Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sezimfuneko Ezinhle

Izimfuneko eziqinile zifakwe kakhulu emasikweni omthetho-sisekelo nangokomthetho abeka isithunzi somuntu siqu ngaphezu kokunenzuzo yombuso. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sesine simemezela ukuthi i-#820; ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokumelene nokuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke iphulwe, futhi akukho abanqola abazobekwa isithunzi somuntu ngamunye, kodwa uma kungesizathu esihle, kodwa, isikhulu singangena endlini eqashiwe esekelwe yi-Oath noma imvume, futhi ikakhulukazi sichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto ezimelwe ziphathweswe. I-̵ lesi sigwebo esisodwa sidala ukuhlola okuqinile: ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuqala kuqinisekise isikhulu ukuthi sikhona isizathu esihle sokuhlasela ikhaya. Ngaphandle kwalemfuneko, isikhulu samaphoyisa singangena indawo esiqashiwe eqashiswe ezindaweni eziqashisweni, noma esihogwegwegwegwegwegwele.

Isimiso sidlulela kakhulu ngalé kwe-United States. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (Artle 12) ne-European Convention on Human Rights (Artle 8) zombili zivikela ekuphazanyisweni ngokungemthetho yi-̱ ikhaya. ECanada, iSigaxa 8 seTchatar of Rights and Freedom sifuna ukuba kuhlolwe ngendlela enengqondo, futhi imvume iyindlela evamile yokwanelisa leyo ndinganiso. I-United Kingdom ̱ amaphoyisa nobuPristial Act ka- 1984 ngokufanayo idinga imfuneko yokungena ezindaweni ezithile ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe inqubo eyodwa. Lezi zihlela zendlu ezilalayo zigcizelela ukuqonda okuhlanga: ikhaya liyindawo engcwele engenakuhlukaniswa nguhulumeni.

Indlela Abalweli Abawavikela Ngayo Amalungelo Empahla

Ukungasabeli: I - Warrant Barrier Applies Kubo Bobabili

Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi isivikelo sizuzisa abanikazi bekhaya kuphela, kodwa abaqashi bajabulela isihlangu sesine seSichibiyelo. Umuntu oqasha indlu unesikhala esibizwa ngokuthi i-“ ukulindela okunengqondo kwezemfihlo ̵ endaweni yabo yokuhlala. Amaphoyisa awanakungena enkampanini yokuqasha, ngisho noma umninindlu enikeza imvume, ngaphandle kwemvume noma isikhala esimisiwe. Lokhu kwenziwa kucace kahle e-U.S. icala leNkanto ephakeme Chapman v. United States (11961], lapho ubufakazi buthola khona imvume yefemu ye-ofisi yepulazi i-&817; ikhaya lakhishwa ngaphandle ngenxa yokuthi abayishumi abangazange bavume.

Ngakho imfuneko egunyaziwe ivimbela abanini-zindawo ukuba bagcine amalungelo abo ayimfihlo. Ivikela futhi abanikazi bempahla abahlala emakhaya abo i̬ ukufunwa kwendlu yomkhaya owodwa kumelwe kuthethelelwe ngesizathu nangaleyo mfuneko. Le mvume iqinisekisa ukuthi ompofu kakhulu endlini egcwele abantu kanye nomninikhaya ocebile uvikelwe ngokufanayo.

Umsizi Njengokuhlola Ukubusa

Imfuneko yokuba imantshi engathathi hlangothi ibukeze ubufakazi phambi kokuhlola okungase kuhlolwe ukuthatha uhambo lokudoba. AmaMagistara ahlola i-ffidavit ukuze aqonde: imvume kumelwe ichaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi izinto ezifunwayo zibe sobala[. Lokhu kuvimbela ukudoba okungalindelekile. Isiqinisekiso esithi i-#820; hlola 123 Elm Street futhi uthatha noma isiphi isigebengu i-Elm ̵ asisebenzi ngoba asinakho. Isikhulu kumelwe sixhumane nendawo yomsebenzi wobugebengu kanye nohlu lwezinto ezithile (umz. #220; i-lectusslate ephawulwe ngezibalo ze-XYPNYPNYPNYK #8221;1.).

