Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingayithonya Ngayo Inkantolo Ephakeme Kunazo Zonke

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ingumlungisi wokugcina wezimpikiswano zomthetho kanye nomthetho olawula izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zayo zihlela uhlelo lokuphila kwaseMelika, zithinta yonke into kusukela ekukhululekeni kwenkululeko yokukhuluma namalungelo okuvota kuya ekunakekeleni impilo nakumthetho wezomnotho. Nakuba iNkantolo iklanyelwe ukuvikelwa ekucindezeleni okuqondile kwezombangazwe, ayigonyiwe ezinkathazweni nasezindinganisweni zabantu ezisebenzileyo. Izakhamuzi zinamathuba angempela nanenzuzo okuhlanganyela enqubweni yokwahlulela futhi zisiza ekulolongeni imvume yeNkantolo. Ukuqonda lamathuba okunika abantu amandla okuqinisekisa amazwi abo enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Ekubuseni KwaseMelika

Inkantolo ePhakade ihlola inkantolo, amandla okumemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ngokungekho emthethweni. Leligunya, elimiswe ecaleni eliwuphawu Marbury v. Madison [1803], libeka iNkantolo phakathi kwempikiswano yezwe. INkantolo ayiqali izimpikiswano ezinkulu; izwa izikhalo ezicathulo ezisezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni nezinkantolo eziphakeme ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-Mpathilo-mthetho. Inkulumo ngayinye, izahlulela ezinkulungwaneni eziyamukelayo, ibhekise icala lapho izinkantolo eziphansi ziphikisa khona noma lapho impikiswano engokomthetho ibaluleke kakhulu khona.

Ngenxa yokuthi izinqumo zeNkantolo zabeka isibonelo esisilandelayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi, izinqumo zazo zinemiphumela efinyelela kude. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], inqumbi yeNkantolo iqede ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi. Obergefel v. Hodges[[ [20], yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo womshado ofanayo. Muva nje, izinqumo eziphathelene ngokukhishwa kwesisu, i-yeyeyenzile, neyomthetho kamongameli uye walungisa indawo engokomthetho. Isimo eside salezi zinqume sigcizelela ukuthi kungani izakhamuzi zibophezela. Uma zihlanganyela enqubweni, ziyasiza iNkamele iNkantolo yezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho ohlukene.

Izindlela Zokuhlanganyela Emphakathini

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela neNkantolo Ephakeme ngezindlela eziningi, ngayinye inikeza amazinga ahlukene ethonya nokuhileleka. Lezindlela zisukela ekusebenziseni ithonya eliqondile kuya engxoxweni enikezwa ngolwazi emiphakathini. Ngezansi kunezinqubo eziyinhloko abantu abavamile abanganikela ngazo enqubweni yokwahlulela.

Abameleli Abaqanjiwe

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuthonya iNkantolo iwukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ezihlanganyela enqubeni yokwahlulela. Amalungu eNkantolo noMongameli babamba amandla okumisa futhi baqinisekise amaJaji. Uma izakhamuzi zikhona, zingabiza, i-imeyili, noma zibhalele abameli bazo ukusekela noma ukuphikisa ummeli. Lamazwi ombono womphakathi angabumba isinqumo somphathi wesigele, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuqinisekisa okuseduze. Imithombo enjengezivoti. [[FLT: 0] USA. USUSA. ukhodi lwencwadi lwezincwadi lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithole abameleyo futhi zifunde indlela yokuxhumana nabo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezikhathini Zokuphendula Emphakathini

Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ingaziphathi izinkathi ezingokomthetho zokukhulumela umphakathi emacaleni ayo akhutshwe edokodo, inqubo yokushaya umthetho kahulumeni ethinta iNkantolo yenza kanjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho iNgqungquthela Yokwahlulela yase-United States iveza izinguquko eFederal Reault Real Procedure noma i-Appelte Procedure, umphakathi unganikeza izinkulumo ezingokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi zingaba khona nezimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo esakhiweni seNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuthula kulinganiselwe futhi kuvame ukunikezwa ngesisekelo sokuqala, sokuqala esigciniwe. Labo abangakwazi ukufika ngamuntu bangalalela ukuqophiwa kwemizwa kwemizwa, okubekwe ewebhhsayithi yeNka yeNka. Lokhu kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilalele ngokuqondile kubaphathi nakuMahlulelo.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Zobufundisi

Izinhlangano eziningi ezingazuzisi zisebenzela ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kokwahlulela, ukulandisa, nokuguqula. Amaqembu anjenge- Brennan Center for Justice, i-American Civil Libereties Union (ACLU), ne-Federalist Society ihlanganyela ekucwaningeni, ekuhlolweni, ekulandiseni, nasemfundweni yomphakathi ngezinkantolo. Izakhamuzi zingasekela lezinhlangano ngokunikela, ngokunikela, noma ngokumane zifake imiyalezo yazo. Lamaqembu ngokuvamile ahola imikhankambiso ezindabani zezomthetho, ukupakisha, nemingcele yezobulungisa. Ngokuhambisana nalezi zinhlangano, zingayisekela ngokuphumelelayo kakhulu imizamo yazo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekukhetheni Ukwahlulela

