Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokweqa Icala Okukabili

IReopardy Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu inikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "abe yisisulu somthetho ofanayo ukuba abekwe engozini yokuphila noma ilungu." Lesivikelo siphakathi komthetho omdala kakhulu e-Anglo - American, onezimpande ezibuyela emuva ezimisweni zomthetho wamaRoma nesiGreki. OFathering Bearch bayifaka kuBill of Rights ukuze ivimbele uhulumeni ukuba angasebenzisi ingcebo yakhe enkulu ukuze amangalele umuntu, azenze athobe imali nangokomzwelo kuze kube yilapho kutholakala isiqinisekiso.

Izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngesikhathi ijaji lifungela ukufakwa (noma lapho ufakazi wokuqala efungwe ngecala ebhentshi). Uma izingozi zixhunyiwe, uhulumeni ngokuvamile akanakulisusa icala futhi azame futhi ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa egunyaza imvume esobala ephoqelele ukuba athathe isigwebo esingafanele. Isivikelo siphelele ngemva kokulahlwa: ngisho noma ubufakazi obusha becala buvela eminyakeni ethile kamuva, uhulumeni ngeke aphinde azame umuntu otholakele ukuthi akanacala. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwengozi ebekwe kusuke kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma isiqinisekiso sesaphenduliwe.

Lokho Okukushoyo Lapho Ukuqiniseka Kweqile

Icala liyahoxiswa lapho inkantolo ihlola irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala futhi ithola ukuthi iphutha elingokomthetho lenzekile lingathi sína ngokwanele ukuba livulwe. Icala lingabuyiselwa enkantolo yecala ukuze kuqulwe ezinye izikhalo, ngokuvamile kube ukuqulwa kwecala okusha. Imiphumela eyinhloko engokomthetho iwukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuyahluka njengokungathi alikaze libe khona. Nokho, amacala abekwayo ahlala ekhona ngaphandle kokuba umyalo we-appelta ugunyaze ngokuqondile ukuxoshwa.

Imiphumela emithathu ehlukene ingalandela isikhalo: uvulo lwecala [ukuqiniseka kuyasuswa futhi icala libuyiselwe ekulingweni okusha], luvukele futhi lungashiyiwe [ (ukuqiniseka kuyasuswa, noma ] ukuvuleka ngokulungiswa [ukukholelwa kuncishisiwe ekubeni kube yicala elincane). Esibonelweni esivamile i ̬ ukuguqulwa ngomuntu osuswe nge-partmentss'''''''effect22; umbuzo onzima uba yi-okabili noma i-kabili imigodi ekhona kuhulumeni ekuzameni okunciphe.

UMthetho Ovamile: Ngokuvamile Icala Liyavunyelwa

Ngaphansi kwesibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme esimisiwe, izingozi eziphindwe kabili azikwenzi ukwahlulela uma isiqinisekiso siphendulwa ngenxa yephutha lokuzama. Isu elicacile: Ummangalelwa akakhululwanga. Ukulahlwa kumelela isinqumo esiyiqiniso sokuthi umshushisi wehluleka ukufakazela icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuguqulwa kokudluliswa kwesicelo, ngokuphambene, kumane kusho ukuthi icala lalinephutha elingokomthetho. Ummangalelwa wamukela icala, kodwa icala lalinephutha elingokomthetho. Ukuvumela ukuqulwa kwecala ukuba linikeze isijeziso sesibili secala ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngoba ukukholwa kokuqala akusoze kwaphela.

Icala elimisa lesi simiso lingu . United States v. Ball [1896]. EBall, abamangalelwa abathathu bamangalelwa ngokubulala. Bobabili balahlwa icala, futhi oyedwa walahlwa icala. Abamangalelwa bamangalelwa, futhi abamangalelwa bamangalelwa, futhi abamangalelwa abamangalelwa, futhi abamangalelwa ngenxa yecala labo ngenxa yecala elingalungile. Inkantolo yaveza ukuthi isigwebo saphinde sakhishwa futhi sagwetshwa. Inkantolo Ephakeme yalahla leyo mpikiswano, iphethe ukuthi "uma isahlulelo sipheliswa, abamangalelwayo abamangalelwayo ngenxa yokuquliswa ngokuqhubekayo." Inkantolo yabonisa ukuthi bagwetshwa futhi bathola isigwebo esiphinde saqulwa ngokuphindwayo."Inkantolo igwetshwa ngokuthi igwetshwa futhi igwetshwa."