Lemfuneko ibaluleke kakhulu ezindlini zokuqasha, lapho izakhiwo eziminyene noma ezinamaqoqo amaningi zingamema khona ukuseshwa komphetho. Uma isakhiwo esinephutha esingu 2A se-2B, indinganiso iyize. Maryland v. Garrison [1987], iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumela indlela elinganiselwe yokuhlola ukuthi yiliphi iyunithi elichazwe, kodwa isiqinisekiso sisaqinisa ukuthi isithembiso esiyisisekelo [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]

Inqubo Yempi: Hamba Ngenkani

Imbangela Enengqondo

Isikhulu asinakumane sithi, i-#8220; nginemzwa. ̵ imbangela enengqondo ifuna amaqiniso angaholela umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni okumelwe buphenywe. Ukuze kuhlolwe izindlu, i-affidavit ingahlanganisa:

  • I - ant ’ ithiya elifakazelwa ukuqapha okuzimele.
  • Ubufakazi obungokoqobo obubonakala ngokucacile endaweni engokomthetho.
  • Amarekhodi abonisa umkhuba wokwenza izinto ngokungemthetho oxhunywe ekhelini.

I-affidavit kumele igweme isibilisi solimi futhi ihlanganise imininingwane eqondile, efike ngesikhathi. Isiqinisekiso esidala i-̬ isinye esisekelwe ebufakazini obuthi amasonto ayisidala esimweni esinzima i-̬ asisebenzi. Imajistala ibonakalisa isiqinisekiso, futhi kumelwe ibulawe phakathi kwe-system yesikhathi esilinganiselwe, ngokuvamile i-10 kuya ku-14, kuye nge-galelo.

Ukukhishwa Kokufuna

Uma ikhishwa, imvume kumelwe ikhishwe ngendlela enengqondo. Abaphathi ngokuvamile kumelwe bangqongqoze futhi bamemezele ukuba khona kwabo ngaphambi kokuba bangene, nakuba i-“knock futhi bamemezele i-” umthetho[ ungaba nengozi noma ubuze (umz., umhume wezidakamizwa lapho ubufakazi bungabhujiswa). Phakathi nokuhlola, izikhulu zingathatha kuphela izinto ezihlelwe kuyi-partment, kanye nanoma yimuphi umbutho otholakele ngokushesha njengobufakazi obusobala.

Ngemva kokuphenywa, umthetho kumelwe ushiye ikhophi yencwadi egunyaziwe kanye nohlu lwezinto ezithathweyo.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Izinkantolo zivuma ukuthi kuvela imvume yokungena ngaphandle kwemvume, ngayinye inemingcele eqondile amaphoyisa asebenza ngayo ngokuzimisela.

Usizo

Uma isakhamuzi sivuma ngokuzithandela, akukho mvume edingekayo. Imvume kumelwe ibe ngokukhululekile nangokuhlakanipha inikezwe, ingaphoqelelwa ukuboniswa kwegunya noma ukusikisela igunya. Amaphoyisa awanakuvuma uma eqinela umuntu oyisigebengu ekuvuleni umnyango. Futhi, uma abantu abaningi behlanganyela indlu, umuntu oyedwa angavuma ukuseshwa kwezindawo ezivamile kodwa angakwazi ukuvuma ukuphenywa kwenye i-’ ikamelo langasese kulowomuntu i-’ ukwenqaba. quepia. ... ... ... ... .VFLT.[FLT][FLT][FFLT] [200], iNkantologo ephakeme (6],6], iNkantolo evumelana ne-occulogose-ast &17; umeNT17; umeN.

Izimo Ezibi

I-Emercations ingathethelela ukungena ngaphandle kobulungisa. Izibonelo zekilasi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukulandela kosolwa obalekayo ongena endlini yokuhlala.
  • Ukubhubhisa okungalawuleki kobufakazi, njengokugudluza imilaliso endlini yangasese uma abaphathi bezwa imisindo ngaphakathi.
  • [ usizo lokubona ukuthi ukhona ulimala noma usengozini esheshayo.

