Isimiso somphakathi sisebenza njengendlela ohulumeni abaguqula ngayo izikhali zezombangazwe zifeze umsebenzi, ukuguqula ukusakazwa kwemithombo yemali, amathuba, nemithwalo emphakathini wonke. Ukuhlangana kwayo nobulungisa bezenhlalo .Inzuzo yokuphatha bonke abantu ngokulunga nokulunga, okunzulu nokungaphikiswa. Inqubo ngayinye ihlanganisa ukuthengiselana okungabangela noma ukwandisa ukuhlukanisa okukhona. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okunegunya lokuhlola indlela inqubo yomphakathi ehlangene ngayo nobulungisa bezenhlalo, ukuhlola ukuxabana okungokwemvelo, imiphumela yangempela yezwe, kanye namasu okuthuthukisa ukuqhubekela phambili kwemibono yezombangazwe, ubufakazi obungokwe-imhea, futhi sihlola ukuhlelwa okufanelekile kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezifanele abakhiqinisi, abasekeli benhlangano, abasekeli bezakhamuzi.

Umbono Wesimiso Somphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi singaphezu nje kwesesimiso semithetho noma iziqondiso; simelela ukukhetha ngamabomu okwenziwa yizindikimba zikahulumeni ukusingatha izinkinga zomphakathi. Izindawo zomthetho zihlanganisa imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukusungulwa kwezindawo, izomnotho, ubulungisa bobugebengu, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Lenqubo ilandela umjikelezo: uhlelo lwezinhlelo, ukumiswa, ukumiswa, ukumiswa, ukumiswa, ukuhlelwa, nokuhlolwa. Isigaba ngasinye sihlanganisa izindinganiso eziphikisanayo, ababambi beminyango, kanye nezindawo zokuhweba ezithonya ukuthi imiphumela ivumelana yini nezimiso zobulungisa bezenhlalo.

Ukuqonda isimiso somphakathi kudinga ukuqaphela isimo saso sombili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungalungisa ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano nokunikeza izimpahla zomphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungabangela ukungalingani okusesilinganisweni okusemqoka uma kuklanywe ngaphandle kokunaka imiphakathi ehluzekile.

Ukuqonda Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo buyinkolelo esekelwe emasikweni efilosofi. Imfundiso kaJohn Rawl yokulunga njengobulungisa, igcizelela isimiso somehluko sokuthi ukungalingani kuvunyelwe kuphela uma kuzuzisa okungasizi kakhulu, kunikeza uhlelo lwesisekelo. Amartya Sen noMartha Nusbaum baveza inhloso ebanzi kulokho abantu abakwaziyo ukukwenza nokukwenza, hhayi nje ingcebo abanayo. Ukuqonda okukhona kuhlanganisa futhi nobulungisa obusekelwe kumthetho osekelwe kumthetho owenziwe ngesisekelo, futhi kuhlanganisa nokulungisa ubulungisa, obufuna ukulungisa ukulimala kunokujezisa.

Izilinganiso eziyinhloko zobulungisa bezenhlalo zihlanganisa ukwahlulela ngokuhlukanisayo (ukwabiwa kwemithombo yemali), ukuguqulwa (ukufuna ukuboniswa kabusha kwezindawo nempucuko ehlukene), ukuhlukanisa [[FLT]] [indawo yokufaka ithonya ezinqumweni], [[FLT]] nokungavumelani nezindlela zokuthinta izihloko ezihlukene zokuqalisa). Izimiso zomphakathi kumelwe zihlolwe ngapha nakunqamleza lezizici zemiphumela yazo yeqiniso ekwahlulele ubulungisa.

Ukuhweba Ngomthetho Womphakathi

Abenzi bezenqubo bavame ukubhekana nezikhungo ezihlola ukulingana kwezimpahla zomphakathi ezincintisanayo. Isihloko sokuqala saveza inzuzo eqoqiwe, ukuphumelela, kanye nezikhawu ezimfushane. Imiphumela emide. Sinweba kuleyo naleyo ngezibonelo zikakhonkolo nokuhlaziywa okujulile.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwemithombo

Ohulumeni abasebenza ngaphansi kwemigoqo yemali. Ukukhetha ukukhokha umgwaqo omusha kungasho ukukhokha isikhungo sezempilo somphakathi. Lokhu kuhweba ngokuvamile kuncipha kakhulu ezindaweni ezithola imali ephansi, lapho imisebenzi yezemisebenzi isusa khona izakhamuzi kuyilapho impilo idinga ukungalawuleki. Isibonelo esivelele ukuthengwa phakathi kokutshala imali yemfundo yasekuqaleni ngokumelene nokuthumba. Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi ukuthengwa kwezindawo zokungenela kwakuqala kuletha inzuzo engcono kakhulu emphakathini, kodwa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuveza inzuzo engcono kakhulu, kodwa kuvame ukusekela inqubo yokukhipha isijeziso.