Ukumiswa kwamaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu umphakathi ongaguqula ngazo indlela yeNkantolo esikhathini eside. Ngenxa yokuthi amaJaji asebenzisa amagama okuphila, ukumiswa okukodwa kungathonya umthetho waseMelika amashumi eminyaka. Ukuqonda lenqubo nokuhlanganyela kuyo kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibe nesigxobo esiqondile engomeni yejaji.

Inqubo yokubhala nokuqinisekisa

Uma kuvela indawo, uMongameli uveza umnyundeli. Khona - ke iSigele siqungamela ukhetho phambi kweKomiti Yommeli futhi sivotelwe. Lenqubo ingongokombazwe kakhulu, njengoba abameli bevame ukuhlola ifilosofi yokwahlulela ka-minee, izinqumo zangaphambili, nezinkulumo zomphakathi. Abahlali bathonya lenqubo ngokuvota kumongameli naseNkabeni yezikhulu. Ngokufana nomongameli 20 20 uhulumeni onquma ukuthi ubani ophethe iNdlu yeNdlu yeNkantolo futhi olawula iSihlalo ubeke imiphumela ekhohlolweni. Ngokwesibonelo, u-2016 ukhetho lwaholela ngokuqondile ekumisweni kukaNeillay Gorth, Brett Kavagh, no-Ammey Barrett, u-Contey, u-sten, u-Breancercell, ngokuhlela i-kartspenternal. Ngokufana no-20200, i-Kenn Brown Count, iNkart, iNkantolo yokuqala.

Phakathi nokuqinisekiswa, izakhamuzi zingathintana nomninindlu ngokuqondile. Izingcingo nama-imeyili avela kubantu abahlangene zithwala ubunzima ngoba abavoti basabela embonweni wendawo, ikakhulukazi uma ivoti ilindeleke ukuba isondele. Ihleliwe imikhankaso yokuvota, kuhlanganise nemikhankaso yokuhlanganisa izimemezelo zokubhala izincwadi, kanye nezinhlangano zezezezokuxhumana, ingcindezelo yomphakathi. Lemizamo ingahlanganiswa ngamaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu alwayo, noma izinyathelo zobuhlanya.

Ukuqonda Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela

Ukuze izenze ziqonde kahle inqubo yokumiswa, izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde amafilosofi abanzi angokomthetho aqondisa amaJaji. I-listraryism, i-textum, i-transmission, i-transformism, ne-tracism iyindlela ezintathu ezivelele. Umthetho-sisekelo umi ngomqondo ocacile wokuthi lemiqondo ichazwa ngokwencazelo yasekuqaleni yombhalo wawo ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwe-ratiation. I-Textalism igxila kancane kakhulu kulimi lwe-Olistotation. Ukuphila ngomthetho-mgamsclone kuveza ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho ivela ngezinguquko zesociase. Ukwazi lemiqondo kufanele kuchazwe ngokwencazelo yemibhalo yasobala futhi abasekeli bebheke iziqondiso zezahlulelo zabo eziyinhloko. Imithombo enjengezingosini seNkambutho yeNkalanga yezomthetho [[FLT:][FLD:1] inikeza amabhukwana aphambili kanye neyawokuhlela imibono yamanje, kanye nemibono yazo, izikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye nezincwadi, ivumela ukuba izikhulu ukuba izikhulu.

Ukuphendula Komphakathi Okuhlaba Umxhwele Ne - Amicus

Ngaphandle kokumisa ezombangazwe, izakhamuzi zinezinye izindlela ezingokomthetho zokuthonya icala leNkantolo nokucabanga. Izinqubo ezimbili ezibalulekile ukukhulumela obala ngemithetho yenkantolo ehlongozwayo nokuzithoba kwe-anicus curiae (umngane wenkantolo).

Ukukhulumela Komphakathi Ngemithetho Yombuso

I- Judicial Conference of the United States ibuye ibukeze imithetho yenkantolo kahulumeni ngezikhathi ezithile. Lemithetho ilawula yonke into kusukela endleleni ukumangalelwa kwecala okufakwa ngayo kuya endleleni okunikezwa ngayo ubufakazi. Lapho kukhishwa izinguquko ezihlongozwayo e Faceral Register[, umphakathi ucelwa ukuba ubhale izinkulumo ezibhaliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphakamiso zamuva ngokuphathelene nokuthola amacala enkantolo amacala esigaba ziye zadonsa izinkulungwane zamazwi kubantu ngabanye, emabhizinisi, nasezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho. Ngokunikeza impendulo, isakhamuzi singaqokomisa izinkathazo ezisebenzayo kubahluleli nako kwezomthetho. Lenqubo inikeza labo abathintwa ngokuqondile yinqubo yenkantolo ukuba basho ukuthi kungenziwa kanjani ukulunga.