Izinkantolo zihlola lamacala ngecala. Amaphoyisa awakwazi ukwenza isimo esiphuthumayo ukuze aphunyule imfuneko engokomthetho; isimo esiphuthumayo kumelwe sibe esiqotho futhi singadingeki.

Ukufuna Ithuba Lokuboshwa Ngemithetho

Ngemva kokubopha othile ngaphakathi kwendlu, amaphoyisa angahlola umuntu nendawo ephakathi kwe-mustae’ alawula ngokushesha ukuvikela ubufakazi nezikhali. Ukuthi i-#8220; ibanga eligxumagxumayo i-̵ incinya; ayigunyazi ukushayisa indlu yonke. Chimel v. California [1969], iNkantolo Ephakeme yalinganisela indawo lapho ababoshiwe bengathola khona ubufakazi bempi noma bembule.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma amaphoyisa esemthethweni ngaphakathi endlini (imvume, imvume, noma isimo esiphuthumayo), futhi abona into ebonakala ngokushesha njengobufakazi bobugebengu, bangayithatha ngaphandle kwemvume ehlukile. Imfuneko ebalulekile ingu- eyi-activate information[. Uma indalo efihlekile ayikho i-“ isobala i-̵ futhi idinga ukuphenyiswa okuqhubekayo, imfundiso ayisebenzi.

Ukuhlola Uhlu

Uma amaphoyisa efaka imoto noma impahla, ngezinye izikhathi athatha uhlu lokubala izinto. Lokhu akusona ibhaxa lokuhlola; umsebenzi wokunakekela. Ukuhlola izinto eziqashiwe akuvamile ngoba iyunithi ngokwayo ayivalwanga. Kodwa uma ithunjwa futhi umninindawo ethatha indawo, amaphoyisa angangena nomninindlu i̱ imvume ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, nakuba umthetho owelaphayo uvimbela le nkinga.

Ukukhathalela Okukhethekile Abadansi

Imfihlo eyimfihlo ngokumelene. Londer Londer Londer Access

Izindonga zibhekene nezinga elikhethekile. AmaLandlord ngokuvamile anezihluthulelo, angena ukuze alungise, noma abonise amayunithi abakhileyo abangaphambili. Kodwa imvume yezwekazi ayilinyazi imvume ye-tenant ̱ iSimende Sesine Sezimpompelo [[. Amaphoyisa awakwazi ukucela umninindawo ukuba abavumele bangene futhi bafune ngaphandle kwemvume, ngoba i-tenant ̱ ukulindela imfihlolo yemfihlo kuxoxisa umninindlu i-̱ inzuzo yempahla. [[FLT:] Ston. [ku-FLC] v [196], iNkantolo Ephakeme yayingenakuvuma ihhotela i-odwa i-partcardsss.[194]

Izindlu Ezingaphansi Nezintelezi

Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi izakhamuzi zezindlu zomphakathi noma ezingaphansi zilindele ukufihlwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu ngenxa kahulumeni i̱ indima njengendawo yomninindlu futhi ngenxa yokuthi izindlu ezinjalo zihlanganisa izimemo zemvume (umz., zivumela ukuhlolwa okungagunyaziwe kokuphepha). Izikhulu eziningi zezindlu zomphakathi ziye zazama ukusebenzisa i-HUD v. [2002] ukuvimbela ukuxoshwa kwezivakashi ezisebenzisela izidakamizwa ngaphandle kwezakhiwo, kodwa azizange zisebenzise ngokuqondile ukuhlola okungenasiqinisekiso. Izikhulu eziningi zezindlu zomphakathi kusukela ngoko zizame ukusebenzisa i-#8220;[122] izimfuneko. Izivumelwano zomphakathi zivumela lesimiso sokuzibophanga.