Ukuphumelela

Izimiso eziqondiswe kahle zenza kube lula ukubhekana nezinzuzo ezihlolwayo eziqinile, kodwa zinganciphisa izindleko zokuphatha kodwa ngenani lokukhipha lezo ezingaphezulu nje komnyango.

Imiphumela yesikhashana kanye ne-Long-Term

Abezombangazwe ababhekene nemijikelezo yokukhetha ngokuvamile bathanda ukulungisa ngokushesha ngezinguquko zokwakha. Umsebenzi wesikhashana unganciphisa ngokushesha kodwa uhluleke ukunikeza amakhono angahambelani noma awekho. Okwamanje, ukutshala ushintsho lwamandla aluhlaza kudala izinzuzo ze-ascement control example kodwa kungabangela ukulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi yesikhashana emiphakathini exhomekekile enciphene neyokusetshenziswa kwemithetho kumelwe kuhlanganise usizo lokushintsha nokuncishiswa kwemishini eqhubekayo ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo okhona kuyilapho kuphishekele ushintsho oluhlala njalo.

Imiphumela Yezinqumo Zomphakathi

Imiphumela yezomthetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Isihloko sokuqala sidwebe ukutholakala kwezinkonzo ezithuthukisiwe, ukuhluka kwezomnotho, nokusekelwa komphakathi.

Ukutholakala Okuthuthukisiwe Kwezinkonzo

Izimiso ezisebenzayo zinganwetshwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Affordal Care Act (ACA) e-United States yanciphisa izinga elingakhohliswanga kusukela ku 16% ngo-2010 kuya cishe ngo-19% ngo-2016, ikakhulukazi ukuzuza abantu abadala abahlawulwayo nabanemibala ephansi. Nokho, izikhala zisekhona ezisekhona ezinqabeni ezinqabile ukwanda kweMedicaid, ziqokomisa indlela ehlelwe uhulumeni ohlangene ngayo nokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwemiphumela ekhona.

Izici Ezingokomnotho

Izikhulu zingandisa futhi ukungalingani. Ukunqanda intela evuna inzuzo yezisebenzi, ukunqanyulwa kwemali, nokuncishiswa kwezezimali, nokuncishiswa kwamanetha okuphepha emphakathini kuye kwanezela ekunyukeni kwengcebo kusukela ngawo-1980 emazweni amaningi athuthukile. iGini engaphumeleli[ eUnited States] yanda kusuka ku-0.39 ngo-1970 kuya ku-0.48 ngo-2020, ibonakalisa ukwakhiwa okujulile kwengcebo kusukela kuma-809. Ngokufanayo, izimiso zezindlu eziqinile ezithiwa ngokwesayensi engokomlando ziphika imiphakathi yabambalwa, i-palivwation nezindawo zengcebo ezisaqhubeka namuhla.

Amandla Omphakathi

Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, ukuthembana kwezwe, namalungiselelo okulawula ashintshela ezakhamuzini. EPorto Alegre, eBrazil, uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali yokuzihlela kwaholela ekunyuseni imali yokusebenzisa indle nemfundo ezindaweni ezimpofu. Izibonelo ezinjalo zithuthukisa kokubili imiphumela eyingozi nobulungisa bezindawo, njengoba imiphakathi ithola ithonya ekuthengeni izimpahla. Noma kunjalo, ukulinganisela kudinga ukukhokhwa kwezombangazwe kanye nekhono lezinhlangano.