Indima Yemibungu

Ama-Amicus curiae avumela abantu ngabanye, amaqembu, nezinhlangano ezingahilelekile ngokuqondile ecaleni ukuze zazise isinqumo seNkantolo. Lezi ziphazamiso zinikeza ezinye izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, ukuhlaziywa kwamaqiniso, noma ubuchwepheshe obubanzi ngemiphumela yecala. Ngokwesibonelo, Ama-Masterced Tatchep v. Colorado Common Rights Commission [[FFLT:1] [208], inqwaba yezimpondo ezimfutshane ze-autos zabekwa ngamaqembu omphakathi, izinhlangano zenkolo, nabaphathi bezebhizinisi abancane. Nakuba iziphazamiso eziningi zigcinwa ngabameli, izakhamuzi zinganikela ngokusekela izinhlangano ezizenzayo noma ngokuzikhipha ngokwazo izinzuzo ngosizo lommeli. Inkantolo ifuna ukuba kubekwe imithetho emifushane phakathi nezinhlelo ezibekwe ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa zivumelanisanisanisa noma yiziphi izimfuneko ezithile zezakhamuzi ezithile ukuba zivumelane ngokuqondile.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi Ngenkathi Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Ukuze izakhamuzi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo, kumelwe zihambisane nomsebenzi weNkantolo kanye nezimpikiswano ekhuluma ngazo. Indawo yolwazi yanamuhla inikeza amathuluzi amaningi okuhlala unolwazi, kodwa futhi idinga ukucubungula imithombo. Ngezansi amasu okulondoloza ukuqonda okunembile kweNkantolo nezinqumo zayo.

Ukulandela Umthombo Wezindaba Onokwethenjelwa

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezindaba, njenge iNew York Times, i Washington Post, ne iWall Street Journal[[[FLT:]], isebenzisa ababhali abasemthethweni abamboza iNkantolo ejulile. I-PTYP ne-PBS inikeza ukubika okulinganiselwe ngaphandle kokukhokha. Izincwadi ezikhethekile zomthetho, njenge-SCOUS, zinikeza ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe, izibuko lendlela yokuqondisa igebethi, nokufusha kwemithetho. I-SCOUSROG, isebenza ngenkambiso yomthetho eqinileyo i-Goldstein & mampmpmple; Russell, ihlonishwa kakhulu ngenxa yokunemba kwayo futhi i-ethonsi ye-imeyili egcwele ku-imeyili, i-ellticensectivessss, izimodiadi ezintsha, nezingame ezingokomthetho ezintsha, nezithi, ezithi ezintsha.

Ukuqonda Amakhalenda Nezinsimbi

INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza egameni laminyaka yonke eliqala ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngo - October futhi liqhubekela ehlobo elilandelayo. Izakhamuzi zingahlola idokotela leNkantolo ngewebhusayithi yayo esemthethweni, ebala izimali ze-certiari (isinqumo seNkantolo sokuzwa icala), izinqumo zomlomo, nezinhlu zokuhlela. Ukuqonda ikhalenda kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi lapho zizonaka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhululwa kwemibono emikhulu kuyenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaJune, lapho iNkantolo ikhipha iziphakamiso zayo ezilandelayo ngaphambi kwekhefu lenkathi yehlobo. Ngokukhipha isikhululo sechweba, izakhamuzi zingalungiselela ukufunda nokuxoxa ngezinqumo njengoba zimenyezelwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuhlaziya Okungokomthetho

Imibono yenkantolo ingaba miningi futhi kube nzima ukuba abaqondisi bemithetho ukuyichaza. Ukunqoba lokhu, izakhamuzi zingathembela ekufushanisweni okucacile kolimi oluvela ezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho. I-American Bar Association (ABA) inikeza imithombo yokuqonda umsebenzi weNkantolo. Izikole zemithetho zivame ukunyathelisa izingxoxo zemisindo noma zevidiyo zemithetho yamuva, eziveza oprofesa abachaza incazelo efinyelelwe. Izingxoxo ezinikezelwe eNkathini Ephakeme, njengaleyo i-Scrity Scrudy[ ne yeMisombululo], inikeza izingxoxo eziphula izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuzihluphayo, izakhamuzi zingakha iziphaka imibono eziqanjiwe ngezincwadi zezindaba zezindaba eziqanjiwe ezisenyuliwe, noma zezingxoxo ezisekuxhumana nezomthetho.