Lokhu kubanjwa kwaphinde kwaqinisekiswa [FLT] United States v. Wilson[FLT] [77] [7]. EWilson, ummangalelwa waboshwa kodwa inkantolo yezicelo yakhishwa isiqinisekiso emhlabathini sokuthi ubufakazi banele ukufakazela icala. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uzakuzama ukunqanda ummangalelwa ngoba ukuguqulwa akusekelwenga ekufezekeni kobufakazi kodwa ephutheni umthetho. Inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi iJeopardy Claus ayiqiniseki ukuthi u-Jeopardy Claus ophindwe kabili u-kabili u-Instard, ayiqiniseki ukuthi umelwa inkantolo eyodwa kuphela; iqinisekisa ukuthi umShelder ngeke aphinde abekwe ngemva kokuboshwa kokugcina.

Ukuvivinya Amaphutha Nokuhluleka Kobufakazi

Umehluko phakathi kokuhlehliswa okusekelwe ephutheni lokuzama ukuphendulwa kanye nokuguqulwa okusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele kuyagxeka. Iphutha lokuqulwa icala lihlanganisa amaphutha anjengokuvuma okungafanele ubufakazi, iziyalezo zabahluleli eziyiphutha, ukuziphatha okubi kwabamangaleli okungahloselwe ukuvusa ukuqulwa kwecala, noma ukwephulwa komthetho njengokuphikwa kweseluleko. Kulezi zimo, ukuqulwa kabusha kuvunyelwe njalo ngoba inkantolo ayisho ukuthi ummangalelwa akanacala; ithi icala alilungile futhi kumelwe liphinde lilungiswe ngokufanelekile.

Nokho, uma inkantolo ekhipha icala ilahla icala ngenxa yokuthi ubufakazi obanikezwayo ngokomthetho babunganele ukusekela ukuqulwa kwecala, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziphinde ziqulwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inkantolo ye-appellate inqume ukuthi akukho jaji enengqondo eyayingathola i-prophractal#812 enecala lokulahlwa. Icala eliphambili liyi- [BURK] v. United States[FLTY][FLT][FLT] [3] [718]). EBurs, ummangalelwa walahlwa icala lokuphanga igwetshwa kodwa wafaka icala, wavuma ukuthi ubufakazi babuya banele. Inkantolo yokudlulisa izikhalo futhi yazama ukuphindela inkantolo eyayivinjelwe ngenxa yokuthola icala layo elingumba icala elikabili. Inkantolo efuna ukuqinisekisa ubufakazi obuphelele kulowo owaziwayo ka- - vele kuhulumeni.

Izihlukaniso Nezimo Ezikhethekile Lapho Izimoto Eziyingozi Ziphinde Zihlolwe

Nakuba umthetho ovamile uvumela ukuphinde ulwe ngemva kokulungisa iphutha lokuzama, ukukhetha okuningana okubalulekile kungabangela isivikelo esiphindwe kabili ngisho nalapho ukuqiniseka kuphendulwa.

Ukuhluleka Kobufakazi

Njengoba kuxoxwe, ukuguqulwa okusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele kubhekwa njengokulahlwa nokuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kuyinto evame kakhulu futhi kusebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkantolo yamacala yangena ekwahluleleni isigwebo sokulahlwa noma inkantolo yecala yalahla ukuhluleka kwayo okusobala. Uhulumeni akanakulungisa ukushiyeka kwayo okusobala ekuqulweni kwesibili; yaba nethuba layo.

Ukuhlongozwa Kokuziphatha Okungafanele Kwamacala Okumangalela

Uma uhulumeni ehileleka ekuziphatheni okubi ngokuqondile okuhloselwe ukushukumisela ummangalelwa ekuthutheni icala elingalungile, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingaphinde ziqulwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma lokhu Oregon v. Kennedy[[[1982]] [[INkantolo]. INkantolo yathi ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphinde kugwenywe inkantolo inqatshwe kuphela lapho ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi kuhloselwe ukuthulela ummangalelwa ukuba acele inkantolo eyiphutha. Ukunganaki noma ukuziphatha okubi akunanzuzo kulinganiselwe, kodwa kuvimbela ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuziphindiselela Ngemva Kokukhanga Okuphumelelayo