Imiphumela Engahlosiwe

Izimiso ezigcinwe kahle zingaba nemiphumela engemihle. Ukulawula, nakuba kuvikela abanye abaqashi, kunganciphisa ukutholakala kwezindlu nezinga eliphezulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinhlelo ze-Welfare-toignomes ezibeka izimfuneko eziqinile zomsebenzi zingasunduza abantu emisebenzini ekhokhela imali ephansi ngamahora angahlelekiyo, ijulise ubumpofu kunokubunciphisa. Ukuhlola, ukuhlolwa kwenqubo yokwaziswa kubalulekile ukuze kubonwe futhi kulungiswe imiphumela emibi.

Indima Yababheki

Ngaphandle kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izifundiswa, namalungu omphakathi, abadlali abengeziwe bahlanganisa izikhungo zomphakathi ezizimele, iziteshi zezindaba, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nezisekelo zokusizana. Ithonya labo lingaba elakhayo nelisontayo.

Izikhulu Zikahulumeni

Abameleli abaqashelwe basabela ezinxuseni zokhetho, kuyilapho abaqondisi be-bureaucrates ngokuvamile benolwazi olukhethekile kodwa bengase bathunjwe izithakazelo zezemboni. Umnyango ohlanganisa izinkampani eziqondisayo nezimboni abawengamele ungalulaza izinjongo zesithakazelo somphakathi.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Wangaphakathi

Ama-aspective ne-advocation amaqembu akhulisa amazwi abekwe kude kodwa abhekene nezithiyo zezisekelo. Izimiso kanye nezinikezi-driven NGOs zingamisa izimpikiswano ezivumelana nomsebenzi wabo kunezidingo zomphakathi. Noma kunjalo, amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yesizwe yaseCitys inikeza amapulatifomu ohulumeni bendawo ukuze bahlanganyele izimiso ezisekelwe kumthetho osemthethweni.

Imfundo Nabacwaningi

Ukwenza ubufakazi kuxhomeke ekucwaningeni okunzima. Nokho, ukuhlola kungaxhaswe abantu abathakazelayo noma kwenziwe ngemibono engahambisani nokungalingani okuhleliwe. Umsebenzi we-Iris Marion Young ekungabini nabulungisa kokwakha ugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlaziya isimiso kumelwe kucabangele indlela izinhlangano ezilawula ngayo ukubusa, hhayi ukwaba nje.

Amalungu Omphakathi

Abantu abathinteke ngokuqondile baletha ulwazi oluphilayo nolwazi olusebenzayo. Amabhodi okuqondisa umphakathi, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, nezindawo zokuhlela izinhlelo zomphakathi zingathuthukisa izimiso ezingokomthetho, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuseyingozi. Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngempela kudinga izinguquko zokwakha njengokulawula izimali nokwenza izinqumo.

Izifundo Zomthetho Womphakathi Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ucwaningo lwezehlakalo olunemininingwane lucacisa imiklamo echazwe ngenhla.

Izinyathelo Ezibizayo Zokwakha

Izimiso zokuhlanganisa amagonga zidinga abathuthukisi abafuna ukuhlanganisa izilinganiso ezibizayo emikhankasweni yezentengiselwano. Amadolobha anjengeSan Francisco ne-New York aye asebenzisa izimiso ezinjalo nemiphumela exubile. Nakuba enza izindlu ezibizayo ezindaweni ezithandekayo, inani lezindawo ngokuvamile lincane, futhi abathuthukisi bangase bazame ukugwema izaba. Ngokungafani, izakhiwo zezenhlalo zaseVienna, ezihlala abantu abangaba amaphesenti angu-60, zibonisa ukuthi ukutshala okukhulu komphakathi kungafinyelela kokubili izinga nemali enele. Intengiselwano ihlanganisa izindleko zamuva kodwa iveza izinzuzo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezithatha isikhathi eside.

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo

Ukwanda kweMedicaid ngaphansi kwe-ACA dice recement empilweni enciphile, kodwa kuphawula ukuthi ukwenqaba ukwanda kwashiya abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingu-5,5 abathola imali ephansi bengakhokhelwanga ngo-2020. Okwamanje, amazwe anezimiso zempilo zendawo yonke, njengeCanada ne-United Kingdom, afinyelela imiphumela elinganayo yempilo ephansi kakhulu ngezindleko ze-pastita. Ukuhweba kuhilela ukukhokha intela ephezulu kanye nemingcele enciphilele. Imiklamo yemithetho yokuklama ("meoply messagement synding shortive") njengesikhathi sokulinda, nezindleko ze-iguli ezibiza izindleko zezenhlalakahle.