Izinselele Namathuba Okuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzi

Nakuba amathuba ekhona, izakhamuzi ezithembisene neNkantolo Ephakeme zibhekene nezithiyo eziphawulekayo. Ukuqaphela kuphansi. . AmaMelika amaningi awakwazi ukusho uMahluleli oyedwa noma ukuchaza indlela iNkantolo esebenza ngayo. Isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi sempikiswano engokomthetho singasabisa abangase bathathe iqhaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo weNkantolo unikeza imingcele eqondile uma kuqhathaniswa namagatsha emithetho noma aphethe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ayiwuphathi umthetho ogciniwe, futhi umsebenzi wayo omningi uyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokukhulumela obala.

Nokho, ukuthambekela kwamuva nje kunikeza amathuba okuhileleka kakhulu. Izembutho zomphakathi zenze ukuba iNkantolo ibonakale kakhulu. Uma iNkantolo imemezela isinqumo esiphakeme se-profile, amaqonga anjenge-witter (manje X) ne-Tik Tok abhucutheka ngokusabela, ukuphenya, nokuphikisana. Lokhu kunakekela komphakathi kungaguqulela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sezenzweni zesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo,, izigidi zezakhamuzi zihlanganyele ekubhikisheni nasekukhulumeni. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi lapho iNkantolo iNkantolo isenzeko i-Proba i-Phondo [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [[FLT] iphethe [inkulu] [inkulu] [i-PG] [intelligence] [i] [i] i-ogcode] i-ogcode] i-ose. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi lapho impikiswano ikhuluma ngabantu, kuveza ukukhathalela kwabantu.

Elinye ithuba lisemfundweni yokwahlulela. Izikole eziningi, imitapo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ziphethe izinhlelo zeNkantolo. INkantolo Ephakeme inikeza izinkulumo nemithombo. Iwebhusayithi yemfundo yenkantolo yezwe, i-ucourts.gov, inikeza izinto zothisha nabafundi abazimele. Ngokusebenzisa leminikelo, izakhamuzi zingathuthukisa ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuthatha Isinyathelo Ngokushesha

Kubafundi abafuna ukuqala ukuhlanganyela namuhla, nazi izenzo ezingokoqobo ezithatha isikhathi esincane kodwa ezakha isisekelo sokuhileleka okuqhubekayo.

  • Seka isixwayiso sezindaba. Sebenzisa i-Google Alerms noma ithuluzi elifanayo elinezinombolo ezithi "Inkantolo Yecala Elidlule" noma igama lecala elisele olikhathalelayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uyathola ukushintshwa ngaphandle kokuhlola kwezandla eziqinile.
  • Iphethe inqubo yenkantolo yendawo. Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zinikeza uhambo lwesihle nezinhlelo. Isakhiwo seNkantolo Ephakeme eWashington, D.C., sinikeza uhlelo lwezinkulumo lwezivakashi. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuyazifikisa inqubo yokwahlulela.
  • Bhala uhlamvu olulodwa. Idraft incwadi eya kumhleli wephephandaba lendawo mayelana nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yamuva noma i-comminee yokwahlulela. Ukuveza umbono wakho kuthinta izingxoxo zomphakathi obala.
  • Qala iqembu lengxoxo. Yakha iqembu lokufunda nabangane, omakhelwane, noma ozakwabo ukuze baxoxe ngecala elilodwa leNkantolo Ephakeme inyanga ngayinye. Sebenzisa imibono nokuhlaziya okuvela emithonjeni enjenge-SCOTUSblog njengezinto zokufunda.
  • Hlanganisa i-senator yakho. Thola ukwaziswa kokuxhumana kwakho kokubili abasizi bombuso wakho bese uthumela i-imeyili emfushane noma ushiye i-imeyili ngendaba yokwahlulela yamanje. Ngisho nomyalezo omfushane ubonisa ukuthi izingxenye ziyanaka.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthembisana ngokungaguquki kwakha umphakathi onolwazi nomthetho osabela ezidingweni zomphakathi oshintshayo.

Isiphetho

INkantolo Ephakeme ayiyona inhlangano ekude esebenza ngaphezu kwezinkinga zabantu abavamile. Iyinsika yentando yeningi yaseMelika ethola ukulunga kwayo kubantu abayisebenzisayo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indima yeNkantolo futhi ezisebenzisa amathuluzi atholakalayo kuzo ($_izizwana, abameleli, abahlanganyela ekubekeni imithetho, ukuvala ama-amicus ka-intshi, nokuhlala benolwazi oluyi-"intelekelelo-demokratis" ziqinisekisa ukuthi iNkanto engcono kakhulu, nakuba le nqubo idinga umzamo, imivuzo ibanzi. Izakhamuzi ezibophezelwe zigcina isithembiso somthetho sikahulumeni nabantu abazodwa. Ngokuthatha isinyathelo namuhla, unganikela enkathini ebanzi, ummeleli, neNkahluleli.