Nakuba kungesona isithiyo esiqinile sengozi, i-Curvement Claus yenqabela abashushisi ukuba balethe amacala angathi sína ngemva kokudlulisa isikhalo esiphumelelayo ngenxa yokuphindisela. [FLT] North Carolina v. Paarce[ [1969] [iNkantolo Ephakeme] isekela ukuthi ummangalelwa onxusa ngempumelelo isiqinisekiso futhi akakwazi ukwamukela isigwebo esinzima ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo inikeza izizathu zokuvuma ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni okwenzeka ngemva kokwahlulelwa kokuqala. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ekujeziseni abamangaleli ngokusebenzisa kwabo ilungelo lokudlulisa.

Ukulahlwa Ngokululaza

Ngezinye izikhathi ukuqiniseka ngecala elincane elihlanganisa ukulahlwa kungasebenza njengokulahlwa kwecala elikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa egwetshwe ngokubulala okwesibili kodwa engakhulumi ngokubulala kokuqala, ukuqiniseka kwecala elincane kuphathwa njengokungakhokhi kwelikhulu. Uma lokho kugwetshwa kukhishwa ngokudluliswa, uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukuphinde avume ummangalelwa ngenxa yokubulala kokuqala ngenxa yokuthi ijaji lathola amaqiniso angawaxhasi. Lesimiso samiswa [FLT][FLD:][2] [197] futhi saphinde saphinda sathola ukuthi awana.

Izindaba ze-Precurecution: Indima yesinqumo seNkantolo yesinqumo se-Appell

Ulimi oluqondile olusetshenziswa yinkantolo ekhipha isigwebo ekuhleleni kwayo ukubuyisela lubalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziyasebenza yini. Ama-attorney nabamangalelwa kumelwe bahlolisise umbono wenkantolo ngokucophelela ukuze baqonde isisekelo sokubuyisela.

Uma inkantolo ethatha inkantolo iphinde iphendule ngokuphambene "ngoba ubufakazi babunganele ukusekela ukuqulwa kwecala," ukuqulwa futhi kuvinjelwe. Uma bubuye bubuyekeze ngenxa yephutha eziyalweni zejaji" noma "ngenxa yokuvunywa okungafanele kobufakazi," ukuqulwa kwecala kuvunyelwe ngaphandle uma iphutha lingavumelani ngokuthi lilingana nokuphikwa kwecala elilungile elilingana nokulahlwa. Inkantolo ingabuye iphendule ngemiyalo yokulahla icala, okuthi izivimbele kahle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inkantolo ingabuye iphendule futhi iphinde ibheke phambili "ngendlela entsha yokuqulwa kwalethwa kwalombono," ngokuvamile evumela ukuqulwa kabusha.

Isimo esiguquguqukayo kakhulu siphakama lapho inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo ihlehlisa ngenxa yokukhubazeka okungokomthetho okuvimbela ukuqulwa kwecala ekuqaleni ngokufanelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala yayingenaso isikhundla secala noma umthetho wokulinganiselwa ophelile, icala lokuqala lingathathwa njengelingasasebenzi ngokomthetho. Emacalani anjalo, ummangalelwa akabekwanga engozini ngempela, futhi ukuqulwa futhi kuvunyelwe ngokwesiko. Nokho, uma lesisici singesona esihambisana nokubaluleka kwecala, njengokuphikisana okubulalayo phakathi kwecala nobufakazi bokuqulwa, ukuqulwa kabusha kungavinjelwa uma i-v asho ukuthi ummangalelwa umangalelwa umangalelwe ngecala elihlukile.

Izenzakalo Eziyinhloko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Okufanele Wazi

Ukuqonda izingozi ezimbili ngemva kokudideka kwesivumelwano kudinga ukujwayelana nezinqumo eziningana ezivelele zeNkantolo Ephakeme.