Imfundo Iwukuziphatha Okuhle

Imithetho yokuxhasa isikole elinganayo emizweni enjenge-New Jersey (Abott v. Burke) iye yaqondisa imithombo eyengeziwe ezifundeni ezingaphansi kwe-octed, iholela ekuthuthukiseni amazinga amanani nokuthweswa iziqu phakathi kwabafundi abathola imali ephansi. Nokho, izinhlelo eziphikelelayo zokuhlukanisa isikole nezokukhetha isikole zingalulaza lenzuzo. Ukuhwebelana phakathi kokulawula kwendawo kanye nesilinganiso sikahulumeni kuyaqhubeka kuphikiswana. Ubufakazi obuvela ku-.S. U.U.U.UMnyango Wemfundo

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile (Ukuhlolwa Kwecala Okusha)

Ubulungisa bendawo ezungezile bavela ezinhlanganweni ezilwa nokuhlaliswa kwezindawo ezinobuthi ngokungenakulinganiswa emiphakathini enombala. I-Evironmental Protection Agency’s Office of Environmental Justice, eyamiswa ngo-1992, ihlose ukuhlanganisa i-equity ezinqumweni zokuqondisa. Nokho, ukuphoqelela kuye kwaba okungavumelani. Inkinga yamanzi iyisibonelo esinzima: izinyathelo zokubulala eziholele ekungcoliseni imfucumfucu, ezithinta kakhulu izakhamuzi zabaNsundu. Izinguquko zezekelo, njengokuthatha indawo eholayo exhaswe yi-Infrature Istimulactivementation Act, zimelela isinyathelo esiphambili kodwa zidinga ukukhitshalwa okuqhubekayo.

Izinselele Zokufinyelela Ubulungisa Bomphakathi Ngomthetho Womphakathi

Izithiyo eziningana zokwakha nezombangazwe zivimbela intuthuko.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nezithakazelo

Izimboni ezinamandla nabantu abacebile bavame ukumelana nezimiso ezikhuthaza ukusakaza, iminikelo, nemithombo yezindaba.

Ukungabizi Nenkokhelo Enele

Ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe kahle ziyahluleka uma kungenziwa kancane. Izikhonkwane zokuhlela uhlahlo, uphahla lwangaphakathi, kanye nezikwehlisa izinhloso zingalulaza izinhlelo zezenhlalo. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wabonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali ephuthumayo kungenzeka uma kuyoba khona ngokwezombangazwe, kodwa ukuvuselelwa kwemali egciniwe ngokuvamile kungayifaki imiphakathi ephansi. Umbiko wamashumi amabili anesithathu Oxfam [ waqokomisa indlela ukulingana kwengcebo phakathi nobhadayo okuye kakhulu phakathi nobhadayo ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokungasekeli okunga ngokwanele kwezisebenzi eziphansi.

Ukuya Ezindaweni Ezihlukene Nezihlukene

Izimiso zokuhlala, impilo, umsebenzi, nemfundo zivame ukusungulwa ngokuzehlukanisa, naphezu kokuxhumana kwazo. Ngokwesibonelo, izindawo zokukhosela ezingenamakhaya zingaxhaswe enye inkampani lapho kusenemisebenzi yempilo yengqondo, kuholele emagedeni ezinkonzo ezisekelayo. Izifekethiso ezikhokhelwayo ezisezinkonzoni ezisekelayo, njenge- “awukho umnyango” oweza kwezinye izifunda, ziveza isithembiso kodwa zidinga ukuhlanganisana nokuhlanganisana kolwazi.

Ukuncika Ngokomlando Nendlela

Izinqumo zangesikhathi esidlule zicindezela ukuthatha izindlela ezikhona. Uma umgwaqo omkhulu wakhiwe wahlukanisa indawo, kunzima ukuyisusa. Ngokufanayo, izinqubo ezingokwezombangazwe nezomnotho ezifana ne- 1935 Social Security Act zasusa izisebenzi zezolimo nezomkhaya ezimnyama ngokuphazima kweso, zenza kube nokungakhi okuqhubekayo. Ushintsho lwemithetho luvame ukudiliza noma ukuguqula izimiso eziqiniswe kakhulu, ezibangela ukwenqaba okukhulu.