Abangane Bendlu Nabagibeli

Izindlu ezihlanganyelwayo zibangela ukuqaqanjelwa. Uma abantu ababili abahlala ndawonye behlala endlini yokulala kodwa benamagumbi okulala ahlukene ahluliwe, amaphoyisa adinga imvume ekamelweni lokulala lomuntu ongavunyelwe. INkantolo Ephakeme e Fernendandez v. California [2014] (2014]) (2014) bekholelwa ukuthi uma umuntu ohlala enqaba imvume abese eboshwa, amaphoyisa angacela omunye umkhulekeli wemvume yokuvuma ngisho noma umuntu wokuqala engekho. Lokhu kwenza i-projectal instivation: izikhulu zingasusa umuntu owento abese enziwa yimvume yokuhlala ekhona.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Zomthetho Wecala

Camara v. iNkantolo kaMasipala (1967) ̵ I-Warrant Ifunekayo eMfunekweni wezindawo zokuhlala

Esinqumweni sengqopha - mlando, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ngisho nokuhlola okuvamile kwezindawo zokuhlala kudinga isiqinisekiso uma umgcini wendlu engavumi. INkantolo yalahla umqondo wokuthi i-“ isithakazelo somphakathi i-̵ empilweni nasemthethweni ongenazibopho ezifanele. Lelicala laveza ukuthi ukuphenywa kwezindawo zokuphatha kungaphansi kwemfuneko eyodwa eyisisekelo njengokuhlola kwezezigebengu, nakuba kungenzeka kubangela indinganiso yegunya lokulawula kuphansi (izimo zezwe lonke kunokuba kube nokusola komuntu ngamunye).

Mapp v.Oo (1961) ̵ Umthetho we-Exclussion Spectlies Applies ku-States

Phambi , izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingavumela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungekho emthethweni. INkantolo Ephakeme yahlanganisa isiHluzi sesine ngeSichibiyelo seMinyaka Ene futhi yakhipha umthetho wokuthi ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngokwephulwa kwemfuneko yokugunyazwa abunakwephulwa ekumangalelweni kwezwe. Lomthetho wokuhlukanisa uyinqubo eyinhloko yokuphoqelela: ngaphandle kwayo, imfuneko iyakuba yisiphakamiso esinganamazinyo.

IVernonia School School stric v. Acton (1995) ̵ Izidingo Ezikhethekile Eziphazanyisiwe

Lelicala lakhuluma ngokuhlola izidakamizwa zabafundi futhi lasungula i-“ izidingo ezikhethekile ezidinga i-̵ ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokugunyazwa, esebenzayo lapho i-hulumeni ’ isithakazelo sidlula ukugcinwa komthetho ovamile. Ukungalinganiswa kuye kwasetshenziswa emongweni wezindawo zokuhlala, njengokuhlola ekhaya noma ukuhlola okuthile kwezindawo zomphakathi, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zamelana nokuyidlulisela ekuhlolweni kobugebengu okuvamile.

Izinyathelo Ezishukumisayo Zezilwane Nezikhulu

Kubantu Abasebenza Ngemisebenzi

  • Yazi amalungelo akho[: Umninindlu akanakugunyaza ukuseshwa kwamaphoyisa ngaphandle kwemvume yakho. Uma amaphoyisa evela ngaphandle kwemvume, ungakwenqaba ukungena futhi ubacele ukuba bathintane nemajistale.
  • thola isiqinisekiso[: Uma amaphoyisa enikeza isiqinisekiso, afunda ngokucophelela. Qaphela ukuthi ikheli lihambisana nomphakathi wakho, usuku lukhona, futhi izinto ezihlelwe ziqondile. Uma okuthile kungasekho, phawula kodwa ungaphazamisi ngokomzimba i-#821; vumela ummeli wakho aphikise ukuba yiqiniso kamuva.
  • Akha uphenyo: Gcina umbhalo walokho izikhulu ezikuthathayo, noma yiziphi izinto ezingekho, nokuthi zingqongqoze noma zimemezele ukuba khona kwazo.

Ezamakhosi

  • hlela imfihlo yangasese: Ngisho nangesivumelwano esigunyaza ukuvunyelwa ukuba kulungiswe, ungalokothi uvumele amaphoyisa angene ngaphandle kwemvume evela ku-injini noma isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni. Ukwenza kanjalo kungakuchaya esikweletini sokwephula u-tenant ̱ kunikeza amalungelo omthetho-mthethweni.
  • Ukubambisana ngaphandle kwemvume : Uma amaphoyisa ecela ukungena ezindaweni ezivamile (amapayipi, amagumbi angaphansi, amakamelo okuhlambela izingubo) owalawulayo, ungavuma, kodwa ungavuli amayunithi angaphandle kwemvume.

