulu eziphethe ezindaweni eziphezulu ze-criptuasend winds shond shosholoza ukubopha noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphiwo sophu. Izinganiso, kuhlanganise nokubulala, zancipha ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwale yisikhathi. Abasekeli bakhomba lobu ubufakazi obuqinile obusebenza. Nokho, abagxeki, baphikisa ukuthi ukuncipha kwakuyingxenye yenqubo yomphakathi wesizwe nelatini.

Izimiso Nokugxeka

Isimiso esiyinhloko sokubekezelela ukubekezelelana sithatha isinyathelo ngokushesha: izikhulu azinikezi izixwayiso noma zisebenzise ukuqonda. Lendlela ihloselwe ukuthumela umyalezo ocacile wokuthi ukuphazamiseka ngeke kubekelwe indiva. Nokho, ukucwaninga kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukubekezela okungazenzisa kungaholela ekunqamukeni kwezenzo ezingathi sína nokwe-frisk, kuqede ukwethemba umphakathi, futhi kuphumele ekuboshweni okukhulu ngenxa yezenzo ezincane ezibophayo ezivalela isimiso senkantolo. Inhlangano yesizwe yoMahluleli yeJaji[[ iqaphele ukuthi nakuba ukugcinwa kwezenzo ezimbi ezinkulu kunganciphisa ubugebengu, ukusebenza kokubekezela ngokungakhethi kuvame ukubuyisela futhi kwandisa izikhalo zezakhamuzi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwaso

Nakuba iminyango eminingi iye yasusa izimiso zokubekezelelana ezicacile, izakhi ziyaqhubeka ezinhlangothini ezishisayo zamaphoyisa nokuhleleka. Inselele yokugcinwa komthetho kwanamuhla iwukuthola ukulinganisela phakathi kwemithetho emisa ukuhleleka komphakathi nokugwema ukuvinjelwa ngokweqile kwezindawo ezihlukanisa abantu. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zathatha ezinye izindlela ezihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle, njengokunikeza ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa esikhundleni sokubopha amacala amancane ezidakamizwa.

Ukuphola Okushisayo

Izindawo ezishisayo icebo elisekelwe endaweni eligxilisa imithombo yamaphoyisa ezindaweni eziphansi lapho ubugebengu buningi bukhona. Ukucwaninga kulokhu kubonisa ukuthi ubugebengu abusakazwa ngokulinganayo emadolobheni; ingxenyana encane yezingxenye zomgwaqo noma imigwaqo ephambanisayo inikeza ingxenyana yezehlakalo ezingalingani. Ngokugxila kulezi zindawo ezishisayo, amaphoyisa angaletha inqubo ephezulu yokuvimbela igebengu kuyilapho esebenzisa imithombo elinganiselwe.

Ukudweba Imapping Ne - coper

Izindawo zanamuhla ezishisayo zobupolisa zincike ezimisweni zokwaziswa okungokomhlaba (GIS) kanye nasekudwebeni i-software yobugebengu ukuze kubonwe amaqoqo obugebengu. Uma sekutholakala amachashaza ashisayo, izikhulu zithunyelwa ngokuqapha, zigadelwa njalo kulezozindawo. I- “Keper,” eqanjwe ngesazi sesayensi ye-crimin professor Koper, isikisela ukuthi ukugada okufushane, okungalindelekile kunqandeki ukuma kwemizuzu eyishumi kuya kweshumi kuya kwengu-15, kusebenza kakhulu. Lokhu kuphazamisa ithuba lobugebengu ngaphandle kokuvumela iziboshwa ukuba zilindele ukuthi amaphoyisa afike nini.

Ubufakazi Bokuphumelela

Ukubukeza okubanzi okunemiphumela ye- Inqubo yokulungisa ye-National Institute of Justice yathola ukuthi i-protool eshisayo iveza ukunciphiswa kwezindawo zobugebengu ngokusesilinganisweni kodwa ngokungaguquguquki, ikakhulukazi ubugebengu bempahla kanye nokucelwa kwenkonzo. Umphumela uba namandla kakhulu uma ukungenela okushisayo kuhlanganiswa nezinqubo ezilungisa izinkinga − njengokukhuluma ngezinkinga ezingokomzimba noma ukunikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi − kunokuthembela nje kuphela ekubengeniseni okwengeziwe kwamaphoyisa. Ukucwaninga futhi kubonisa ukuthi ubugebengu bushelela ezindaweni eziseduze, futhi ukuthi ibala elishisayo lingabangela “uma ukwanda kwezinzuzo” okunciphisa ubugebengu ezindaweni ezizungezile.

Ukugcwalisa Izinselele

Izindawo ezishisayo zidinga ukwaziswa okuqondile, okungokoqobo kanye nekhono lezisebenzi zobumboni ngokushesha. Imishini kumelwe imelane nesilingo sokumane igcwalise amachashaza ashisayo nezikhulu, okungaholela ekuphoqeleleni kobudlova nasemphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi ezisezindaweni eziphakeme zingazizwa zigcwele futhi zivikelekile uma amasu ashisayo enziwe ngemizamo eqotho yokwakha ubuhlobo bomphakathi. Ukulinganisela okuhambisana nokugcinwa kwesibopho nesibopho kuyadingeka ukuze kuphumelele isikhathi eside.

Ukuthutha Imisebenzi Ewumphumela Ophakeme

Izisebenzi ezimbalwa zithembele eqhingani elilodwa. Iminyango ephumelela kakhulu ehlanganisa izindlela eziningi, izenze ziqondene nezindawo ezithile nezinkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango ungasebenzisa amaphoyisa adwetshwe ngokuhlakanipha ukuze ubone indawo eshisayo yokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, bese usebenzisa amaphoyisa anezimo eziyingozi ukuze uhlaziye izimbangela eziyisisekelo (njengezakhiwo ezishiywe noma ukuntula ukukhanya), futhi ekugcineni usebenzise umphakathi ngezindlela zomphakathi ukuze usekele intuthuko. Lendlela eqinile iveza amandla enqubo ngayinye kuyilapho iveza ibuthaka bayo.

Ukuqeqesha Nesiko Lokuhlela

Ukuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo kudinga izisebenzi eziqeqeshelwe ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukukhulumisana, nokwenza izinqumo ezingokokuziphatha. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zamaphoyisa zihlanganisa kakhulu lamakhono. Impucuko yenhlangano kumelwe futhi ishiye ukugxila kakhulu ezimananini zokuboshwa kanye nasezingeni zokusabela ezibanzi zemiphumela yokuphepha nokwethenjwa komphakathi. Imishini evumelana nalolu shintsho ithambekele ekuboneni imiphumela engcono nezimiso ezingcono.

Isiphetho

Amasu okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho akuwona amasu alinganayo anezixazululo. Amaphoyisa omphakathi akha ukuthembana okudingekayo ekuxhumeni isikhathi eside; izimbangela zezisulu zamaphoyisa eziwumsuka; ukuphoqelela okunezinkinga kunikeza isilinganiso sobuhlakani; anti projective copritation iphoqelela ukuba kulandelwe; futhi i-athoric ye-application igxilisa imithombo yemali lapho idingeka kakhulu khona. Ngamunye unendawo yakhe, futhi ngamunye uthwele izingozi lapho esetshenziswa ngaphandle kokubona. Inselele yomthetho wanamuhla ukukhetha, ukuxuba, nokulungisa lezi zinqubo ezizimo eziyingqayizivele zomphakathi ngamunye. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izinhlangano zingalondoloza ukuhleleka obala lapho zihlonipha amalungelo abantu asebenza khona.[5] Umgomo oqhubekayo wokufunda, nokulandisa.