Izinhloso Zokuthuthukisa Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Enqubweni Yomphakathi

Nakuba izinselele zinzima, inqubo ekhulayo inikeza izindlela eziphumelelayo.

Ukwenza Inqubo Ehlanganisa Okunye

Ngalé kwemihlangano esemthethweni, inqubo ehlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezindlela zokulungisa ngemiphakathi ethintekile kusukela ekuqaleni. Amathuluzi ahlanganisa izijaji zezakhamuzi, ukuvota, kanye nezivumelwano zomphakathi. Idolobha laseBarcelona “Decidim” umgangatho uvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlobise futhi zivote ezimisweni. Izinqubo ezinjalo zikhulisa ukufaneleka nokunciphisana, nakuba zidinga isikhathi nemithombo.

Imininingwane efingqiwe ehambisana ne-Equity Metrics

Imininingwane ingaveza ukuhluka kwentuthuko. Ukungavumelani kokwaziswa okungahleleki ngokohlanga, iholo, ubulili, kanye ne-joie. Amadolobha amaningi manje asebenzisa “izingqwembe ezilungile” ukuze ahlole izihlongozo zemali. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Rovern Alliance on Race and Equity (GARE) inikeza izisekelo zohulumeni bendawo ukuze balinganisele izinhlanga ngokwezimiso zenqubo. Nokho, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kumelwe kwenziwe ngokwezimiso, kugwenywe ukuqashelwa kwamaqembu ancishisiwe.

Ukuzitika Nokuthatha Isinyathelo

Izinhlangano ze- Grasroots zingaguqula umbono womphakathi futhi zidale izivulo zezombangazwe. Ukulwa kwe-R1, R1,50, ne-Black Live Matter, kanye nemikhankaso yobulungisa besimo sezulu konke kuye kwathonya isimiso sendawo nakwezweni. Imifelandawo yenhlangano yezokubusa kumelwe ihlanganise ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile nezimiso ezihleliwe. Izinhlangano ezingavuzi nzuzo njenge- Urban Institute [[[FLT: 1] ziqhuba ukucwaninga okuveza imizamo yokulawulwa kwemithetho ehleliwe.

Ukuqanjwa Kwemithetho Nemisebenzi Yezomthetho

Izinkantolo zingaphoqelela ushintsho lwezimiso. Izahlulelo zeposi ezibonisa ukuhlukana kwesikole, ukulingana komshado, nobulungisa bemvelo ziye zathuthukisa amalungelo ezenhlalo. Izinkampani zomthetho zesithakazelo somphakathi ezigxile kakhulu, njengeNaACP Legal Defense Fund, zisebenzisa igalelo ukuze ziqinisekise iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, ukunqoba komthetho kudinga ukugcinwa futhi kungabhekana nokuphazanyiswa.

Izinhlangothi zomhlaba wonke. Izisulu

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka phakathi kwezinhlelo zendawo yonke (umz., inzuzo eyisisekelo, ukukhokhela impilo eyodwa) kanye nezihlongozwayo. Izindlela zendawo yonke zinciphisa ihlazo futhi zakhe imifelandawonye yezombangazwe, kodwa zingafinyelelwa kuleyo ebekwe kude ngaphandle kokuhlasela okwengeziwe. Ilungiselelo elixubile elihlangeneyo elisekela amaqembu asweleyo ngokungaphezulu. Ngokungathi, ukudla kwesikole okukhululekile kunciphisa ihlazo, kanti kunikezwa izikhala zemali zezikole ezikhokhwama ezikhokhwayo eziphansi.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso somphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo bunamandla futhi bugcwele ukudayiswa. Akukho simiso esingathathi hlangothi; zonke izinqumo zinikeza izinzuzo nemithwalo ngezindlela ezingaqhubekisela phambili noma zinciphise ukungalingani. Ukuqonda izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo, ubufakazi obungokwezisekelo, namathuba abalulekile kubalulekile kubenzi bezimiso nabasekeli abazinikele emphakathini onobulungisa kakhulu. Ngokumukela izinqubo ezigcwele, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okunemifelandawo, nokuhlala uqaphile ngemiphumela engalindelekile, kungenzeka ukuba kuqhubekele ezimisweni zezimiso zobuqotho. Uhambo luyaqhubeka, kodwa amathuluzi entuthuko enengqondo afinyeleleka.