Umqondo wesivumelwano senhlalo uyisisekelo sokuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nomphakathi. Isebenza njengendlela ecatshangelwayo echaza indlela abantu abahlangana ngayo ukuze bakhe imiphakathi, bamise ukubusa, futhi bachaze izibopho zokwabelana phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo. Kodwa kusho ukuthini ngempela ukuba nesivumelwano sezenhlalo? Kusukela encwadini ebhaliwe, kuyisivumelwano esiphelele, yisivumelwano esiphelele, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi ebopha izakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi engokomlando, izincazelo eziyisihluthulelo zefilosofi, izicelo zezesayensi yezesayensi yanamuhla, iveza incazelo ebanzi yesivumelwano sezenhlalo, iveza ukuthi kungani silokhu kuyisisekelo senkolelo yezombangazwe.

Ukuchaza Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Isivumelwano senhlalo siwukuvumelana okuphelele phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi ukuba abambisane ukuze kuzuze umphakathi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukumiswa kwenhlala - kahle yezenhlalo, nokukhuthazwa kwenhlala - kahle yabantu bonke. Umqondo ocabangela ukuthi abantu bacabanga ukuthi baphila esimweni semvelo ngaphandle kukahulumeni osemthethweni, bangavuma ukwakha umphakathi wezombangazwe ukuze bazuze ukulondeka nokuzinza. Lesivumelwano asiyona incwadi engokoqobo kodwa siyindlela yokulwela igunya lombuso ngokokuziphatha nezombangazwe.

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo siphendula umbuzo obalulekile: kungani kufanele abantu balalele imithetho kahulumeni? Impendulo itholakala ebuhlotsheni obufanayo − ababodwa badela inkululeko ethile futhi bamukele izibopho, kuyilapho umbuso unikeza isivikelo, ubulungisa, nezimpahla zomphakathi. Lokhu kuvumelana kuyisisekelo somthetho wezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano somphakathi, ukubusa kungaxhomeke ekuphoqeleleni; kanye nakho, igunya lithetheleleka ngemvume.

Isisekelo Esiwubuhlakani

Inkolelo - mbono yenhlala - kahle isekelwe kuyifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa, inezihlakaniphi ezintathu ezinikeza izincazelo ezihlukene eziqhubeka zibumba inkulumo yezombangazwe yanamuhla.

UThomas Hobbes: Ukulondeka Ngaphezu Kwakho Konke

Thomas Hobbes, ebhala emongweni weMpi Yombango yaseNgilandi, wadweba umfanekiso odangalisayo wesimo semvelo. Kumsebenzi wakhe ka 1651 Leviathan, waphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwegunya eliyinhloko, ukuphila kuyoba “kukhulu, kumpofu, kuthule, kupholile, futhi kufushane.” Ukuqhutshwa yikhodwa yikho kanye nokuncintisana okungokwemvelo, abantu bangahlala ngokwesaba ukufa okunobudlova. Ukubalekela lesimo, bavumelana ngokulinganayo ukudela amalungelo abo angokwemvelo enkosini. Umthetho owenqabayo uHobatan, ufaka imvume yokuphepha ngokusemthethweni.

UJohn Locke: Amalungelo Emvelo Nemvume

UJohn Locke wanikeza umbono owengeziwe Isivumelwano sokuphatha kukaHulumeni . Ngokungafani no Hobbes, Locke wakholelwa ukuthi isimo semvelo sasingesona impi yabo bonke kodwa isimo senkululeko ephelele elawulwa umthetho wemvelo, enquma ukuba kungabikho muntu olimaza omunye “ekuphilweni, empilweni emisha, noma impahla.” Nokho, lesimo asilungile ngenxa yokuntula ukwahlulela okungakhethi ukuxazulula izingxabano. Ngakho, abantu bavuma ukwakha uhulumeni wesivikelo samalungelo abo angokwemvelo, inkululeko, nempahla. Ngokufanelekile, uLesivumelwano sezenhlalo sibophakele: uma uhulumeni uphula amalungelo noma ulawulo lwabantu, ulawulo oluqinile. ISimemezelo sokubusa kwenkululeko nembutho.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau: UJenene Wentando

Jean-Jacques Rousseau i-Social Contract [1762] yathatha inguquko enkulu kakhulu. Waphikisa ngokuthi esimweni semvelo, abantu babenobulwane, bonakele, benobudlelwano bempucuko nempahla yangasese. Ku-Rousseau, isivumelwano sezenhlalo akumelwe sigcine ngokuvikela amalungelo abantu kodwa ngokudala isici esisodwa ngo “intando." uwonke-wonke ngeke abe nje abe yingqikithi yentando yomuntu kodwa abe okuhle ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye, uma sisazi kahle, sizosekela ngokufanelekile. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zithobele intando yeningi, uRousseau azichaze njengesimo senkululeko yomthetho ozilawulayo. Lo mbono ushoshosho ukuthi kokubili ukubusa okunempikiswano, ukubusa okuwukubusa okushoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshonelwe kakhulu, lapho zibusa abaholi abaholi bebusa.