  • United States v. Ibhola (1996) ̵ yamisa ukuthi ummangalelwa onxusa ukukholeka ngempumelelo uvikela izingozi eziphindwe kabili zomthetho.
  • Burks v. United States [1988]) ̫ Wayithatha leyo nguquko ngokungezwani kwezinsimbi zobufakazi ngoba ilingana nokukhulula.
  • United States v.Wilson [1975] ̵ Iqinisekisiwe ukuthi uhulumeni angaphinde azame ummangalelwa ngemva kokubuyiselwa nephutha lokuhlola, ngisho noma iphutha lalilikhulu.
  • Orgon v. Kennedy[[FL:1] (1982) ̵ yalinganisela ukungalungi kokuziphatha okubi komshushisi emacaleni lapho umshushisi ayehlose ukubangela ukuqulwa kwecala okunganembile.
  • United States v. (1978]) ̵ Washo ukuthi ummangalelwa ozama ukukhipha icala ngempumelelo ngezizathu ezingavumelani necala eliyiqiniso angaphinde avinjelwe ngoba ukuxoshwa akulona isigwebo.
  • Lockhart v. Nelson (1988) ̫ Wabekwa njengovuselelo lapho isiqinisekiso siguqulwa ngoba ubufakazi buvunywe ngephutha, ngisho noma ngaphandle kwalobobufakazi obusele bebunganele.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zokuvikela Nezimbobo Zawo

Kummangalelwa ocala lakhe liye lachithwa, ukuqonda ukuthi izingozi ezimbili ziphinde zaqulwa kubalulekile yini ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokuphathelene nokudluliswa kwecala nezenzakalo ezilandelayo.

Izinqumo Ezifanele Phakathi Nokunxusa

Uma ukuvunyelwa kommangalelwa kuguqulwa ekudlulisweni, iseluleko sokuvikela kumelwe sihlaziye isisekelo sokuguqulwa ngokushesha. Uma ukuguqulwa kusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele, uhulumeni ngeke alilungise icala, futhi ummangalelwa ukhululeke ngokuphumelelayo. Uma ukuguqulwa kusekelwe ephutheni lokuzakhela, uhulumeni ngokunokwenzeka uzofuna ukuqulwa kabusha, futhi ummangalelwa kumelwe alungiselele ukuqulwa kwesibili. Kulesisimo samuva, iseluleko sokuvikela kumelwe sicabangele ukuthi anganyakaza yini ukulahla icala ezisekelweni ezingozini eziphindwe kabili uma kukhona noma ikuphi ukuphikisa kwenkantolo ukuthi impikiswano yenkantolo ithole ubufakazi bungenalutho.

Izingxoxo Ngemva Kokuvuselelwa

Ukukholisa okushintshwe kudala imvume ephawulekayo kummangalelwa ekudluliseleni izicelo. Uhulumeni kumelwe anqume ukuthi uzotshala yini izimali ecaleni lesibili, futhi ummangalelwa angakwazi ukuxoxa ngesicelo esihle ekumangalelweni okuncane noma aze awenzwe ngokuphelele. Isikhathi esidlule kusukela icala lokuqala lingasebenza futhi ekwamuseni ummangalelwa, njengoba ofakazi bengase bangatholakali noma izinkumbulo zingaba zishabalale.

Ingozi Yesijeziso Esinzima

Enye inkathalo abamangalelwa ababhekene nayo ngemva kokudluliswa kwesicelo okuphumelelayo yithuba lokwamukela isigwebo esinzima kakhulu ekuqulweni kabusha. Nakuba i-The 'System Proce Clause Clause' ivimbela ukugwetshwa ngokuphindisela kuphela, abamangalelwa bangabhekana nemisho emide uma ukwaziswa okusha kuvela noma uma iziqondiso zokugweba zisebenza ngokwehlukile. Iseluleko sezesivikelo kufanele sibhale ngokucophelela umusho wokuqala nanoma yiziphi izici ezingase zithethelele umusho olinganayo noma ongaphansi ekuqululweni kabusha.

Ukwehluka Okukahulumeni EMthethweni Ombaxa - mbili

Nakuba iPice Jeopardy Claus kahulumeni isebenza ekumangaleleni kwezwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, imibuso ngaminye inganikeza isivikelo esibanzi ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wayo siqu noma imithetho. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zachaza amalungiselelo azo okubekwa kwezingozi ezimbili ukuze zivale futhi ezimweni lapho umthetho kahulumeni ubungakuvumela khona. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe ambalwa awavumeli ukuqulwa ngemva kokulungisa iphutha lokuzama ngaphandle kokuba iphutha lingalimazi. Amanye asebenzisa uvivinyo oluqinile lokuziphatha okungafanele komshushisi kunokuba indinganiso kahulumeni eyamenyezelwa u-Ogen v. Kennedy .]

Abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe bahlolisise umthetho wezwe osebenzayo kunoma isiphi isimo esihilela ukuvuselelwa. Indinganiso kahulumeni inikeza iphansi, hhayi uphahla: izifunda ezikhululekile ukunikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunesidingo soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Lo mthetho ubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zokujeziswa ngokufa, lapho ngezinye izikhathi izifundazwe zizama ukuphinde zizame ukunqanda abamangalelwa ngemva kokunqanda ukumiswa ngisho nalapho ubufakazi buncane.

Imibono Evamile Engamanga Ngokufa Okukabili Nokushintshashintsha Kwezinkolelo

Izinganekwane eziningana eziphikelelayo ziphathelene nomthetho oyingozi kabili, futhi ngokuvamile ziholela abamangalelwa nomphakathi ekungawaqondi kahle amalungelo abo.

Myth: Uma isiqinisekiso sivuselelwe, icala seliphelile. Lokhu kunephutha ezimweni eziningi. Ukuguqulwa ngokuvamile kuphumela ekubuyiselweni kwecala elisha ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ye-appelta ikhiphela imvume ukuxoshwa. Ummangalelwa akakhululekile ngokuzenzekelayo.

Myth: Ingozi ephindwe kabili ivimbela ukulungiswa ngemva koshintsho. Nalokhu futhi kungamanga. Njengoba kuxoxwe ngenhla, ukuguqulwa okuningi kwephutha lokuzama kuvumela ukuphinde kuxazululwe. Ukushintsha okusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele noma esivimbeleni esithile esingahambi kahle.

Myth: Ummangalelwa akanakuthethelelwa icala elikhulu ngemva kokuba ukuqanjelwa icala ephutheni elincane kuphenduliwe. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokwengxenye. Uma abahluleli besho ukuthi bakhulula ummangalelwa ekoni okukhulu kakhulu ngokummangalela isigwebo esiphansi, ukuqulwa kabusha kwecala elikhulu kuvaliwe. Nokho, uma abahluleli bevele bathule ngecala elikhulu, inkantolo ingavunyelwa ukuncishwa kuye ngegunya.

Myth: Uhulumeni akanakudlulisa isigwebo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso: uhulumeni akanakudlulisa isigebengu esivunayo, futhi izingozi eziphindwe kabili zinqabela ukuqulwa kabusha. Nokho, uhulumeni angadlulisa izigwebo ezithile zangaphambi komthetho neziyalo zangemva kokukhipha izijeziso ezingekhona ukulahlwa.

Isiphetho

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabili nezinkolelo ezidiliziwe kungenye yezindawo ezicaciswe kakhulu zenqubo yobugebengu. Umthetho ovamile ucacile: ummangalelwa odlulisa isiqinisekiso ngempumelelo angabuyiselwa icala elifanayo ngoba ukubuyiselwa akulona icala futhi ummangalelwa akagcinanga ehlulelwe engenacala. Nokho, ngaphandle kobufakazi obunganele, ukuziphatha kabi komshushisi ngenhloso, kanye nokushiyeka okuthile okungokwesiko kunikeza isivikelo esinengqondo ekuphathweni uhulumeni.

Isihluthulelo sithathelwa abamangalelwa, abameli, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekwahluleleni kobugebengu siwukuthi i-Bible Jeopardy Claus ayiqinisekisi ukuqulwa kwecala elilodwa; inikeza ithuba elilodwa lokuba uhulumeni abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Uma lelothuba linephutha ngenxa yokuqulwa kwephutha, ummangalelwa angaphinde aqulwe. Uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukunikeza ubufakazi obanele okokuqala, indaba iyaphethwa. Ukuqonda lomehluko kubalulekile ekudluliseni isimiso somthetho sobugebengu futhi uvikele amalungelo omangalelwe.

Uma wena noma othile omaziyo ubhekene necala ngemva kokuba isiqinisekiso sesiphenduliwe, ukuxhumana nommeli wesigebengu onokuhlangenwe nakho kugxeka. Ummeli angahlaziya isinqumo senkantolo, ahlole ukuthi iziphi izimpikiswano eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili ziyatholakala yini, futhi anikeze icebo elingcono kakhulu lokufinyelela umphumela omuhle. Izigxobo ziphakeme, futhi umthetho uyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isivikelo esiyisisekelo ekungangeni engozini kabili sihlala singenye yezivikelo ezibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni somthetho waseMelika.