Umphumela Wobuchwepheshe Bezinombolo Ezidingwayo

Amakhamera omzimba, amakhamera ashisayo, kanye nama-drones aphakamisa imibuzo emisha yokufuna indawo yokuhlala. Kyllo v. eUnited States [2001], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa umdwebi wezithombe ezishisayo ukuze kutholwe izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume ephula iSiphendulo sesine. INkantolo yathi uma uhulumeni esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungasetshenziswa umphakathi ekuhloleni ingaphakathi lekhaya, okusho ukuseshwa okudinga imvume. Lokhu kuvikela indlu yokuqasha: umninindlu akanakuvumela amaphoyisa ukuba asebenzise i-drone ukuze abheke ifasitela lesibili, ngoba ishumi ligcina indime edinga imfihlolo eyimfihlo.

Imvume yogesi, noma abathuthi, bayiqedile lenqubo. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela amajaji ukuba athole i-affidavits ngogesi, zinciphise isikhathi sokuthola imvume ngamahora emizuzwini. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba i-“ i-exentistic ” impikiswano, ngoba manje izikhulu zingathola isiqinisekiso ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuncika.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

Canada

Ingxenye 8 ye-Caldad Charter isebenzisa ulimi olufanayo neSichibiyelo sesine. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada ku-[Southam Inc. [19984] ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphenya ngaphandle kogunyazwa akunangqondo. Abaholi abanakugunyaza ukungena kwamaphoyisa ngokumelene ne-tenant ̱ ama-s. I-Remediam ihlanganisa ukususa ubufakazi ngaphansi kwesigaba 24(2) uma ivuma ukuthi kungaletha ukuphatha kobulungisa ekuhlanekezeni.

United Kingdom

I-Police and Criminal Evidence Act ka-1948 ibusa izimfuneko zokungena nokusesha. Ukuze isikhulu sezindlu sithole imvume kumantshi, isho izakhiwo nezihloko okukholelwa ukuthi zikhona. i-UK ine-“ amandla okungena ku-” umthetho wokusebenza. Amapulatifomu avikelwa ekuphangweni okuzingela okungena komthetho nakubaphathi bezindlu bendawo.

EJalimane

ISiphakamiso soMthetho-sisekelo 13 saseJalimane siqinisekisa ukungathakazeleki kwekhaya. Isivumelwano siyadingeka ngaphandle kwalapho kusendabeni yengozi eseduze. Abanikazi bajabulela isivikelo esifanayo nabanikazi; abanini-ndlu abanakusivala. INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo kaFederal iphinde yazihlola ngokuqinile iziphakamiso, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela ukusolwa kwamaphoyisa ngobugebengu obungathi sína.

Isiphetho

Imfuneko yokufuna indawo yokuhlala nezakhiwo zokuqasha ayiyona nje isisekelo sobuhlakani. Isisekelo somphakathi ozisa ukuzibusa komuntu ngakumandla ombuso. Ngokufuna ukuba umthetho unikeze amaqiniso aqondile kumantshi ongathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokuba ungene ekhaya, isimiso somthetho sibeka isithiyo sangamabomu ekungeneni komthetho owembuyiseli. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela kumninindlu noma egumbini lakhe, futhi akunakulahlwa ngumninindlu noma ngemvume efihliwe.

Izinkantolo zikhona, kodwa ziwavikela ngomhawu. Ukuthambekela kuwo womabili umthetho wasekhaya nowezizwe kuse kunika amandla, hhayi ukuthatha, imfuneko yomthetho njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi bukhula izinkathazo zomuntu siqu. Abaqashi babhekene nokungqongqoza emnyango, bazi ukuthi umthetho owendalo ubanika amandla okuqinisa amalungelo abo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi umbuso uthwele umthwalo wokulunga. Enkathini yokuqapha okukhulu nokuhlasela kwezisebenzi zobuchuku, isenzo esilula sokufuna isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokungena kothile i-̱ ekhaya lihlala lingumunye wezivikelo eziphumelela kakhulu ekuhloleni ngokuzingela ngokungena komthetho kanye nokuqasha.