Lezizihlakaniphi ezintathu eziyisisekelo `Hobbes, Locke, noRousseau] zinikeza umbono ohlukile wesimo somuntu nenjongo kahulumeni. Zizonke, zamisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo njengesingathekiso esiyinhloko sokugunyazwa kwezombangazwe eNtshonalanga.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemfundiso Yezenhlalo

Ekhulwini lama - 20, izazi zefilosofi zavuselela futhi zathuthukisa lo mbono, ikakhulukazi uJohn Rawls noRobert Nozick, ababenikeza izincazelo ezivumelanayo nezichaza izindaba.

UJohn Srawls: Ubulungisa Njengokulunga

Ku I-Theory of Justice (1971], uJohn Rawls wahlongoza isivumelwano somphakathi esicatshangelwayo esingemva “kokungazi.” Waphikisa ngokuthi abantu abahluzekile abakhetha izimiso zobulungisa akufanele bazi ukuthi banjani emphakathini, amakhono, noma ukwenziwa kwemiqondo emihle. Ngaphansi kwalesisigubuzelo, bangavumelana ngezimiso ezimbili: (1) inkululeko eyisisekelo yabo bonke, (2) futhi (2) ukulingana kwezenhlalo nokwezomnotho kwamukeleka kuphela uma bezuza inzuzo encane (umehluko wesimiso). Isivumelwano sikaMbala asisona esingokomlando kodwa imicabango yokuthola izimiso ezilungile. Umsebenzi wakhe owenziwe waba isisekelo sezimiso zomphakathi zanamuhla. [Flford] [2]

URobert Nozick: Umbuso Oncane Neziqu Zamagama

Ekuphenduleni eRawls, uRobert Nozick’s u-Anarchy, State, kanye ne-Utopia [19974]) wavikela isivumelwano sezenhlalakahle yomphakathi. uNozick waphikisa ngokuthi isifunda esincane kuphela, esilinganiselwe ekuvikeleni ukuphoqelelwa, ukukhwabanisa, nokweba, kungathethelelwa. Noma isiphi isimo esikhulu singaphula amalungelo abantu angokwemvelo. Wasebenzisa umcabango “wemvelo” lapho izinhlangano zokuzivikela zangasese ziphendukela khona ebudlelwaneni obunamandla, ekugcineni ziba isimo sokuvikela abantu ngokusebenzisa“ isandla esingabonakali.” Akukho sivumelwano sika-zick sisekelwe ekuhlolweni okungokomlando okungokomlando, uma impahla ingenwe kahle, isimo asizange singene. Umsebenzi wakhe uyaqhubeka ehlwini lwezentengo yomthetho, futhi uyaqhubeka ezinkosweni zikahulumeni, nemingcele kahulumeni.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Naphezu kwencazelo ehlukahlukene, izinkolelo - mbono eziningi zesivumelwano sezenhlalo zinezici eziningana ezifanayo:

  • Isivumelwano sobungane: Isivumelwano sisekelwe emvumeni enengqondo yabantu, noma icacile (njengakumthetho-sisekelo) noma iphelele (ngokuqhubeka uphila ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni). Sivumela ukuba igunya lezombangazwe livunyelwe futhi lihlukaniswe negunya lempatho ewunya.
  • Amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo:[ Isivumelwano sichaza amalungelo izakhamuzi ezinawo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuqulwa kobulungisa, nokukhokhwa (nezibopho ezizikweletayo), njengokulalela imithetho, ukukhokha izintela, nokukhonza emajajini.
  • uMbusi nobunkokhelo: umbusi (uhulumeni) uthola igunya lakhe kubantu futhi uyalandisa kubo. Uma uhluleka ukuvikela amalungelo noma ube ngunya, isivumelwano singancibilika.
  • Common Good:[ Injongo yokugcina yesivumelwano sezenhlalo ayikona nje inzuzo yomuntu ngamunye kodwa ukukhuthazwa kwenzuzo efanayo, ukuthula, nenhlalakahle yezizwe zonke.

Inhlangano Yezenhlalo Ekubuseni Kwanamuhla

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo asiyona nje inkolelo yefilosofi; sisemikhankasweni yezezombangazwe yanamuhla. Imithetho-sisekelo enjengeye-United States, iNdiya, nemibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yaseYurophu iyizivumelwano zezenhlalo ezingokoqobo (izivumelwano ezibhaliwe ezichaza isimo sikahulumeni namalungelo ezakhamuzi. i-Democratic commentation isebenza njengendlela yokuvuselela imvume. Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalakahle ("ezemfundo yomphakathi, ezokunakekela impilo, nezokungabikho komsebenzi) ziveza isibopho sombuso sokunikeza okuhle. Intela ibhekwa njengenkokhelo yezakhamuzi ezikhokhayo ngenzuzo yomphakathi ohleliwe.

Nokho, isivumelwano sezenhlalo asikho esikhona ngokuguquguquka. Inguquko ishintsha njengoba izindinganiso zezenhlalo zishintsha. Ukuqedwa kobugqila, ukwanda kokuqashelwa, ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, nokumiswa kwezimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zonke ziyizenzakalo zokubhalwa kabusha kwesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSimemezelo sobugqi Bobugqila [ [1948] [isivumelwano sembulunga yonke], esichaza amalungelo afanele aqinisekiswe yizizwe zonke.

Izinselele Ezicindezelweni Zezenhlalo

Naphezu kokuthi kuyinto enhle, isivumelwano sezenhlalo sibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu eziwusizo ekhulwini lama - 21. Ukungalingani okukhulayo, ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe, ukuncipha kokwethembana ezinhlanganweni, nokudlondlobala kwemikhuba yokuzibusa konke kusongela ubuhlobo obukhona phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni.

Ukungalingani Nokunganeliseki

Uma ingxenye encane yomphakathi inqwabelana nengcebo enkulu kuyilapho abaningi bezama ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo, umbono wokuthi lesi simiso sincishisiwe ululaza isivumelwano somphakathi. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho ngokuvamile kuguqula ukungalingani kwezombangazwe, njengoba abacebile benethonya elingenakulingani kwemithetho. Izakhamuzi ezinomuzwa wokuthi zishiywe emuva zingase zihoxe ekubopheni izivumelwano zomphakathi noma zisekele izinhlangano ezimelene nokumiswa. Isivumelwano silahlekelwa ngokomthetho uma kubonakala sengathi sizuzisa abantu abaphezulu kuphela.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana Nokungaqondi

Ukuthembela kuhulumeni, imithombo yezindaba, nezinye izinhlangano kuye kwancipha embusweni wentando yeningi. I-mistformation kanye nokungavumelani kwesisekelo esineqiniso esidingwayo sesivumelwano somphakathi esisebenzayo. Uma izakhamuzi zingakwazi ukuvumelana ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo − njengemiphumela yokhetho noma ukusebenza kwemijovo yokugoma − isizathu esivamile sokunciphisana kwesivumelwano. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sixhomeke ekuthembaneni nokuqondana ngeqiniso.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nemingcele Yemiba Yezici Zesizwe

Izinselele eziningi zamanje − ukushintsha, ubhadane, ubuphekula, ukubalekela intela kwezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke − akunakusingathwa yizwe elilodwa. Isivumelwano esingokwesiko sezenhlalo sasungulwa phakathi kwemingcele kahulumeni ozimele. Nokho izinkinga zanamuhla zidinga ukubambisana kwembulunga yonke. Lokhu kudala ukucindezeleka: izakhamuzi zigcina ohulumeni bazo siqu benecala ngemiphumela enqunywe yimiphumele engaphaya kwezwe. Abanye abaholi, njengoThomas Poge, baphikisa isivumelwano sembulunga yonke esihlanganisa amalungelo nesibopho esiyokwehlela imbulunga yonke.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nemingcele Emisha

Umqondo wesivumelwano sezenhlalo usetshenziswa ezintweni ezintsha, kusukela kwezobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kuya esimisweni sendawo ezungezile.

Isimiso Sezobuchwepheshe

Njengoba ukuphila kwethu kufuduka kuyi-intanethi, kuphakama imibuzo emisha: Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuba nemininingwane yazo siqu. Yiziphi izibopho zezinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezinazo zokuzivikela imfihlo nokuzivikela ukulimala? Izazi eziningi nabashisekeli banxusa ukuba kube “isivumelwano sezenhlalo” esizolungisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu, izinhlangano, nohulumeni ngenkathi yenombolo. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuba nemininingwane, ukucaca komthetho we-algametics, kanye nelungelo lokukhohlakala. I-GDPR i-evining i-ectal Data Protection (GDPR) ingumzamo wokuhlanganisa isivumelwano esinjalo. Ukuze uqhubeke nokufunda, bheka [[FLT: 0] i-World Econom'ssion Forum's mayelana nesivumelwano esisha sezenculo yomphakathi [FFLT].]

Isivumelwano Sendawo Ezungezile Sezenhlalo

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela ukuqashelwa kwesivumelwano somphakathi ezingxenyeni ezimbili: ukwahlulela ngokuthula nokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizukulwane. Izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo azinazwi ezinqumweni zanamuhla, kodwa ziyothwala imiphumela yokukhishwa kwegesi. Ezinye izazi zefilosofi ziphikisa ngokuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo kumelwe sihlanganise abantu besikhathi esizayo njengezindawo ezivumelanayo. Ngokufanayo, isimo sezulu sembulunga yonke sidinga izizwe ukuba zamukele izibopho ezibophayo ezilinganiselayo. I-Paris Agreement iyisibonelo esisodwa sesivumelwano sembulunga yonke esizama ukuhlanganisa indawo ezungezile, nakuba ihlala ibuthaka.

Ukuphinde Ube Izakhamuzi Nokuhlanganyela

Ngenxa yokudideka, izinguquko eziningi zentando yeningi zihlose ukuqinisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo ngokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi. Ngokuzimisela izakhamuzi ezincane zenza izakhamuzi ezikhethelwe ukusungula ngenhloso ezindabeni zesimiso ($_ase-Australia) zisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Ireland, iFrance, neBelgium ukuxazulula izinkinga. Ukuhlela uhlelo lwemali kunikeza izakhamuzi amandla aqondile okulawula izimali zomphakathi. Lemikhankaso ivuselela umqondo wokuthi isivumelwano somphakathi asiyona isiqalo esisodwa kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yezenhlalakahle.

Ukuvuselela Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Sekhulu Lama - 21

Ukuze kuqiniswe isivumelwano somphakathi lapho kubhekene nezinselele zanamuhla, kufanele kucatshangelwe izinguquko eziningana:

  • [[[QURT:0] Izakhamuzi zidinga ukunikezwa ukwaziswa ngendlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo nendlela izimali zomphakathi ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Ukuvula izinyathelo zokwaziswa nenkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa kusiza ekuvuseleleni ukwethembana.
  • Imfundo ne-Chibic Recumentment:[ Isivumelwano esinempilo sezenhlalo sidinga izakhamuzi eziqonda amalungelo azo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Imfundo, izinhlelo zomsebenzi womphakathi, kanye nokwenza ukucabangela komphakathi kungakhuthaza umuzwa wokuba abenemisebenzi efanayo.
  • Izivumelwano ezihlanganisayo: Isivumelwano sezenhlalo kumelwe sivuselelwe njalo ukuze sihlanganise amaqembu ancishisiwe (iqembu elincane), abesifazane, abantu bomdabu, abantu abakhubazekile. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakala futhi amelelwe kubalulekile ukuze kube ngokomthetho.
  • Umshini wokulandisa: i-judicium ezizimele, izindikimba ezimelene nokonakala, kanye nemithombo yezindaba ekhululekile kubaluleke kakhulu ekufakeni ohulumeni ezivumelwaneni zesivumelwano.

Isiphetho

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo singumqondo obalulekile othonya ukuqonda kwethu ukubusa nomphakathi. Ukusukela ekubhekeni phambili okungajabulisi kukaHobbes kuya ekuthembekeni kwentando yeningi kukaRousseau kanye nokuguqulwa kwesimanje kwe-Rawls noNozick, umqondo ulokhu uyi-lens enamandla esihlola ngayo izibopho phakathi kwabantu nombuso. Ngokuhlola izisekelo zawo ezingokomlando kanye nokusingatha izinselele zamanje − ukulingana, ukushintsha kwezimiso zemvelo, izinhlekelele zendawo ezungezile, . [1] Isivumelwano sezenhlalo asiyona insalela yokukhanyiselwa kokukhanyiselwa; kuyisivumelwano esiphilayo esidinga ukuphinde siphinde sizwane. Njengezakhamuzi, sibamba ipeni.